Latin Verbs

Latin Verbs
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Latin terms that indicate actions, occurrences or states.

For more information, see Appendix:Latin verbs .

This category has the following 32 subcategories, out of 32 total.

The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 5,761 total.

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Verbs can be tricky in any language and when you learn Latin, you'll soon see that Latin verb conjugation is no different.
You have infinite tenses, voices, and oh so many irregularities and exceptions to the rule.
However, the best way to cope with this trying part of speech is to get to know this demon and exorcise it!
By the end of this post, you'll not only know what conjugation is and how to conjugate a verb but you'll also be equipped with tips and tricks that will help make verb conjugations as easy as unus, dua, tres .
By the way, if you want to learn Latin fast and have fun while doing it, my top recommendation is Latin Uncovered which teaches you through StoryLearning®.
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Before going further, what even is a conjugation? Technically a conjugation is just a grouping of verbs that are similar based on patterns in endings and how they are formed.
If you're learning Latin in school, you may be asked to “conjugate” a verb. This essentially means that your instructor wants you to give all forms of the verb in a particular tense.
So in English, you may be told “conjugate ‘to love.’” In response, you would say: “I love, you love, s/he/it loves, we love, you all love, they love.” Boom – conjugated.
Back to Latin. Latin verbs fit into one of four conjugations. You can recognise a verb’s conjugation based on its infinitive form.
When looking at the dictionary form or principal parts of a verb, you will look at the form that ends in -re. There are four forms of the infinitive: -are, -ēre, -ere, -ire.
For the verb “to love” ( amo, amare, amavi, amatus ) you would look at amare . Since it ends in an -are , it is a part of the first conjugation.
These conjugations help you determine how to form the verb based on its unique pattern. See the chart below to see all conjugations.
**Take note: there is a subcategory of the -ere 3rd conjugation, called the Third -io conjugation. There are verbs whose first principal part ends in an -io.
An example of this sub-conjugation is the verb iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus . You can see the first principal part ends in an -io, but the infinitive and second principal part end in the third conjugation -ere.
Something that does set Latin apart from many Romance languages is that they have no need to include a subject or personal pronoun.
In English, if you wanted to say “I love” you need to use “I” for the sentence to be complete. In Latin, a subject is only used for emphasis. So to say “I love” in Latin, all you need is the correct form of the verb: amo .
While you do not need them, keep in mind when conjugating a verb, it will be organized according to person and number.
Person is broken down into First Person (I, We), Second Person (You, You all), and Third Person (S/he/it, They). The number refers to whether the verb is singular (I, You, S/he/it) or plural (We, You all, They).
Latin loves irregulars. Typically irregular verbs are the verbs that are most commonly used.
Why? Because you use them more frequently and they will change as people use them over time – this happens frequently with English verbs.
As an analogy, imagine you have two cars. One car stays in the garage and is driven once in a while and the other car is driven all the time. The car that is driven often (irregular verbs) will get dirty, dented, and change more time than the car left in the garage (regular verbs).
The Latin word for “to be” is an example of an irregular verb that has been “driven” over many centuries by people using and changing the word.
For regular verbs, there is a pattern that all conjugations follow:
First, you need to find your present stem, which you do by looking at the infinitive form. The present stem of your verb is the infinitive without the – _re ending.
Then based on the conjugation the verb is in, you need to decide your vowel. Reference this chart to find the right vowel.
After adding your vowel to your stem, you are left with adding the present tense endings:
However, keep in mind there are some distinct exceptions with the first form, which is the “I” form. Since the ending is already a vowel, for the first and third conjugation, you do not need the vowel.
In addition, the – i – vowel is a weak vowel and will either change into a – u- or add a – u – to be – iu – for the “they” form of the verb.
These exceptions are bolded in the charts below so that you can see where they are.
So now you know the basics for forming Latin verbs in the present tense across all verb conjugations.
Now here are some tips and tricks that can help cement these conjugations in your brain so that you can become more fluent in Latin!
While the endings may seem random and decidedly willy-nilly, there actually are patterns shared within and between tense endings.
Looking at the present tense endings you can see similarities shared between the persons. For example, both “You” and “You all” forms end in an – s . Similarly, for “S/he/it” and “They” forms, they end in – t .
This pattern can actually be seen for these persons in most tenses beyond the present tense.
While it may seem silly to use formulas when talking about a language, it is actually a very logical and helpful way to think about Latin and its verb conjugations.
Even though there are exceptions to the rule, you will be correct 90% of the time if you make sure you memorize the formula:
This also applies to the other tenses. Each tense has its own unique formula that most, if not all, verbs follow.
While these can be super annoying in any language, don't forget about irregular verbs. Remembering that these exist can really save you some brainpower when you are translating.
Some of the most common irregular verbs are “to be” ( sum, esse, fui, futurus ) and its compounds, “to go” ( eo, ire, ii/ivi, itus ), “to be able” ( possum, posse, potui, – ), “to make” ( facio, facere, feci, factus ), “to wish” ( volo, vollere, volui, – ), and many others.
For these, it is just best to memorize their forms. Even though they are irregular they do actually often follow particular patterns.
Some people memorize things differently. Repetition is the key to success in any language! To help you better remember endings, you can use and/or create some sort of mnemonic device!
You can create a song or poem to help you remember the endings. You can also find some songs online to help you as well, but often creating your own helps you remember better.
In addition to repetition being key, so too is exposure! Reading and practicing with real Latin texts will help you recognise verbs and verb conjugations.
Besides, reading in Latin or improving your reading skills in general is probably why you chose to learn Latin.
You can even go a step further to identify the verb, give all the information such as tense, person, and number, and then create a conjugation chart for this verb.
Try to find some Latin text on what you like – consider finding a mythological story by Ovid or war stories by Caesar ! And be sure to apply the 10 rules of StoryLearning® so you choose and use the right reading material for you.
While Latin conjugations, like the language itself , may seem really intimidating, it all boils down to knowing how they work. Once you get that firm understanding, you will be able to easily create and recognise all verb forms.
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duc + (no vowel) + o duco (I lead)
iac + i u + nt iaci u nt (They throw)
dorm + i u + nt dormi u nt (They sleep)

N.S. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise.

Gill, N.S. "Beginners' Guide to Latin Verb Tenses." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/beginners-guide-to-latin-verb-tenses-112177.
Gill, N.S. (2020, August 26). Beginners' Guide to Latin Verb Tenses. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/beginners-guide-to-latin-verb-tenses-112177
Gill, N.S. "Beginners' Guide to Latin Verb Tenses." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/beginners-guide-to-latin-verb-tenses-112177 (accessed October 14, 2022).

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Latin is an inflected language in which the verbs include a lot of information about the sentence. Sometimes the verb is the only word in the sentence. Even without a noun or pronoun, a Latin verb can tell you who/what the subject is. It can also tell you the time frame, including interval and tense. When you parse a Latin verb as an exercise, you deconstruct these and other facets of the Latin.

When you parse a Latin verb, you list the following:

Tense, as mentioned, refers to time. In Latin, there are three simple and three perfect tenses, a total of six, and they come in both active and passive forms.

The first of the simple tenses in the Indicative Mood is the present tense. The present tense in the Indicative Mood has both Active and Passive voices. The present tense shows action that is happening now.

The next tense is the imperfect, which conveys uncompleted action in the past. Imperfect means incomplete or unfinished. When translating an imperfect verb, the simple past tense sometimes works. Other times, "was" plus an "-ing" ending on the verb or "used to" plus the verb will convey the uncompleted past action.

The imperfect tense in Latin is used for both continuous and habitual actions in the past.

The third tense is the future tense. A verb in the future tense conveys an action that will happen in the future. The customary auxiliary verb denoting the future tense is "will."

The first person singular future ambulabo is translated "I shall walk"—technically. Most people in the U.S., if not in the rest of the anglophone world, would say "I will walk." The same is true of the first person plural ambulabimus : technically, it's "we shall walk," but in custom, it's "we will walk." In the second and third person, it's just "will" without qualification.

Past or perfected tenses are used for completed actions. There are 3 such tenses:

Generally simply called the perfect tense, this tense refers to an action that has been completed. Either a simple past tense ending (e.g., "-ed") or the auxiliary verb "have" conveys the perfect tense.

You may also translate it: "I have walked."

A verb is in the pluperfect tense if it was completed prior to another. Usually the auxiliary verb "had" signifies a pluperfect verb.

Future perfect is used to convey an action that will have been completed prior to something else. "Will have" are the customary auxiliary verbs.

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have, hold, possess, consider, think
to chase away, to expel, slap, thrust, bump, beat…

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