Latine obéissante
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Latine obéissante
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Obéissante - Définition et Explications
Source: Wikipédia sous licence CC-BY-SA 3.0 .
La liste des auteurs est disponible ici .
L'Obéissante photographiée en 1875.
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L' Obéissante est le nom du premier véhicule routier à vapeur, construit en 1873 par Amédée Bollée.
On le considère comme l'ancêtre du véhicule particulier qu'est l' automobile (Une automobile, ou voiture, est un véhicule terrestre se propulsant lui-même à l'aide d'un...) . En effet sa structure en comportait tous les éléments :
Pesant 4800 kg et offrant 12 places, elle pouvait atteindre 40 km/h en palier. Grâce à son changement de vitesse, elle pouvait gravir une côte de 12% à faible vitesse. Le 26 mars 1873, Amédée Bollée (Amédée Bollée père (1844-1917) est un fondeur de cloche et un inventeur français spécialisé...) sollicita du préfet de la Sarthe l'autorisation de faire circuler sa " voiture locomobile " dans le département. Son projet (Un projet est un engagement irréversible de résultat incertain, non reproductible a...) de voyage (Un voyage est un déplacement effectué vers un point plus ou moins éloigné dans un but personnel...) à Paris (Paris est une ville française, capitale de la France et le chef-lieu de la région...) nécessita de nombreuses démarches administratives et c'est le ministre des travaux publics Eugène Caillaux qui donna son accord le 26 août 1875.
Il rallia Paris en 18 heures (L'heure est une unité de mesure :) , fut arrêté à chaque changement de département. Son arrivée à Paris eut un succès considérable, car le fonctionnement régulier et silencieux de son véhicule (Un véhicule est un engin mobile, qui permet de déplacer des personnes ou des charges d'un...) tranchait avec les expériences automobiles de l'époque. Toutefois, la circulation (La circulation routière (anglicisme: trafic routier) est le déplacement de véhicules automobiles...) d'automobile n'étant pas prévue par le code de la route (Le mot « route » dérive du latin (via) rupta, littéralement « voie...) , il écopa de 75 contraventions. Ce problème fut rapidement résolu par une démonstration (En mathématiques, une démonstration permet d'établir une proposition à partir...) publique avec le préfet de police à bord.
L' Obéissante (L' Obéissante est le nom du premier véhicule routier à vapeur, construit en 1873 par Amédée...) fut la première automobile privée à être autorisée à circuler dans Paris. Une communication (La communication concerne aussi bien l'homme (communication intra-psychique, interpersonnelle,...) à l' Académie des Sciences (Une académie des sciences est une société savante dont le rôle est de promouvoir la recherche...) donnant tous les détails de sa construction reçut les félicitations du monde (Le mot monde peut désigner :) scientifique (Un scientifique est une personne qui se consacre à l'étude d'une science ou des sciences et qui...) , mais aucun véhicule de ce type ne fut commandé à Amédée Bollée. Il fabriqua d’autres voitures (Une automobile, ou voiture, est un véhicule terrestre se propulsant lui-même à l'aide d'un...) "sans chevaux" et quelques trains routiers, les ancêtres de nos semi-remorques modernes, jusqu’en 1885.
Latino, Latinx, Hispanic, or Latine? Which Term Should You Use?
Edited by
Cobretti D. Williams, Ph.D.
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Discover the history of Latino, Latinx, Hispanic, and Latine. Learn why these differences matter and which term may be best to use.
Published on February 14, 2022 · Updated on March 29, 2022
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Language helps us identify, categorize, and label our world. When used inclusively, language can create a sense of validity and belonging. As language continues to evolve, our attention to gender neutrality — an effort to avoid distinguishing roles based on sex or gender —becomes more visible.
We take a look at the differences between Latino, Latinx, Hispanic, and Latine through historical and generational lenses to understand their differences and the attention they bring to culture, ethnicity, and gender identity.
Pan-ethnic terms, like Hispanic and Latino, describe a collection of ethnicities and cultural origins, without regard to race. Hispanic and Latino represent people who speak Spanish or descend from Spanish or Latin American ancestry, respectively.
The term Hispanic came into wide use during the Nixon administration of the 1970s.
Coined by the U.S. Census Bureau — and first appearing on the census in 1980 — Hispanic refers to people who descend from Spanish-speaking countries, anyone in Spain, and people in the U.S. who grew up speaking Spanish as a home language.
The term Hispanic was created for political expediency to gather information on these overlooked populations within national politics. It helped identify an important section of the U.S. population, highlighting a need for increased representation. The term came under national scrutiny in the 1990s for its connection to Spanish colonialism.
The term Latino began to replace the term Hispanic across the United States. Latino typically refers to a person with Latin American ancestry, regardless of their language of origin, and excludes people from Spain.
The letter "o" in Latino was used to represent male and female individuals as a group of people. The term Latino was added to the census in 2000, with Hispanic remaining as an additional identifier.
The evolution of language helps us describe individual and societal changes.
Language can adapt to our need for inclusivity and helps us connect with others. With the rising use of "they/them" pronouns in the early 2000s, gender-neutral and gender-inclusive language also became more widely used.
Latin@, a briefly used gender-neutral term that proved difficult to pronounce, led to a continued expansion of inclusive terms. Latinx became somewhat common in the 2010s as a pan-ethnic gender-inclusive label.
Latinx rose into favor among many, highlighting intersectionality through the use of the letter "x." The "x" also has roots in the Chicano movement of the 1960s. However, some Indigenous people reject the Latinx use of the letter "x," which colonists forced into languages during conquest.
Latine came to mainstream use in the late 2010s as another gender-neutral alternative. Both Latinx and Latine replace the letters "a" and "o" as feminine and masculine identifiers. Some argue that the letter "x" does not honor Spanish pronunciation and prefer the use of "e" instead.
Latine, created by LGBTQIA+ Spanish speakers, uses the letter "e" to illustrate gender inclusivity within existing Spanish pronunciation. While some older generations may feel less familiar with and more resistant to Latinx and Latine, the terms remain in general use by younger generations.
Language continues to evolve as the terms we use to identify ourselves change. As we determine our language preferences, we find ways to communicate with and understand each other.
While your personal preferences should dictate self-identification, no hard and fast rules exist to determine the best terms for others. Pan-ethnic labels remain a common way to identify larger communities, but knowing which to use can be tricky. Whenever possible, ask how an individual or specific group identifies before making a suggestion.
The debate about ongoing terms used in mainstream society shows us there is still work to do in order for all people to feel included.
Feature Image: Maskot / DigitalVision / Getty Images
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Being Latino / Latinx or even using the terms is getting a little more complicated… but we’re kind of here for it. Gender-inclusive language may be somewhat new to older generations, but many people value the way it offers validity to people within the broader spectrum of genders. Language is always evolving, and with younger generations comes change. This makes us wonder, what is the difference between Latino and Hispanic? Well, what happens if we run accross more updated terms like “Latine” and “Latin@”? Slang is one way that language evolves, but it covers much more than that, and in more languages than we might realize. We addressed this recently when we explored if Spaniards are even “Latino.”
When it comes to the terms Latine or Latinx, the issues around it come down to pronunciation. Spanish as a language doesn’t have very many words with the letter X in them, and it can be difficult for native speakers to pronounce it in a way that feels comfortable. Because of this, some have opted for the gender-neutral usage of Latine as an alternate to Latinx. Latinx v Latine is a fairly young controversy, but among the younger bilingual generations, Latinx seems to be the more popular option. This does not mean it hasn’t had its fair share of critical takes.
In Spectrum South, Yvonne Marquez sheds some light on the “Call me Latine” movement that seems to have been originated by James Lee who has been shedding light on the term as an inclusive variation for you to use if you choose to. According to the site callmelatine.com a definition of Latine looks like this:
Latine (pronounced la·ˈti·ne) is a gender-neutral form of the word Latino, created by LGBTQIA+, gender non-binary, and feminist communities in Spanish speaking countries. The objective of the term Latine is to remove gender from the Spanish word Latino, by replacing it with the gender-neutral Spanish letter E. This idea is native to the Spanish language and can be seen in many gender-neutral words like “estudiante”. – callmelatine.com
Much of the backlash surrounding the term Latinx comes from the perception that English speakers are pushing a difficult-to-interpret sounding word on Spanish-speaking people, which critics claim is actually less inclusive than it attempts to be. Other critics who have researched the words origins see it as something only US-centric, calling it another way that the United States exerts power over Latin America. Due to these arguments, and the difficulty of translation for older generations who speak less English, many opted to try for a more natural-sounding usage of Latine. Despite a more natural-sounding word, critics still claim that the masculine term Latino should be good enough for everyone to use. Advocates disagree with this.
What makes Latinx or Latine desirable for many, is that Spanish is a very masculine-leaning language. If even a single man enters a space full of women, the term used for the group of them goes from Latinas to Latinos. Inclusivity matters to people, from any culture or language, especially ones
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