Latin Writing

Latin Writing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alphabet used to write the Latin language
This article is about the alphabet used to write the Latin language. For modern alphabets derived from it used in other languages and applications, see Latin script and Latin-script alphabet .
12 sovereign states and 1 supranational organization
Numerous Latin alphabets ; also more divergent derivations such as Osage
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

^ Michael C. Howard (2012), Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies. p. 23 .

^ Cappelli, Adriano (1990). Dizionario di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane . Milano: Editore Ulrico Hoepli. ISBN 88-203-1100-3 .

^ Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). "Alphabet soup, part 2: H and Y" . Oxford Etymologist . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 3 October 2013 .

^ Crystal, David (4 August 2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521530330 – via Google Books.

^ Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK . Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved on 28 September 2015.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Latin alphabet .

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The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language and its extensions used to write modern languages.

The term Latin alphabet may refer to either the alphabet used to write Latin (as described in this article) or other alphabets based on the Latin script , which is the basic set of letters common to the various alphabets descended from the classical Latin alphabet, such as the English alphabet . These Latin-script alphabets may discard letters, like the Rotokas alphabet , or add new letters, like the Danish and Norwegian alphabets. Letter shapes have evolved over the centuries, including the development in Medieval Latin of lower-case , forms which did not exist in the Classical period alphabet.

The Latin alphabet evolved from the visually similar Etruscan alphabet , which evolved from the Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet , which was itself descended from the Phoenician alphabet , which in turn derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics . [1] The Etruscans ruled early Rome ; their alphabet evolved in Rome over successive centuries to produce the Latin alphabet.
During the Middle Ages , the Latin alphabet was used (sometimes with modifications) for writing Romance languages , which are direct descendants of Latin , as well as Celtic , Germanic , Baltic and some Slavic languages . With the age of colonialism and Christian evangelism , the Latin script spread beyond Europe , coming into use for writing indigenous American , Australian , Austronesian , Austroasiatic and African languages . More recently, linguists have also tended to prefer the Latin script or the International Phonetic Alphabet (itself largely based on the Latin script) when transcribing or creating written standards for non-European languages, such as the African reference alphabet .

Although Latin did not use diacritical signs, signs of truncation of words, often placed above the truncated word or at the end of it, were very common. Furthermore, abbreviations or smaller overlapping letters were often used. This was due to the fact that if the text was engraved on the stone, the number of letters to be written was reduced, while if it was written on paper or parchment, it saved precious space. This habit continued even in the Middle Ages. Hundreds of symbols and abbreviations exist, varying from century to century. [2]

It is generally believed that the Latin alphabet used by the Romans was derived from the Old Italic alphabet used by the Etruscans . [ citation needed ]
That alphabet was derived from the Euboean alphabet used by the Cumae , which in turn was derived from the Phoenician alphabet . [ citation needed ]

Latin included 21 different characters. The letter ⟨C⟩ was the western form of the Greek gamma , but it was used for the sounds /ɡ/ and /k/ alike, possibly under the influence of Etruscan , which might have lacked any voiced plosives . Later, probably during the 3rd century BC, the letter ⟨Z⟩ – unneeded to write Latin properly – was replaced with the new letter ⟨G⟩, a ⟨C⟩ modified with a small vertical stroke, which took its place in the alphabet. From then on, ⟨G⟩ represented the voiced plosive /ɡ/ , while ⟨C⟩ was generally reserved for the voiceless plosive /k/ . The letter ⟨K⟩ was used only rarely, in a small number of words such as Kalendae , often interchangeably with ⟨C⟩.

After the Roman conquest of Greece in the 1st century BC, Latin adopted the Greek letters ⟨Y⟩ and ⟨Z⟩ (or readopted, in the latter case) to write Greek loanwords, placing them at the end of the alphabet. An attempt by the emperor Claudius to introduce three additional letters did not last. Thus it was during the classical Latin period that the Latin alphabet contained 23 letters:

The Latin names of some of these letters are disputed; for example, ⟨H⟩ may have been called [ˈaha] or [ˈaka] . [3] In general the Romans did not use the traditional ( Semitic -derived) names as in Greek: the names of the plosives were formed by adding /eː/ to their sound (except for ⟨K⟩ and ⟨Q⟩, which needed different vowels to be distinguished from ⟨C⟩) and the names of the continuants consisted either of the bare sound, or the sound preceded by /e/ .

The letter ⟨Y⟩ when introduced was probably called "hy" /hyː/ as in Greek, the name upsilon not being in use yet, but this was changed to i Graeca ("Greek i") as Latin speakers had difficulty distinguishing its foreign sound /y/ from /i/ . ⟨Z⟩ was given its Greek name, zeta . This scheme has continued to be used by most modern European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet. For the Latin sounds represented by the various letters see Latin spelling and pronunciation ; for the names of the letters in English see English alphabet .

Diacritics were not regularly used, but they did occur sometimes, the most common being the apex used to mark long vowels , which had previously sometimes been written doubled. However, in place of taking an apex, the letter i was written taller : ⟨ á é ꟾ ó v́ ⟩. For example, what is today transcribed Lūciī a fīliī was written ⟨ lv́ciꟾ·a·fꟾliꟾ ⟩ in the inscription depicted.
Some letters have more than one form in epigraphy .
Latinists have treated some of them especially such as ⟨ Ꟶ ⟩, a variant of ⟨H⟩ found in Roman Gaul .

The primary mark of punctuation was the interpunct , which was used as a word divider , though it fell out of use after 200 AD.

Old Roman cursive script, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even emperors issuing commands. A more formal style of writing was based on Roman square capitals , but cursive was used for quicker, informal writing. It was most commonly used from about the 1st century BC to the 3rd century, but it probably existed earlier than that. It led to Uncial , a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes.
Tironian notes were a shorthand system consisting of thousands of signs.

New Roman cursive script, also known as minuscule cursive, was in use from the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; ⟨a⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨e⟩ had taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters were proportionate to each other. This script evolved into a variety of regional medieval scripts (for example, the Merovingian , Visigothic and Benevantan scripts), to be later supplanted by the Carolingian minuscule .

It was not until the Middle Ages that the letter ⟨ W ⟩ (originally a ligature of two ⟨ V ⟩s) was added to the Latin alphabet, to represent sounds from the Germanic languages which did not exist in medieval Latin, and only after the Renaissance did the convention of treating ⟨ I ⟩ and ⟨ U ⟩ as vowels , and ⟨ J ⟩ and ⟨ V ⟩ as consonants , become established. Prior to that, the former had been merely allographs of the latter. [ citation needed ]

With the fragmentation of political power, the style of writing changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of the printing press . Early deviations from the classical forms were the uncial script , a development of the Old Roman cursive , and various so-called minuscule scripts that developed from New Roman cursive , of which the insular script developed by Irish literati and derivations of this, such as Carolingian minuscule were the most influential, introducing the lower case forms of the letters, as well as other writing conventions that have since become standard.

The languages that use the Latin script generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns . The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English , for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized, whereas Modern English writers and printers of the 17th and 18th century frequently capitalized most and sometimes all nouns, [4] which is still systematically done in Modern German , e.g. in the preamble and all of the United States Constitution : We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

The Latin alphabet spread, along with the Latin language , from the Italian Peninsula to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire . The eastern half of the Empire , including Greece , Anatolia , the Levant , and Egypt , continued to use Greek as a lingua franca , but Latin was widely spoken in the western half , and as the western Romance languages evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet.

With the spread of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages , the script was gradually adopted by the peoples of northern Europe who spoke Celtic languages (displacing the Ogham alphabet) or Germanic languages (displacing earlier Runic alphabets ), Baltic languages , as well as by the speakers of several Uralic languages , most notably Hungarian , Finnish and Estonian . The Latin alphabet came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages , as the people who spoke them adopted Roman Catholicism .

Later, it was adopted by non-Catholic countries. Romanian , most of whose speakers are Orthodox , was the first major language to switch from Cyrillic to Latin script, doing so in the 19th century, although Moldova only did so after the Soviet collapse .

It has also been increasingly adopted by Turkic-speaking countries, beginning with Turkey in the 1920s. After the Soviet collapse, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan all switched from Cyrillic to Latin. The government of Kazakhstan announced in 2015 that the Latin alphabet would replace Cyrillic as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025. [5]

The spread of the Latin alphabet among previously illiterate peoples has inspired the creation of new writing systems, such as the Avoiuli alphabet in Vanuatu , which replaces the letters of the Latin alphabet with alternative symbols.

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA . For the distinction between [ ] , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters .
Library resources about Latin alphabet

In the 5th century BC, Latin was just one of many Italic languages spoken in central Italy. Latin was the language of the area known as Latium (modern Lazio), and Rome was one of the towns of Latium. The earliest known inscriptions in Latin date from the 6th century BC and were written using an alphabet adapted from the Etruscan alphabet.

Rome gradually expanded its influence over other parts of Italy and then over other parts of Europe. Eventually the Roman Empire stretched across a wide swathe of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Latin was used throughout the empire as the language of law, administration and increasingly as the language of everyday life. Literacy was common among Roman citizens and the works of great Latin authors were read by many.

Meanwhile in the eastern Mediterranean, Greek remained the lingua franca and well-educated Romans were familiar with both languages. In fact
the earliest surviving examples of Latin literature are Latin translations of Greek plays, and Cato's farming manual, which dates from 150 BC.

The language used in much early Latin literature, classical Latin,
differed in many ways from colloquial spoken Latin, known as vulgar Latin, though some writers, including Cicero and Petronius, used vulgar Latin in their work. Over the centuries the spoken varieties of Latin continued to move away from the literary standard and eventually evolved into the modern Italic/Romance languages ( Italian , French , Spanish ,
Portuguese , Romanian ,
Catalan , etc).

Even after the collapse of the western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Latin continued to be used as a literary language throughout western and central Europe. An enormous quantity of medieval Latin literature was produced in a variety of different styles ranging from the scholarly works of Irish and Anglo-Saxon writers to simple tales and sermons for a wider audience.

During the 15th century, Latin began to lose its dominant position
as the main language of scholarship and religion throughout Europe.
It was largely replaced by written versions of the vernacular languages
of Europe, many of which are descendants of Latin or have been heavily
influenced by it.

Modern Latin was used by the Roman Catholic Church until the mid 20th
century and is still used to some extent, particularly in the Vatican
City, where it is one of the official languages. Latin terminology is
used extensively by biologists, palaeontologists and other scientists
to name species and specimens, and also by doctors and lawyers.

A few schools teach Classical Latin as a spoken language, and there are currently maybe 100 or so people who speak it fluently.

There were no lower case letters, I and V could be used as both vowels and consonants, and K , Y and Z were used only for writing words of Greek origin.

The letters J , U and W were added to the alphabet at a later stage to write languages other than Latin.

J is a variant of I and was first used during the 16th century by Petrus Ramus.

U is a variant of V . In Latin the /u/ sound was written with the letter v, e.g. IVLIVS (Julius).

W was originally a doubled v (vv) and was first used
by scribes writing Old English during the 7th century AD, however the
Runic letter Wynn (Ƿ) was more commonly used to write the /w/ sound. After the Norman Conquest the letter W became more popular and had
replaced Wynn by 1300.

More information about the origins of the Latin letters
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A

Opnēs hemones decnotāti et iouesi louberoi et parēs gnāscontor, rationes et comscientiās particapes sont, quibos enter sēd comcordiās studēōd agontinom est.

Omnes homines dignitate et iure liberi et pares nascuntur, rationis
et conscientiae participes sunt, quibus inter se concordiae studio est
agendum.

Omne homnes nascuntu liberi e pares dignitat e jure, sunt da
rationis e conscientiae, e agendu inter spiritu de fraternitat.

/ɔ́mnes ɔ́ːmɪnes náskʊnt líːβeri eð ͜ eku̯áːles ɪn dɪɲɲɪtáːte ed ͜ deréktos. sʊ́nt dotáːti de ratsʲóːne eð ͜ áːnɪma ed ͜ déːβent aɣíːre ɪnter séː komo fráːtres/

Translation by Matthew Leigh Embleton

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another
in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Shipping time world- wide is typically 6 days.
LatinTeach - resources for teachers of Latin
http://www.latinteach.com/index.html

Septentrionale Americanum Latinitatis Vivae Institutum (North American
Institute for Living Latin Studies):
http://www.latin.org

Forum Romanum - Latin texts, translations, articles and other resources
http://www.forumromanum.org

Latim e Direito Constitucional / Latin Language and Literature
http://www.latimedireito.adv.br

Viva Voce - Roman Poetry Recited - Catullus, Horace, Vergil and more
http://dekart.f.bg.ac.yu/~vnedeljk/VV/

ALPHABETUM - a Unicode font
specifically designed for ancient scripts, including classical
& medieval Latin, ancient Greek, Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian,
Faliscan, Messapic, Picene, Iberian, Celtiberian, Gothic, Runic,
Old & Middle English, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Old Nordic, Ogham,
Kharosthi, Glagolitic, Old Cyrillic, Phoenician, Avestan, Ugaritic,
Linear B, Anatolian scripts, Coptic, Cypriot, Brahmi, Old Persian cuneiform:
http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/~jmag0042/alphabet.html

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The Latin, or Roman, alphabet was originally adapted from the
Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC to write Latin. Since then it has had many different forms, and been adapted to write many other languages.

According to Roman legend, the Cimmerian Sibyl, Carmenta, created the Latin alphabet by adapting the Greek alphabet used in the Greek colony of Cumae in southern Italy. This was introduced to Latium by Evander, her son. 60 years after the Trojan war. There is no historical evidence to support this story, which comes from the Roman author, Gaius Julius Hyginus (64BC - 17AD).

The earliest known inscriptions in the Latin alphabet date from the 6th century BC. It was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC. The letters Y and Z were taken from the Greek alphabet to write Greek loan words. Other letters were added from time to time as the Latin alphabet was adapted for other languages.

This is a version of the earliest known text in Latin. It is known as the Duenos inscription, and was found on the Quirinal Hill in Rome by Heinrich Dressel, a German archaeologist, in 1880. It is thought to date from the 7th to 5th century BC.

Opnēs hemones decnotāti et iovesi louberoi et parēs gnāscontor, rat
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Latin Writing

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