Latin Title
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The following table provides a list of some of the most common titles that appear on Roman coins together with an explanation of their meaning.
The adopted personal name of the first emperor, later adopted as a title by his successors.
The family name of Julius Caesar and the first dynasty of emperors the Julio-Claudians (Augustus to Nero). From AD 138 it became the title of the junior emperor(s) / Imperial heir(s).
A political office of the Roman Republic held by some emperors
DIVVS/DIVO (masculine)
DIVA (feminine)
This is indicative that the coin was struck after the death of the named emperor or empress. (DIVVS ANTONINVS, DIVA FAVSTINA, DIVO CLAVDIO etc)
Gradually replaced Imperator as the main title of the emperor during the 4 th century AD (D N VALENS P F AVG, D N ARCADIVS P F AVG etc)
NOB CAES/NOB C/N C (Nobilissimus Caesar)
Title of junior emperor during 4 th century AD
Honorific title first used by Augustus and by some subsequent emperors
Part of the standard Imperial titles from the 2 nd century AD
P M/PON MAX/PONT MAX Pontifex Maximus
The Pontifices were the most senior of the Priesthoods of Ancient Rome
Appears on the reverse of all early imperial bronzes struck before the mid 3 rd century AD
A reference to the Roman State - its main political body and its citizens.
© MMIII - MMXXI » CC-BY
The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG.
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(Redirected from Titles of nobility)
Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and among geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences.[vague]
This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. (November 2016)
Main articles: Monarch and Sovereign
Note that many titles listed may also be used by lesser nobles – non-sovereigns – depending on the historical period and state. The sovereign titles listed below are grouped together into categories roughly according to their degree of dignity; these being: imperial (Emperor, Empress, etc.), high royal (King of Kings etc.), royal (King/Queen, sovereign Grand Duke or Grand Prince, etc.), others (sovereign Prince, sovereign Duke, etc.), and religious.
Archduke (meaning "chief" Duke), Grand Duke (literally "large," or "big" Duke; see above under royal titles), Vice Duke ("deputy" Duke), etc. The female equivalent is Duchess.
Several ranks were widely used (for more than a thousand years in Europe alone) for both sovereign rulers and non-sovereigns. Additional knowledge about the territory and historic period is required to know whether the rank holder was a sovereign or non-sovereign. However, joint precedence among rank holders often greatly depended on whether a rank holder was sovereign, whether of the same rank or not. This situation was most widely exemplified by the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) in Europe. Several of the following ranks were commonly both sovereign and non-sovereign within the HRE. Outside of the HRE, the most common sovereign rank of these below was that of Prince. Within the HRE, those holding the following ranks who were also sovereigns had (enjoyed) what was known as an immediate relationship with the Emperor. Those holding non-sovereign ranks held only a mediate relationship (meaning that the civil hierarchy upwards was mediated by one or more intermediaries between the rank holder and the Emperor).
In all European countries, the sovereign Grand Duke (or Grand Prince in some eastern European languages) is considered the third-highest monarchic title in precedence, after Emperor and King.
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Titles and privileges of nobility were abolished in Germany in 1919.. (August 2020)
In Germany, a sovereign Duke (Herzog) outranks[citation needed] a sovereign prince (Fürst). A cadet prince (Prinz) who belongs to an imperial or royal dynasty, however, may outrank a duke who is the cadet of a reigning house, e.g., Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Mecklenburg or Oldenburg.
The children of a sovereign Grand Duke may be titled "Prince" (Luxembourg, Tuscany, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Saxe-Weimar) or "Duke" (Oldenburg) in accordance with the customs of the dynasty. The heir of the throne of a Grand Duchy is titled "Hereditary Grand Duke", as soon as he reaches the full legal age (majority).
Children of a sovereign (i.e., ruling) Duke and of a ruling Prince (Fürst) were, however, all titled prince (Prinz).
The heir apparent to a ruling or mediatised title would usually prepend the prefix Erb- (hereditary) to his or her title, e.g., Erbherzog, Erbprinz, Erbgraf, to distinguish their status from that of their junior siblings.
Children of a mediatised Fürst were either Prinzen or Grafen (counts), depending upon whether the princely title was limited to descent by masculine primogeniture or not. In the German non-sovereign nobility, a Duke (Herzog) still ranked higher than a Prince (Fürst).
In Russia "Grand duke" is the traditional translation of the title Velikiy Kniaz (Великий Князь), which from the 11th century was at first the title of the leading Prince of Kievan Rus', then of several princes of the Rus'. From 1328 the Velikii Kniaz of Muscovy appeared as the grand duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as tsar. Thereafter the title was given to sons and grandsons (through male lines) of the Tsars and Emperors of Russia. The daughters and paternal granddaughters of Russian emperors, as well as the consorts of Russian grand dukes, were generally called "grand duchesses" in English.
The distinction between the ranks of the major nobility (listed above) and the minor nobility, listed here, was not always a sharp one in all nations. But the precedence of the ranks of a Baronet or a Knight is quite generally accepted for where this distinction exists for most nations. Here the rank of Baronet (ranking above a Knight) is taken as the highest rank among the ranks of the minor nobility or landed gentry that are listed below.
In Germany, the constitution of the Weimar Republic in 1919 ceased to accord privileges to members of dynastic and noble families. Their titles henceforth became legal parts of the family name, and traditional forms of address (e.g., "Hoheit" or "Durchlaucht") ceased to be accorded to them by governmental entities. The last title was conferred on 12 November 1918 to Kurt von Klefeld. The actual rank of a title-holder in Germany depended not only on the nominal rank of the title, but also the degree of sovereignty exercised, the rank of the title-holder's suzerain, and the length of time the family possessed its status within the nobility (Uradel, Briefadel, altfürstliche, neufürstliche, see: German nobility). Thus, any reigning sovereign ranks higher than any deposed or mediatized sovereign (e.g., the Fürst of Waldeck, sovereign until 1918, was higher than the Duke of Arenberg, head of a mediatized family, although Herzog is nominally a higher title than Fürst). However, former holders of higher titles in extant monarchies retained their relative rank, i.e., a queen dowager of Belgium outranks the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein. Members of a formerly sovereign or mediatized house rank higher than the nobility. Among the nobility, those whose titles derive from the Holy Roman Empire rank higher than the holder of an equivalent title granted by one of the German monarchs after 1806.
In Austria, nobility titles may no longer be used since 1918.[19]
The titles used by royalty, aristocracy & nobility of the Maratha Empire
Below is a comparative table of corresponding royal and noble titles in various countries. Quite often, a Latin 3rd declension noun formed a distinctive feminine title by adding -issa to its base, but usually the 3rd declension noun was used for both male and female nobles, except for Imperator and Rex. 3rd declension nouns are italicized in this chart. See Royal and noble styles to learn how to address holders of these titles properly.
Imperator/
Caesar,
Imperatrix/
Caesarina
Magnus Dux/
Magnus Princeps,
Magna Ducissa,
Magna Principissa
Tagavor tagavorats (King of kings); Gaysr (from Latin "Caesar")
Arka (from Greek 'árchōn,' 'king'); Tagavor,
Taguhee
Ishkhanats ishkhan (literally Prince of Princes)
Nakharar ('Grand' only by precedence among other 'dukes')
Nakharar (synonyms are Medzamedz, Ter, Tanuter, Nahapet)
- A function held by the Dukes when assembled in council. Otherwise, a function held by imperial powers who appointed governors or dependent monarchs. (Prince-électeur,
Princesse-électrice)
Markýz/Markrabě[k]
Markýza/Markraběnka
Vicegreve,
Vicegrevinde/
Vicekomtesse
Baron, Friherre,
Baronesse, Friherreinde
Groothertog/grootvorst,
Groothertogin/grootvorstin
Markies/Markgraaf,
Markiezin/Markgravin
Keisari,
Keisarinna (or Keisaritar, obsolete)
Suurherttua/Suuriruhtinas,
Suurherttuatar/Suuriruhtinatar
Prinssi/Ruhtinas,
Prinsessa/Ruhtinatar[m]
Markiisi/Rajakreivi,
Markiisitar/Rajakreivitär
Paroni, Vapaaherra,
Paronitar, Rouva/ Vapaaherratar[m]
Baronetti, "Herra" (=fiefholder),
Herratar
Aatelinen/Ritari[m]
style of wife: Rouva
Prince-électeur,
Princesse-électrice
Großherzog/
Großfürst,
Großherzogin/
Großfürstin
Vizegraf, Burggraf
Vizegräfin, Burggräfin
Baron, Herr, Freiherr
Baronin, Frau, Freifrau, Freiin
Junker (Prussia), Edler (Austria),
Junkerin, Edle
Nagyherceg, fejedelem, vajda
nagyhercegnő, fejedelemasszony, -
Választófejedelem,
(választófejedelemnő)
Várgróf, vikomt
Várgrófnő (vikomtnő)
Principe Elettore,
Principessa Electrice
Imperators/Ķeizars,
Imperatrise/Ķeizariene
Markgrāfs/Marķīzs
Markgrāfiene/Marķīziene
Dižciltīgais/Augstdzimušais,
Dižciltīgā/
Augstdzimusī
Didysis kunigaikštis,
Didžioji kunigaikštienė
Baronas/Freiheras,
Baronienė/Freifrau
Prënz/Fierscht,
Prënzessin/Fierschtin
Markgrof/Marquis,
Markgrofin/Marquise
Vizegrof/Vicomte,
Vizegrofin/Vicomtesse
Prinċep Elettur,
Prinċipessa Elettriċi
Baron, Friherre,
Baronesse, Friherreinde
Markiz/Margrabia,
Markiza/Margrabina
Príncipe-Eleitor,
Princesa-Eleitora;
Императрица/Царица (Imperatritsa/Tsaritsa)
Эрцгерцог (Ertsgertsog),
Эрцгерцогиня (Ertsgertsoginya)
Великий Князь (Velikiy Knyaz),
Великая Княгиня (Velikaya Kniagina)
Герцог (Gertsog),
Герцогиня (Gertsoginya)
Курфюст (Kurfyurst),
Курфюстина (Kurfyurstina)
Царевич/Князь (Tsarevich/Kniaz),
Царевна/Княгиня (Tsarevna/Kniagina)[s]
Боярин (Boyar),
Боярыня (Boyarina)[s]
Виконт (Vikont),
Виконтесса (Vikontessa)
Барон (Baron),
Баронесса (Baronessa)
Nadvojvoda / Надвојвода
Herceg / Херцег,
Nadvojvodkinja / Надвојводкиња
Hercoginja / Херцогиња
Veliki vojvoda / Велики војвода,
Velika vojvodkinja / Велика војводкиња
Vojvoda / Војвода,
Vojvodkinja / Војводкиња
Kraljević / Краљевић,
Carević / Царевић,
Princ / Принц,
Princeza / Принцеза
Knez / Кнез,
Knjaz / Књаз,
Knjeginja, Kneginja / Књегиња, Кнегиња
Vikont / Виконт,
Vikontica / Виконтица
Baron / Барон,
Baronica, Baronesa / Бароница, Баронеса
Barunet / Барунет,
Baruneta / Барунета
Príncipe Elector,
Princesa Electora;
Kurfirst/
Knieža voliteľ/
Knieža volič
Markiz/Mejni grof,
Markiza/Mejna grofica
Storhertig/Storfurste,
Storhertiginna/Storfurstinna
Prins/Furste,
Prinsessa/Furstinna[m]
Markis/markgreve,
markisinna/markgrevinna[m]
Baron, Herre, Friherre,
Baronessa, Fru, Friherrinna
Імператор/Цісар (Imperator),
Імператриця/Цісариця (Imperatrytsia)
Король/Цар (Koról/Tsar),
Королева/Цариця (Koroléva/Tsarytsia)
Ерцгерцог/Архекнязь (Ertshertsoh/Arkheknyaz),
Ерцгерцогиня/Архікнягиня (Ertshertsohynia/Arkhikniahynia)
Великий Князь (Velykyi Knyaz),
Велика Княгиня (Velyka Kniahynia)
Герцог/Дюк (Hertsoh/Diuk),
Герцогиня/Дючеса (Hertsohynia/Diuchesa)
Курфюрст (Kurfyurst),
Курфюрстина (Kurfyurstyna)
Князь/Принц (Knyaz/Printz),
Княгиня/Принцеса (Kniahynia/Pryntsesa)
Маркіз/Боярин (Markiz/Boyaryn),
Маркіза/Бояриня (Markiza/Boyarynia)
Віконт (Vikont),
Віконтеса (Vikontesa)
Пан/Господар (Pan/Hospodar),
Пані/Господиня (Pani/Hospodynia)
Badishah (بادشاہ),
Shahanshah (شہنشاہ)
Shahzada (شہزادہ),
Sahibzada (صاحبزادہ),
Nawabzada (نوابزادہ)
^ a b Loss of sovereignty or fief does not necessarily lead to loss of title. The position in the ranking table is however accordingly adjusted. The occurrence of fiefs has changed from time to time, and from country to country. For instance, dukes in England rarely had a duchy to rule.
^ "Prince"
^ A duke who is not actually or formerly sovereign, or a member of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty, such as British, French, Portuguese, Spanish and most Italian dukes, is a non-dynastic noble ranking above a marquis.
^ There are actually three Scottish dignities that are types of a Scottish Baron; these are (in descending order of rank): Scottish feudal Earl, Scottish Feudal Lord, and Scottish feudal Baron (the general name for the dignity listed above among the ranks of aristocratic gentry).
^ The meaning of the title Esquire became (and remains) quite diffuse, and may indicate anything from no aristocratic status, to some official government civil appointment, or (more historically) the son of a knight or noble who had no other title above just Gentleman.
^ In the United States, where there is no nobility, the title esquire is sometimes arrogated (without any governmental authorization) by lawyers admitted to the state bar.
^ a b c d "Prince" (Prinz in German, Prins in Swedish, Prinssi in Finnish, "Principe" in Spanish) can also be a title of junior members of royal houses. In the British system, for example, prince is not a rank of nobility but a title held exclusively by members of the royal family.
^ Does not confer nobility in the British system.
^ Non-hereditary. Does not confer nobility in the British system. See also squire and esquire.
^ Latin titles are for etymological comparisons. They do not accurately reflect their medieval counterparts.
^ The title Markýz was not used in Bohemia and thus referred only to foreign nobility, while the title Markrabě (the same as the German Markgraf) is connected only to a few historical territories (including the former marches on the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, or Moravia).
^ Finland accorded the noble ranks of Ruhtinas, Kreivi, Vapaaherra and Aatelinen. The titles Suurherttua, Arkkiherttua, Vaaliruhtinas, Prinssi, Markiisi, Jaarli, Varakreivi, Paroni, and Baronetti were not granted in Finland, though they are used of foreign titleholders. Keisari, Kuningas, Suuriruhtinas, Prinssi, and Herttua have been used as official titles of members of the dynasties that ruled Finland, though not granted as titles of nobility. Some feudally-based privileges in landowning, connected to nobily related lordship, existed into the nineteenth century; and fiefs were common in the late medieval and early modern eras. The title Ritari was not commonly used except in the context of knightly orders. The lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was that of the "Aatelinen" (i.e. "noble").
^ a b c d e f g No noble titles were granted after 1906 when the unicameral legislatures (Eduskunta) were established, removing the constitutional status of the so-called First Estate. However, noble ranks were granted in Finland until 1917 (there, the lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was "Aatelinen", or "noble"; it was in essence a rank, not a title).
^ In central Europe, the title of Fürst or kníže (e.g. Fürst von Liechtenstein) ranks below the title of a duke (e.g. Duke of Brunswick). The title of Vizegraf was not used in German-speaking countries, and the titles of Ritter and Edler were not commonly used.
^ In the German system by rank approximately equal to Landgraf and Pfalzgraf.
^ The "vitéz" title was introduced in Hungary after 1920. In preceding ages simply meant a warrior or a courageous man.
^ In keeping with the principle of equality among noblemen, no noble titles (with few exceptions) below that of prince were allowed in Poland. The titles in italics are simply Polish translations of western titles which were granted to some Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, especially after the partitions. Instead of hereditary titles, the Polish nobility developed and used a set of titles based on offices held. See "szlachta" for more info on Polish nobility.
^ In Portugal, a baron or viscount who was a "grandee of the kingdom" (Portuguese: Grandes do Reino) was called a "baron with grandness" (Portuguese: Barão com Grandeza) or "viscount with grandness" (Portuguese: Visconde com Grandeza); each of these grandees was ranked as equal to a count.
^ a b c For domestic Russian nobility, only the titles Kniaz and Boyar were used before the 18th century, when Graf was added.
^ According to: https://www.infoplease.com/whos-who-monarchy
^ The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Vaman Shivaram Apte
^ A Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Apte
^ Esta institucion (Cabecería de Barangay), mucho más antigua que la sujecion de las islas al Gobierno, ha merecido siempre las mayores atencion. En un principio eran las cabecerías hereditarias, y constituian la verdadera hidalguía del país; mas del dia, si bien en algunas provincias todavía se tramiten por sucesion hereditaria, las hay tambien eleccion, particularmente en las provincias más inmediatas á Manila, en donde han perdido su prestigio y son una verdadera carga. En las provincias distantes todavía se hacen respetar, y allí es precisamente en donde la autoridad tiene ménos que hacer, y el órden se conserva sin necesidad de medidas coercitivas; porque todavía existe en ellas el gobierno patriarcal, por el gran respeto que la plebe conserva aún á lo que llaman aquí principalía. (Translation: This institution (Cabecera de Barangay), much older than the fastening of the islands to the Government, has always deserved the most attention. In the beginning they were the hereditary heads, and they constituted the true chivalry of the country; but of the day, although in some provinces they are still transacted by hereditary succession, there are also elections, particularly in the provinces closest to Manila, where they have lost their prestige and are a real burden. In the distant provinces they are still enforced, and that is precisely where authority has less to do, and the order is preserved without the need for coercive measures; because the patriarchal government still exists in them, because of the great respect that the plebs still retain for what they call here principalía.FERRANDO.) FERRANDO, Fr Juan & FONSECA OSA, Fr Joaquin (1870–1872). Historia de los PP. Dominicos en las Islas Filipinas y en las Misiones del Japon, China, Tung-kin y Formosa (Vol. 1 of 6 vols) (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta y esteriotipia de M Rivadeneyra. OCLC 9362749.
^ L'institution des
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Latin Title
