Latin X

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Chicanx", "Latina/o", "Latine", and "Mexicanx" redirect here. For Mexican Americans in the United States, see Chicano . For the sailing vessel, see Lateen . For the people of Mexico, see Mexicans . For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation) , Latina (disambiguation) , and Latino (disambiguation) .

^ Jump up to: a b McGirt, Ellen (November 5, 2019). "What's the Deal With 'Latinx'?" . Fortune . Mario Carrasco, the co-founder and principal of ThinkNow Research says, [...] 'Despite its usage by academics and cultural influencers, 98% of Latinos prefer other terms to describe their ethnicity. Only 2% of our respondents said the label accurately describes them, making it the least popular ethnic label among Latinos'.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Noe-Bustamante, Luis; Mora, Lauren; Lopez, Mark Hugo (August 11, 2020). "About One-in-Four U.S. Hispanics Have Heard of Latinx, but Just 3% Use It" . Hispanic Trends . Pew Research Center . Retrieved August 21, 2020 . However, for the population it is meant to describe, only 23% of U.S. adults who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino have heard of the term Latinx, and just 3% say they use it to describe themselves, according to a nationally representative, bilingual survey of U.S. Hispanic adults conducted in December 2019 by Pew Research Center.

^ Hernandez, Daniel (August 11, 2020). "Pew poll finds most Latinos haven't heard of 'Latinx.' Only 3% use the term" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 27, 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (May 1, 2018). "The Cross-Lingual Interse(x)tionality of 'Latinx ' " . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Also available at Academia.edu .

^ Jump up to: a b c Reyes, Raul A. (November 6, 2017). "To be Latinx or not to be Latinx? For some Hispanics that is the question" . NBC News . Retrieved July 14, 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ramirez, Tanisha Love; Blay, Zeba (July 5, 2016). "Why People Are Using The Term 'Latinx ' " . HuffPost . Retrieved November 15, 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b Cataño, Adriana (November 28, 2018). "The RAE Has Made Its Decision About Latinx and Latine in Its First Style Manual" . Remezcla .

^ Santos, Carlos E. (2017). "The History, Struggles, and Potential of the Term Latinx" . Latina/o Psychology Today . 4 (2): 7–14.

^ Vargas 2018 , 1.1 Group Identity .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Brammer, John Paul (May 2019). "Generation X: Digging Into the Messy History of 'Latinx' Helped Me Embrace My Complex Identity" . Mother Jones . Vol. 44 no. 3. pp. 59–61.

^ Jump up to: a b c d " ' Latinx' And Gender Inclusivity How do you pronounce this more inclusive word?" . Merriam Webster . 2017. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. A similar use of 'x' is in Mx., a gender-neutral title of courtesy that is used in place of gendered titles, such as Mr. and Ms. It has been suggested that the use of 'x' in Mx. influenced Latinx.

^ Simón, Yara (September 14, 2018). "Hispanic vs. Latino vs. Latinx: A Brief History of How These Words Originated" . Remezcla . Retrieved April 3, 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b Dent, Jonathan (March 18, 2019). "New Words in the OED: March 2019" . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press.

^ Reyes, Raul A. (September 29, 2016). "Are you Latinx? As more use the term, it draws approval and criticism" . NBC News .

^ "Latinx" . Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Retrieved December 8, 2019 .

^ "Latinx" . Lexico UK Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Retrieved December 8, 2019 .

^ "Latinx" . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . Retrieved December 8, 2019 .

^ "Latinx" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Retrieved December 8, 2019 .

^ Stavans, Ilan (November 14, 2017). "El significado del 'latinx ' " . The New York Times (in Spanish).

^ Trujillo-Pagán, Nicole (2018). "Crossed out by LatinX: Gender neutrality and genderblind sexism". Latino Studies . 16 (3): 396–406. doi : 10.1057/s41276-018-0138-7 . S2CID 149648482 .

^ "Latinx" . Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Retrieved May 4, 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Salinas, Cristobal (2020). "The Complexity of the 'x' in Latinx : How Latinx/a/o Students Relate to, Identify With, and Understand the Term Latinx" . Journal of Hispanic Higher Education . 19 (2): 149–168. doi : 10.1177/1538192719900382 . ISSN 1538-1927 .

^ Jump up to: a b Gonzalez, Irina (June 19, 2019). "Why Did "Latinx" Get Popular—And What Does It Mean?" . Oprah Magazine . Retrieved July 14, 2020 .

^ Gamio Cuervo, Arlene B. (August 2016). "Latinx: A Brief Guidebook" . Princeton LGBT Center – via Academia.edu .

^ Milian, Claudia (October 4, 2017). "Extremely Latin, XOXO: Notes on LatinX" . Cultural Dynamics . 29 (3): 121–140. doi : 10.1177/0921374017727850 .

^ Rossini, Jon D (2018). "The Latinx, Indigenous, and the Americas Graduate Class: Geography, Pedagogy, and Power" . Theatre Journal . 70 (4): 443–445. doi : 10.1353/tj.2018.0093 . S2CID 135220164 .

^ Jump up to: a b Salinas, Cristobal; Lozano, Adele (2017). "Mapping and recontextualizing the evolution of the term Latinx : An environmental scanning in higher education". Journal of Latinos and Education . 18 (4): 302–315. doi : 10.1080/15348431.2017.1390464 . S2CID 149435457 .

^ Magtoto, Mica (March 9, 2016). "Latinx: A case for inclusion or segregation?" . Iowa State Daily . Ames, Iowa . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . The term Latinx has been sweeping across college campuses in the nation with the intent of creating inclusion while inadvertently pitting members of the Latino community into a cultural war.

^ Jump up to: a b Vargas 2018 . "Latinx is a term used exclusively within the United States, or nearly so, such that people from Latin America would not ordinarily think of themselves as Latinxs, unless or until they reside in the United States."

^ "Latinx" . Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Retrieved April 3, 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Rodriguez, Adrianna (June 29, 2019). " ' Latinx' explained: A history of the controversial word and how to pronounce it" . USA Today . Retrieved July 1, 2019 .

^ "Home" . Princeton University Latinx Perspectives Organization . Retrieved April 23, 2017 .

^ "Student Organizations | UNC Latina/o Studies Program" . lsp.unc.edu . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . "Iowa State University – Student Organizations" . stuorg.iastate.edu . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . "Latinx Student Organizations | Multicultural Resource Center" . new.oberlin.edu . Oberlin College . October 24, 2016 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b Pastrana, Antonio Jr. (Jay); Battle, Juan; Harris, Angelique (December 22, 2016). An Examination of Latinx LGBT Populations Across the United States: Intersections of Race and Sexuality . Palgrave Pivot. Palgrave Macmillan . doi : 10.1057/978-1-137-56074-2 . ISBN 9781137560742 . OCLC 974040623 .

^ Ruiz, Iris D.; Sánchez, Raúl, eds. (October 15, 2016). Decolonizing Rhetoric and Composition Studies: New Latinx Keywords for Theory and Pedagogy . New York: Palgrave Macmillan . doi : 10.1057/978-1-137-52724-0 . ISBN 9781137527233 . OCLC 934502504 .

^ Aldama, Frederick Luis (2016). Latinx Comic Book Storytelling: An Odyssey by Interview . San Diego, CA: ¡Hyperbole Books!, a San Diego State University Press imprint. ISBN 978-1938537929 . OCLC 973339575 .

^ Weinberg, Abigail (June 26, 2019). "The First Question of the Democratic Debate was a Challenge to Elizabeth Warren. She Didn't Back Down" . Mother Jones . Retrieved June 29, 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b McWhorter, John (December 23, 2019). "Why Latinx Can't Catch On" . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 27, 2020 .

^ "No Preferred Racial Term Among Most Black, Hispanic Adults" . Gallup.com . August 4, 2021 . Retrieved August 5, 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Scharrón-del Río, María R.; Aja, Alan A. (December 5, 2015). "The Case for 'Latinx': Why Intersectionality Is Not a Choice" . Latino Rebels .

^ "Ilan Stavans" . Los Angeles Review of Books . Retrieved August 4, 2020 .

^ Aldama, Frederick Luis, 1969- (October 10, 2017). Latinx superheroes in mainstream comics . Jennings, John, 1970-, Hernandez, Javier, 1966-. Tucson, Arizona. ISBN 978-0-8165-3708-2 . OCLC 983824443 . CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )

^ Aldama, Frederick; González, Christopher (December 7, 2018). Latinx Studies: The Key Concepts . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-61435-1 .

^ Aldama, Frederick Luis (2020). POETS, PHILOSOPHERS, LOVERS : On the Writings of Giannina Braschi . Pittsburgh: UNIV OF PITTSBURGH Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-4618-2 . OCLC 1143649021 .

^ Valdés, Vanessa K. (March 15, 2017). Diasporic Blackness: The Life and Times of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg . Albany, NY: SUNY Press . ISBN 978-1-4384-6515-9 . OCLC 961828672 .

^ Johnson, Jessica Marie (December 12, 2015). "Thinking About the 'X ' " . Black Perspectives . AAIHS . Retrieved April 23, 2017 .

^ Salinas, Cristobal; Doran, Erin E.; Swingle, Ethan C. (2020). "Community Colleges' Use of the Term 'Latinx ' ". New Directions for Community Colleges . 2020 (190): 9–20. doi : 10.1002/cc.20383 . ISSN 0194-3081 .

^ "The RAE Has Made Its Decision About Latinx and Latine in Its First Style Manual" .

^ Jump up to: a b Fuller, Janet M.; Leeman, Jennifer (2020). "Race, Racialization and Latinx Ethnoracial Identity". Speaking Spanish in the US: The Sociopolitics of Language . Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-78892-830-4 . Retrieved September 25, 2020 .

^ Pellot, Emerald (October 25, 2019). "This Comic Proves That The Great Debate On The Word 'Latinx' Rages On" . we are mitú — business and entertainment, culture and sport, movies and music . Retrieved October 11, 2020 .

^ Yglesias, Matthew (November 5, 2020). "Trump's gains with Hispanic voters should prompt some progressive rethinking" . Vox . Retrieved November 5, 2020 .

^ Alamo, Hector Luis (December 12, 2015). "The X-ing of Language: The Case Against 'Latinx ' " . Latino Rebels .

^ Gastil, John (December 1990). "Generic pronouns and sexist language: The oxymoronic character of masculine generics". Sex Roles . 23 (11–12): 629–643. doi : 10.1007/BF00289252 . S2CID 33772213 .

^ Sniezek, Janet A.; Jazwinski, Christine H. (October 1986). "Gender bias in English: In search of fair language". Journal of Applied Social Psychology . 16 (7): 642–662. doi : 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01165.x .

^ Prewitt-Freilino, Jennifer L.; Caswell, T. Andrew; Laakso, Emmi K. (February 2012). "The gendering of language: A comparison of gender equality in countries with gendered, natural gender, and genderless languages". Sex Roles . 66 (3–4): 268–281. doi : 10.1007/s11199-011-0083-5 . S2CID 145066913 .

^ Trujillo-Pagán, Nicole (February 27, 2018). "No Shock or Awe About 'Acting' Latinx" . Latino Rebels . Retrieved July 29, 2018 .

^ "Who identifies as "Latinx"? An examination of the determinants of the use of Latinx among Hispanic-Latinos in the United States" . osf.io . 2021 . Retrieved June 19, 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Vidal-Ortiz, Salvador; Martínez, Juliana (2018). "Latinx thoughts: Latinidad with an X" . Latino Studies . 16 (3): 384–395. doi : 10.1057/s41276-018-0137-8 . S2CID 149742570 . Terms like Latin@, Latine, and LatinU have been deployed—with less traction—to mobilize Latina/o communities

^ Demby, Gene. " ' Latin@' Offers A Gender-Neutral Choice; But How To Pronounce It?" . NPR.org . Retrieved September 24, 2020 .

^ Cashman, Holly (2018). Queer, Latinx, and Bilingual: Narrative Resources in the Negotiation of Identities . Routledge. Introduction; Note 1. ISBN 978-0-415-73909-2 . Similarly, Latinx, Chicanx [...] along with many other terms, are all used to describe the ethnolinguistic community.

^ Noriega, Christine (February 16, 2017). " ' We Are Still Here' is a Gorgeous Book Capturing the Queer-Inclusive Evolution of East LA's Chicanx Identity" . Remezcla . [T]he Xicanx identity [is] a relatively new term some Mexican-Americans have claimed that stems from the grassroots and working-class roots of the 1960s Chicano movement, but also incorporates indigenous consciousness, feminism, and queer theory in its politics.

^ Papadopoulos, Benjamin (2019). Morphological Gender Innovations in Spanish of Genderqueer Speakers (Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. p. 3.

^ Politi, Daniel (April 15, 2020). "In Argentina, a Bid to Make Language Gender Neutral Gains Traction" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 10, 2020 .



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Latinx is a gender-neutral English neologism , sometimes used to refer to people of Latin American cultural or ethnic identity in the United States. The ⟨-x⟩ suffix replaces the ⟨-o/-a⟩ ending of Latino and Latina that are typical of grammatical gender in Spanish . Its plural is Latinxs . Words used for similar purposes include Latin@ and Latine . Related gender-neutral neologisms include Chicanx and Xicanx .

The term was first seen online around 2004. It has later been used in social media by activists, students, and academics who seek to advocate for individuals living on the borderlines of gender identity . Surveys of Hispanic and Latino Americans have found that most prefer other terms such as Hispanic and Latina/Latino to describe themselves, and that only 2 to 3 percent use Latinx . [1] [2] A 2020 Pew Research Center survey found that roughly three-quarters of U.S. Latinos were not aware of the term Latinx ; of those who were, 33% said it should be used to describe their racial or ethnic group, while 65% said it should not. [3] [2] ​

Supporters say it promotes greater acceptance of non-binary Latinos by being gender-neutral and thus inclusive of all genders. [4] [5] Critics say the term does not follow traditional grammar, is difficult to pronounce, and is disrespectful toward conventional Spanish; [6] the Royal Spanish Academy style guide does not recognize the suffix -x. [7] Both supporters and opponents have cited linguistic imperialism as a reason for supporting or opposing the use of the term. [6]

Latinx is a term for a group identity used to describe individuals in the United States who have Latin American roots. [8] [5] Other names for this social category include Hispanic , Latino , Latina/o , Latine , and Latin@ . [9] Latinx is used as an alternative to the gender binary inherent to formulations such as Latina/o and Latin@ , [10] [11] [12] and is used by and for Latinos who do not identify as either male or female , or more broadly as a gender-neutral term for anyone of Latin-American descent. [13] ​ [11] ​ [14]

Pronunciations of Latinx documented in dictionaries include / l ə ˈ t iː n ɛ k s , l æ -, l ɑː -, - n ə k s , ˈ l æ t ɪ n ɛ k s / lə- TEE -neks, la(h)-, -⁠nəks, LAT -in-eks . [15] [16] [17] [18] Other variants respelled ad hoc as "Latins", "La-tinks", or "Latin- equis " have also been reported. [19] [20] Editors at Merriam-Webster write that "more than likely, there was little consideration for how [ Latinx ] was supposed to be pronounced when it was created". [11]

The first records of the term Latinx appear in the 21st century, [21] but there is no certainty as to its first occurrence. [22] According to Google Trends , it was first seen online in 2004, [10] [23] [24] and first appeared in academic literature "in a Puerto Rican psychological periodical to challenge the gender binaries encoded in the Spanish language." [22] Contrarily, it has been claimed that usage of the term "started in online chat rooms and listservs in the 1990s" and that its first appearance in academic literature was in the "Fall 2004 volume of the journal Feministas Unidas". [25] In the U.S. it was first used in activist and LGBT circles as a way to expand on earlier attempts at gender-inclusive forms of the grammatically masculine Latino, such as Latino/a and Latin@. [23] Between 2004 and 2014, Latinx did not attain broad usage or attention. [10]

Use of x to expand language can be traced to the word Chicano , which had an x added to the front of the word, making it Xicano . Scholars have identified this shift as part of the movement to empower people of Mexican origin in the U.S. and also as a means of emphasizing that the origins of the letter X and term Chicano are linked to the Indigenous Nahuatl language . [22] [26] The x has also been added to the end of the term Chicano , making it Chicanx . An example of this occurred at Columbia University where students changed their student group name from "Chicano Caucus" to "Chicanx Caucus". Later Columbia University changed the name of Latino Heritage Month to Latinx Hispanic Heritage Month. [22] Salinas and Lozano (2017) state that the term is influenced by Mexican indigenous communities that have a third gender role, such as Juchitán de Zaragoza , Oaxaca (see also: Gender system § Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico ). [27] ​ The term often refers specifically to LGBT people or to young people. Brian Latimer, a producer at MSNBC who identifies as nonbinary , says that the application of the term "shows a generational divide in the Hispanic community". [10] : 60 In 2016, a student newspaper described the term as "[having] been sweeping across college campuses in the [United States]". [28]

As of 2018 [update] the term Latinx was used nearly exclusively in the United States. [29] Manuel Vargas writes that people from Latin America ordinarily would not think of themselves using the term unless they reside in the United States. [29] The term was added to the Merriam-Webster English dictionary [30] in 2018, as it continued to grow in popularity in the United States, [31] and to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2019. [13]

Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera writes that in Puerto Rico, the "shift toward x in reference to people has already occurred" in limited academic settings and "for
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