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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Reprints and permissions: sagepub. The relationship between drug use and sexual risk behaviours among men in the southern Philippines was assessed. There were no significant differences in condom use during last sex or frequency of condom use with a sex worker. An estimated Empirical examples of bridging of HIV transmission are found throughout the region. For example, Indonesia experienced a low incidence rate of HIV transmission at the beginning of the epidemic. The increase was first seen among the IDU population and then later observed in the commercial sex industry. Despite previously slow transmission rates, the rate of HIV infection in the Philippines has doubled in the last 3 years. This is particularly important in countries such as the Philippines, where increased HIV infection rates exist alongside of relatively low rates of IDU. Men in these groups have been similarly identified in other research as important risk groups because of their engagement in sexual intercourse with FCSWs. The institutional review boards at the University of California Los Angeles and the University of the Philippines approved the study. A total of men completed interviews for the parent study, which collected data on background demographic characteristics, history of recreational drug use, HIV knowledge, and sexual risk behaviours, including sexual experiences with FCSWs. Missing responses on income were imputed with the mean income value. Background information such as age, years of education completed, marital status, and income was obtained from the respondents during the baseline interview. Geographic region was recorded and due to some small cell sizes the regions were grouped into larger regional areas: 1 Legaspi, Daraga, and Cavite Luzon , 2 Cayagan de Oro Mindanao , and 3 Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue Cebu. Respondents had to agree or disagree whether they thought HIV could be transmitted via: blood transfusion, sexual intercourse, drug needles, kissing, breathing air infected with HIV, mosquitoes, toilet seats, or from mother to baby. Correct responses were given a score of 1 where incorrect responses received a score of 0. The continuously coded scores for this index ranged from 0 to 8. Drug use was assessed by a question that asked respondents whether they had ever taken recreational drugs. Sexual risk behaviour was assessed by several questions pertaining to past and present sexual behaviours. Men were asked to report the number of partners with whom they had sexual intercourse in the previous 6 months. Therefore, this variable was recoded into a dichotomous variable where a code of 1 was given for two or more partners, and a code of 0 was given for having only 1 partner. Univariate analyses were used to describe the distribution of study variables, while bivariate t -tests or Pearson chi-square tests were used to compare differences in demographics. Table 1 compares the background demographic characteristics of non-drug users and drug users. Almost all drug use reported was attributed to noninjection drugs. Very few men in this sample reported using injectable substances. Only six 1. Percentages add up to more than due to use of multiple drugs. Table 2 describes the prevalence of risk behaviours among non-drug-using and drug-using men in the study, and reports the results of the crude and adjusted odds of engaging in those risk behaviours. There was no significant difference in condom use during last sexual intercourse between drug-using and non-drug-using participants. Although among the men that endorsed sex with an FCSW, drug users had higher odds of reporting more frequent condom use when engaging in sex with FCSWs; this was not statistically significant in ordinal regression analyses. For each risk outcome, the model is adjusted for age, income, marital status, target population type, and region. For ordinal outcomes, the OR should be interpreted as an increase in odds for a one-unit increase in condom use category. Drug-using participants reported an earlier sexual debut, were more likely to have had two or more partners in the previous 6-month period, and were more likely to report vaginal sex with an FCSW than their non-drug-using peers. It was expected that analyses would show less condom use among drug-using men; however, analyses showed that there were no significant associations between drug use and the condom use with last sex, or frequency of condom use with FCWs among those who engaged in sex with FCSWs. The lack of significant associations with condom use could be due to the fact that condom use overall was very low among the men participating in this study. Of further interest is that while the proportion of non-drugusing men endorsing sex with FCSWs was lower than that of drug-using men, consistent condom use with FCSWs was low among non-drug users, also suggesting increased risk for bridging in this population as well. This sobering finding is consistent with other studies that address an overall low use of condoms among male clients of commercial sex workers in Asia. While the prevalence of drug use was high among study participants, there were very few users of injection drugs. Non-injection drugs have been credited with decreasing perceptions of threat and vulnerability that are associated with engagement in sexual risk behaviour, which places men at risk for STIs and HIV. Future research studies should include clinical evidence of STI within the context of a prospective study to examine these relationships further. Some limitations to the interpretation of this study should be addressed. Although this study was conducted in different geographic regions of the Philippines, the men in this study were specifically targeted for an HIV risk reduction intervention because their locations and occupations were sources of clientele for sex workers. Therefore, the study participants may not be generalizable to all potential male clients of sex workers in the Philippines nor to all regions within the country. In addition, the men in the sample were asked about lifetime rather than recent drug use. Therefore, the study may not represent an accurate description of drug use, by either prevalence or type of drug use across the Philippines. Additionally, although relatively few men endorsed multiple partnerships, we have no information on the types of sexual partners gender, risk status these men may have had. Recent evidence, however, supports that these findings are consistent with the current situation concerning drug use and risk behaviours in the Philippines. Therefore, an association between drug use and sexual risk rather than assertion of a causal relationship can be reported here. Despite these limitations, findings are largely consistent with the current literature and as this is one of a very few studies that has reported on the association between NIDU and sexual risk behaviour in the Philippines, the findings serve as a valuable contribution. Nevertheless, STI prevalence remains high and consistent condom use remains low, 10 which are important statistics because the presence of STIs increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Specifically, interventions should target individuals who use stimulant drugs e. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Rotrease Regan. Find articles by Typhanye Penniman Dyer. Find articles by Taigy Gooding. Find articles by Donald E Morisky. Issue date Dec. Open in a new tab. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Drugs used a. Ever vaginal sex with commercial sex worker.
Associations between drug use and sexual risks among heterosexual men in the Philippines
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Associations between drug use and sexual risks among heterosexual men in the Philippines
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Associations between drug use and sexual risks among heterosexual men in the Philippines
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