Latin Swedish

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Latin Swedish
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
     Regions where Swedish is an official language spoken by the majority of the population (Sweden, Åland Islands, Western Finland)     Regions where Swedish is an official language spoken by a minority of the population (Finland)
  Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility


^ Jump up to: a b Ethnologue 21st Edition , retrieved 21 February 2018

^ "Svenska talas också i Finland" . Svenska språket (in Swedish). 7 December 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2021 .

^ "Explore language knowledge in Europe" . languageknowledge.eu . Retrieved 16 August 2021 .

^ "Var tionde Oslobo är nu svensk" (in Swedish). Sverige-Norge Personalförmedling . Retrieved 11 October 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b Crystal 1999 , Scandinavian

^ Jump up to: a b Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in Dahl & Edlund 2010 , pp. 26–31

^ Bergman 1984 , pp. 21–23

^ The oldest dated fragments are from 1250 and the oldest complete manuscript is from c. 1280

^ Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in Dahl & Edlund 2010 , pp. 28–29

^ Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in Dahl & Edlund 2010 , pp. 29, 31

^ Pettersson 1996 , pp. 150–157

^ Pettersson 1996 , p. 139

^ Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in Dahl & Edlund 2010 , p. 29

^ Lars-Erik Edlund, "Språkhistorisk översikt" in Dahl & Edlund 2010 , p. 33

^ Pettersson 1996 , p. 151

^ The Nordic Languages . Walter de Gruyter. 2005. p. 1900. ISBN 978-3-11-019706-8 .

^ Grünbaun, Katharina (2012). "Svenska språket" [The Swedish language] (PDF) (in Swedish). Svenska institutet. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2012.

^ Bandle, Oskar; Elmevik, Lennart; Widmark, Gun (2002). The Nordic Languages . Walter de Gruyter. p. 517. ISBN 978-3-11-014876-3 .

^ Pettersson 1996 , p. 138

^ Svanlund, Jan, ed. (2013). Språkriktighetsboken (2 ed.). Svenska språknämnden and Norstedts. pp. 210–211. ISBN 978-91-1-304370-8 .

^ Josephson 2005 , chapter 2

^ Sociolinguistics . Walter de Gruyter. 2006. p. 1751. ISBN 978-3-11-019987-1 .

^ Taavitsainen, Irma; Melchers, Gunnel; Pahta, Päivi (2000). Writing in Nonstandard English . John Benjamins Publishing. p. 302. ISBN 978-90-272-9903-1 .

^ Bandle, Oskar; Braunmuller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Hakon (2005). The Nordic Languages . Walter de Gruyter. p. 1805. ISBN 978-3-11-017149-5 .

^ Nationalencyklopedin, du-tilltal and ni-tilltal

^ Holmes, Philip; Hinchliffe, Ian (2008). Swedish: An Essential Grammar . Psychology Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-415-45800-9 .

^ Parkvall 2009 , p. 24.

^ Population structure . Statistics Finland (29 March 2007). Retrieved on 27 November 2007.

^ Main outlines of Finnish History – thisisFINLAND .

^ "Svensk- och tvåspråkiga kommuner" , kommunerna.net (in Swedish), February 2007 , retrieved 3 December 2007

^ Mikael Parkvall & Gunvor Flodell, "Sveriges språk ute i världen" in Dahl & Edlund 2010 , p. 154

^ Europeans and their languages Archived 6 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Special Eurobarometer 386, 2012.

^ Gooskens, Charlotte (2007), "The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages" (PDF) , Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 28 (6): 445–467, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.414.7645 , doi : 10.2167/jmmd511.0 , S2CID 18875358

^ Swedish Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Many Languages, One America Archived 25 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . U.S. English Foundation (2005). Retrieved on 27 February 2015.

^ 2006 Census: Highlight tables , 2.statcan.ca , retrieved 28 September 2008

^ "Krisberedskap på svenska ambassaden" , Dagens Nyheter , 22 July 2005 , retrieved 4 January 2012

^ Learn Swedish Archived 18 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Studyinsweden.se . Retrieved on 27 January 2011.

^ "Språklagen" (PDF) , Språkförsvaret (in Swedish), 1 July 2009 , retrieved 15 July 2009

^ Landes, David (1 July 2009), "Swedish becomes official 'main language' " , The Local , thelocal.se , retrieved 15 July 2009

^ Nyheter, S. V. T. (7 December 2005), "Svenskan blir inte officiellt språk" , Sveriges Television (in Swedish) , retrieved 23 June 2006

^ "Värna språken – förslag till språklag" , Government Offices of Sweden (in Swedish), 18 March 2008 , retrieved 19 June 2008

^ "Konvention mellan Sverige, Danmark, Finland, Island, och Norge om nordiska medborgares rätt att använda sitt eget språk i annat nordiskt land" , Nordic Council (in Swedish), 2 May 2007, archived from the original on 18 April 2007 , retrieved 25 April 2007

^ "20th anniversary of the Nordic Language Convention" , Nordic news (in Swedish), 22 February 2007 , retrieved 25 April 2007

^ Gellerstam, Martin (2002). "Norm och bruk i SAOL" (in Swedish). Nordisk forening for leksikografi i samarbeit med Nordisk språksekretariat . Retrieved 2 March 2018 .

^ af Hällström, Charlotta (2002). "Normeringen i Finlandssvensk ordbok" . LexicoNordica 9, 2002, S. 51–62 (9).

^ The number of registered Swedes in Zmeyovka (the modern Ukrainian name of Gammalsvenskby ) in 1994 was 116 according to Nationalencyklopedin , article svenskbyborna .

^ Nationalencyklopedin , estlandssvenskar .

^ Engstrand 1999 , p. 140

^ Andersson 2002 , pp. 271–312; Engstrand 1999

^ Garlén 1988 , pp. 73–74

^ Eriksson, Anders; Abelin, Åsa; Lindh, Jonas (May 2005). "Fonetik 2005" . University of Gothenburg : 34–36. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )

^ Garlén 1988

^ Svanlund, Jan (2005). Språkriktighetsboken (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Norstedts. p. 73. ISBN 978-91-1-304370-8 .

^ Granberry 1991 , pp. 18–19

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Haugen 2009

^ Hultman 2003 , pp. 70, 212–213

^ Hultman 2003 , p. 213

^ Hultman 2003 , pp. 182–183

^ Bolander 2002

^ Stensson, Leif (August 2013). "Swedish Grammar | Syntax" . Lysator Society, Linköping University . Retrieved 9 March 2018 .

^ Wessén 1998

^ Nationalencyklopedin, svenska: språkhistoria

^ Jump up to: a b "Minor Grammar English-Swedish" . Scribd . Retrieved 3 March 2018 .

^ "Smyglyssna" . Woxikon . Retrieved 3 March 2018 .

^ Gomer, Eva; Morris-Nygren, Mona, eds. (1976). Bila . Modern Svensk Engelsk Ordbok . Prisma. p. 57.

^ "Språket lever | tänk" (in Swedish). Institutet för de inhemska språken. 18 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 .

^ Svenska språknämnden 2000

^ "Domain names with characters like å, ä, ö (IDN)" . iiS . Retrieved 3 March 2018 .

^ Svenska språknämnden 2000 , pp. 154–156

^ Leinonen 2011 ; Dahl 2000 , pp. 117–119; Lars-Erik Edlund "Språklig variation i tid och rum" in Dahl & Edlund 2010 , p. 9

^ "Hur många dialekter finns det i Sverige? Var går gränsen mellan olika dialekter?" (in Swedish). Institutet för språk och folkminnen. 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 .

^ Engstrand 2004 , p. 120; Pettersson 1996 , p. 184

^ Dahl 2000 , pp. 117–119

^ Pettersson 1996 , p. 184

^ "standardspråk" (in Swedish). Nationalencyklopedin AB . Retrieved 3 March 2018 .

^ Mattfolk, Leila. "Do answers to a questionnaire give reliable data?" (PDF) . Helsinki University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2004 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Employees on radio and television do not always follow the same Swedish norm. What do you think about them using their own ordinary spoken language instead of standard Finland-Swedish ( högsvenska ) in the broadcasted programs?

^ Aronsson, Cecilia (3 May 2005), "Norrländska låter bäst" , Dagens Industri , archived from the original on 13 October 2007 , retrieved 24 August 2007 , Norrländska och rikssvenska är de mest förtroendeingivande dialekterna. Men gotländska och värmländska gör svenskarna misstänksamma, enligt en ny riksomfattande undersökning. Handelns utredningsinstitut (HUI) har frågat 800 svenskar om hur de uppfattar olika dialekter som de hör i telefonservicesamtal, exempelvis från försäljare eller upplysningscentraler. Undersökningen visar att 54 procent föredrar att motparten pratar rikssvenska, vilket troligen hänger ihop med dess tydlighet. Men även norrländskan plockar höga poäng – 25 procent tycker att det är den mest förtroendeingivande dialekten. Tilltron till norrländska är ännu större hos personer under 29 år, medan stödet för rikssvenska är störst bland personer över 55 år.

^ http://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/ajantasa/1999/19990731 Finlands grundlag – Constituiton of Finland "17 §

Rätt till eget språk och egen kultur

Finlands nationalspråk är finska och svenska.

Vars och ens rätt att hos domstol och andra myndigheter i egen sak använda sitt eget språk, antingen finska eller svenska, samt att få expeditioner på detta språk skall tryggas genom lag. Det allmänna skall tillgodose landets finskspråkiga och svenskspråkiga befolknings kulturella och samhälleliga behov enligt lika grunder."

^ "Svenska Yle, scroll to the bottom of the page" .

^ Bodén, Petra, Ey, mannen! Wazzup? / På jakt efter "rosengårdssvenskan" , Institutionen för nordiska språk och Institutionen för lingvistik, Lunds universitet , archived from the original on 6 May 2008

^ Kotsinas 1994 , p. 151

^ Svendsen, Bente Ailin. "Multilingual urban Scandinavia" . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )

^ Ferlin 1976 .



Andersson, Erik (2002), "Swedish", in König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.), The Germanic Languages , Routledge language family descriptions, Routledge, pp. 271–312, ISBN 978-0-415-28079-2
Bergman, Gösta (1984), Kortfattad svensk språkhistoria , Prisma Magnum (in Swedish) (4th ed.), Stockholm: Prisma, ISBN 978-91-518-1747-7 , OCLC 13259382
Bolander, Maria (2002), Funktionell svensk grammatik (in Swedish), Stockholm: Liber, ISBN 978-91-47-05054-3 , OCLC 67138445
Crystal, David (1999), The Penguin dictionary of language (2nd ed.), London: Penguin Books , ISBN 978-0-14-051416-2 , OCLC 59441560
Dahl, Östen (2000), Språkets enhet och mångfald (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur , ISBN 978-91-44-01158-5 , OCLC 61100963
Dahl, Östen; Edlund, Lars-Erik, eds. (2010), Sveriges nationalatlas. Språken i Sverige (in Swedish), Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien, ISBN 978-91-87-76057-0
Elert, Claes-Christian (2000), Allmän och svensk fonetik (in Swedish) (8th ed.), Stockholm: Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, ISBN 978-91-1-300939-1
Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet. , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0 , OCLC 40305532
Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 978-91-44-04238-1 , OCLC 66026795
Ferlin, Nils (1976) [1933], Barfotabarn (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bonnier, ISBN 978-91-0-024187-2
Garlén, Claes (1988), Svenskans fonologi (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 978-91-44-28151-3 , OCLC 67420810
Granberry, Julian (1991), Essential Swedish Grammar , New York: Dover Publications , ISBN 978-0-486-26953-5 , OCLC 23692877
Haugen, Einar (2009). "Danish, Norwegian and Swedish". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages . New York: Routledge. pp. 125 –144. ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7 .
Hultman, Tor G. (2003), Svenska Akademiens språklära (in Swedish), Stockholm: Norstedts, ISBN 978-9172273511 , OCLC 55849724
Josephson, Olle (2005), Ju: ifrågasatta självklarheter om svenskan, engelskan och alla andra språk i Sverige (in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Stockholm: Nordstedts ordbok, ISBN 978-91-7227-446-4
Kotsinas, Ulla-Britt (1994), Ungdomsspråk (in Swedish), Uppsala: Hallgren & Fallgren, ISBN 978-91-7382-718-8 , OCLC 60994967
Leinonen, Therese (2011), "Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects" , Oslo Studies in Language , 3 (2), doi : 10.5617/osla.101
Nationalencyklopedin , online edition (in Swedish)
Parkvall, Mikael (2009), "Sveriges språk. Vem talar vad och var?" (PDF) , RAPPLING 1. Rapporter Från Institutionen för Lingvistik Vid Stockholms Universitet. (in Swedish)
Pettersson, Gertrud (1996), Svenska språket under sjuhundra år: en historia om svenskan och dess utforskande (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 978-91-44-48221-7 , OCLC 36130929
Svenska språknämnden (2000), Svenska skrivregler (in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Stockholm: Liber (published 2002), ISBN 978-91-47-04974-5
Svensson, Lars (1974), Nordisk paleografi: Handbok med transkriberade och kommenterade skriftprov (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 978-91-44-05391-2 , OCLC 1303752
Wessén, Elias (1998) [1973], Våra ord: deras uttal och ursprung : kortfattad etymologisk ordbok (in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Stockholm: Norstedts, ISBN 978-91-7227-053-4

Swedish edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Swedish
For a list of words relating to Swedish language, see the Swedish language category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Swedish .
According to contemporary philology

Insular
Eiderstedt
Föhr–Amrum
Föhr
Amrum
Heligolandic
Sylt
Mainland
Bökingharde
Mooring
Halligen
Goesharde
Northern
Central
Southern
Karrharde
Strand
Wiedingharde


Proto-Norse
Old Norse
Old West Norse
Old East Norse
Old Gutnish

Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
Swedish ( svenska [ˈsvɛ̂nːska] ( listen ) ) is a North Germanic language spoken natively by at least 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland , [2] where it has equal legal standing with Finnish with the exception of Åland , which is unilingually Swedish. It has more speakers than any other North Germanic language and is the fourth-most spoken Germanic language overall. Swedish is the most spoken language in the Nordic countries and the 14th-most spoken language in Europe , after Greek . [3] It is the most widely spoken second language in Finland where it has status as co-official language .

Swedish, like the other Nordic languages, is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish , although the degree of mutual intelligibility is largely dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker. Written Norwegian and Danish are usually more easily understood by Swedish speakers than the spoken languages, due to the differences in tone , accent , and intonation .

Standard Swedish , spoken by most Swedes , is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties and rural dialects still exist, the written language is uniform and standardized .

Swedish was long spoken in parts of Estonia , although the current status of the Estonian Swedish speakers is almost extinct. It is also used in the Swedish diaspora , most notably in Oslo , Norway , with more than 50,000 Swedish residents. [4]

Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages . In the established classification, it belongs to the East Scandinavian languages , together with Danish , separating it from the West Scandinavian languages , consisting of Faroese , Icelandic , and Norwegian . However, more recent analyses divide the North Germanic languages into two groups: Insular Scandinavian (Faroese and Icelandic), and Continental Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish), based on mutual intelligibility due to heavy influence of East Scandinavian (particularly Danish) on Norwegian during the last millennium and divergence from both Faroese and Icelandic. [5]

By many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. However, because of several hundred years of sometimes quite intense rivalry between Denmark and Sweden, including a long series of wars from the 16th to 18th centuries, and the nationalist ideas that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the languages have separate orthographies , dictionaries, grammars, and regulatory bodies. Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus from a linguistic perspective more accurately described as a dialect continuum of Scandinavian (North Germanic), and some of the dialects, such as those on the border between Norway and Sweden, especially parts of Bohuslän , Dalsland , western Värmland , western Dalarna , Härjedalen , Jämtland , and Scania , could be described as intermediate dialects of the national standard languages. [5]

Swedish pronunciations also vary greatly from one region to another, a legacy of the vast geographic distances and historical isolation. Even so, the vocabulary is standardized to a level that make dialects within Sweden virtually fully mutually intelligible.

In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse , evolved into Old Norse. This language underwent more changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects: Old West Norse (Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). The dialects of Old East Norse spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish , while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish . The dialects are described as "runic" because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet . Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which had only 16 letters. Because the number of runes was limited, some runes were used for a range of phonemes , such as the rune for the vowel u , which was also used for the vowels o , ø and y , and the rune for i , also used for e . [6]

From 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark, creating a series of minor dialectal boundaries, or isoglosses , ranging from Zealand in the south to Norrland , Österbotten and northwestern Finland in the north. [6]

An early change that separated Runic Danish from the other dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é , as in stæinn to sténn "stone". This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin . There was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr "dead". This change is shown in runic inscriptions as a change from tauþr into tuþr . Moreover, the øy diphthong changed into a long, close ø , as in the Old Norse word for "island". By the end of the period, these innovations had affected most of the Runic Sw
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