Latin Qazaq

Latin Qazaq

Kazakh at a glance

Native name : Qazaqşa, Қазақша [qɑˈzɑqʃɑ] / Қазақ тілі, Qazaq tili, قازاق ٴتىلى‎ [qɑˈzɑq tɘˈlɘ]
Language family : Turkic, Kipchak, Kipchak-Nogay
Number of speakers : c. 11 million
Spoken in : Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Russia, Iran
First written : 19th century
Writing system : Arabic, Cyrillic and Latin alphabets
Status : official language in Kazakhstan, and in the Altai Republic in Russia

Kazakh is a member of the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language family. It is spoken mainly in Kazakhstan, China and Uzbekistan and also in Iran, Mongolia, Turkey and other countries. In 2009 there were about 12.8 million speakers of Kazakh: about 10 million in Kazakhstan, 1.25 million in China, almost 1 million in Uzbekistan, and about 100,000 in Mongolia.

Kazakh is spoken in the northeast of China in Gansu and Qinghai provinces and in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In Uzbekistan it is spoken in Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic. In Mongolia it is spoken in Bayan-Olgiy and Hovd provinces.

Kazakh is also known as Qazaq, Kaisak, Kazak, Kosach, Kazax, Gazaqi, Kazakhi or Qazaqi. The word Kazakh comes from the ancient Turkic word qaz (to wander). The word cossack comes from the root [ source ].

Kazakh was first written with the Arabic script during the 19th century when a number of poets, educated in Islamic schools, incited revolt against Russia. Russia's response was to set up secular schools and devise a way of writing Kazakh with the Cyrillic alphabet, which was not widely accepted. By 1917, the Arabic script was reintroduced, even in schools and local government.

In 1927, Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up but was soon suppressed. At the same time the Arabic script was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed for writing Kazakh. The Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940.

Since 2006, as part of a modernization program, the government of Kazakhstan decided to replace the Cyrillic alphabet with the Latin alphabet. The switch to the Latin alphabet official started in October 2017.

This version of the Latin alphabet was adopted in October 2017, and is currently in official use. It was revised in 2018, and several more amendments have been proposed since then. A new version will be used from 2023.

Hear some Kazakh alphabet with examples:

بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر‐قاسىييەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنىييەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل‐پاراسات، ار‐وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار بىر‐بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم‐قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتىيىس.

Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne
qadir-qasïyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp
dünïyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat,
ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq,
bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis.

Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен кұқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс.

Transliteration
Barlıq adamdar tumısınan azat jäne qadir qasyeti men kûqıqtarı teŋ bolıp dünyege keledi. Adamdarġa aqıl
parasat, ar ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir birimen tuıstıq, bauırmaldıq
qarım qatınas jasauları tyis.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Online Kazakh translation
http://www.soylem.kz

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kipchak Turkic language of Central Asia
Kazakh in Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic scripts.
regions where Kazakh is the language of the majority
regions where Kazakh is the language of a significant minority

^ "Kazakh language resources | Joshua Project" .

^ "Статья 4. Правовое положение языков | ГАРАНТ" .

^ "Central Asia: Kazakhstan" . The 2017 World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 .

^ Map showing the geographical diffusion of the Kazakh and other Turkish languages

^ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). "Kazakh" . Ethnologue : Languages of the World (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International . Retrieved 28 October 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Mukhamedova, Raikhangul (2015). Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar . Routledge. ISBN 9781317573081 .

^ Jump up to: a b Назарбаев, Нұрсұлтан (26 April 2017). Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру [Orientation for the future: spiritual revival]. Egemen Qazaqstan (in Kazakh). Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 .

^ "Kazakhstan switching to Latin alphabet" . Interfax . 30 October 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.

^ "Kazakh President Revives Idea of Switching to Latin Script" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 24 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 .

^ Bartlett, Paul (3 September 2007). "Kazakhstan: Moving Forward With Plan to Replace Cyrillic With Latin Alphabet" . EurasiaNet . Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 .

^ "Kazakhstan should be in no hurry in Kazakh alphabet transformation to Latin: Nazarbayev". Kazinform . 13 December 2007, cited in "Kazakhstan backtracks on move from Cyrillic to Roman alphabet?" . Pinyin News . 14 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 .

^ "Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK" . Kazinform . 30 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 .

^ "Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 12 April 2017. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 .

^ "From Я to R: How To Change A Country's Alphabet – And How Not To" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 16 May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .

^ О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику [On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script] (in Russian). President of the Republic of Kazakhstan . 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 .

^ Illmer, Andreas; Daniyarov, Elbek; Rakhimov, Azim (31 October 2017). "Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet?" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 .

^ "Nazarbayev Signs Decree On Kazakh Language Switch To Latin-Based Alphabet" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 .

^ "Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters" . The Guardian . 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 – via Reuters .

^ Higgins, Andrew (2018). "Kazakhstan Cheers New Alphabet, Except for All Those Apostrophes" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 .

^ "Kazakhstan adopts new version of Latin-based Kazakh alphabet" . The Astana Times . 26 February 2018.

^ Decree No. 637 of February 19, 2018

^ "Kazakh President Tokaev introduces reforms" . Modern Diplomacy Europe . 7 January 2020.

^ "Kazakhstanis Awaiting For New Latin-Based Alphabet" . Caspian News . 14 January 2020.

^ Yergaliyeva, Aidana (18 November 2019). "Fourth version of Kazakh Latin script will preserve language purity, linguists say" . The Astana Times . Retrieved 3 April 2020 .

^ Years, Assel Satubaldina in Kazakhstan’s Independence: 30; February 2021, Nation on 1 (1 February 2021). "Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031" . The Astana Times . Retrieved 10 December 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Произношение букв

^ Some variations occur in the different regions where Kazakh is spoken, including outside Kazakhstan; e. g. ж / ج (where a Perso-Arabic script similar to the current Uyghur alphabet is used) is read [ʑ] in standard Kazakh, but [d͡ʑ] in some places.

^ Jump up to: a b Öner, Özçelik. Kazakh phonology (PDF) (Thesis). Cambridge University.

^ Jump up to: a b c Vajda, Edward (1994), "Kazakh phonology", in Kaplan, E.; Whisenhunt, D. (eds.), Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz , Washington: Western Washington, pp. 603–650

^ Wagner, John Doyle; Dotton, Zura. A Grammar of Kazakh (PDF) .

^ "Мягкие и твёрдые слова" . Казахский язык . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .

^ "Ударение" . Казахский ясык . Retrieved 24 January 2022 .

^ Beltranslations.com

Kazakh edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kazakh .
1 In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. 2 For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.
Languages of Russia
Wikipedia in languages of Russia
Mass media by language of Russia

Sarikoli (Indo-European)
Tsat (Austronesian)
Formosan languages (Austronesian)

Chinese Sign
Northern (Beijing) Sign
Southern (Shanghai) Sign
Hong Kong Sign HK/MC
Tibetan Sign XZ

GX = Guangxi
HK = Hong Kong
MC = Macau
NM = Inner Mongolia
XJ = Xinjiang
XZ = Tibet

Kazakh or Qazaq ( Latin : qazaqşa or qazaq tılı , Cyrillic : қазақша or қазақ тілі , Arabic Script : قازاقشا or قازاق تيلي , pronounced [qɑzɑqˈɕɑ] , [qɑˈzɑq tɪˈlɪ] ) is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs . It is closely related to Nogai , Kyrgyz and Karakalpak . It is the official language of Kazakhstan and a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang , north-western China and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia . The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian Census ), Germany , and Turkey .

Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony . Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups, Northeastern Kazakh, the most widely spoken variety which also serves as the basis for the standard language, Southern Kazakh and Western Kazakh. The language share a degree of mutual intelligiblity with closely related Karakalpak while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligbility with Altai languages .

In October 2017, Kazakhstani president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet , though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä , Ñ , Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031.

Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs ) are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea . Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook [3] on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers). [4]

In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang . [5]

The first people to inhabit the territory of modern Kazakhstan were the Scythians , who were of Iranian descent. The Göktürks migrated into the area in the sixth century AD and conquered much of the Scythian homeland, which led to the Turkification of the region. In the 12th century AD, the Kimeks later succeeded the Göktürks and also introduced a new Turkic tongue to the Kazakh steppe.

The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages , which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde , whose inhabitants fully spread Islam and the closest predecessor of the Kazakh language to the Kazakh steppe. The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Sunni Muslim Kazakh Khanate . Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in the Golden Horde .

As a language associated with a predominantly Muslim culture, Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate , which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums , and served as a language exclusively for religious contexts.

The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Ahmed Baytursinuli reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script , and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s in an effort to thoroughly Russianize them. Today, Kazakhs use the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic scripts to write their language.

The oldest known written records of languages closely related to Kazakh were written in the Old Turkic alphabet , though it is not believed that any of these varieties were direct predecessors of Kazakh. [6] Modern Kazakh, going back approximately one thousand years, was written in the Arabic script until 1929, when Soviet authorities introduced a Latin-based alphabet , and then a Cyrillic alphabet in 1940. [7]

Nazarbayev first brought up the topic of using the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet as the official script for Kazakh in Kazakhstan in October 2006. [8] [9] A Kazakh government study released in September 2007 said that a switch to a Latin script over a 10- to 12-year period was feasible, at a cost of $300 million. [10] The transition was halted temporarily on 13 December 2007, with President Nazarbayev declaring: "For 70 years the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation." [11] However, on 30 January 2015, the Minister of Culture and Sports Arystanbek Muhamediuly announced that a transition plan was underway, with specialists working on the orthography to accommodate the phonological aspects of the language. [12] In presenting this strategic plan in April 2017, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev described the twentieth century as a period in which the "Kazakh language and culture have been devastated". [7]

Nazarbayev ordered Kazakh authorities to create a Latin Kazakh alphabet by the end of 2017, so written Kazakh could return to a Latin script starting in 2018. [13] [14] As of 2018 [update] , Kazakh is written in Cyrillic in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, in Latin in Kazakhstan, while more than one million Kazakh speakers in China use an Arabic-derived alphabet similar to the one that is used to write Uyghur . [6]

On 26 October 2017, Nazarbayev issued Presidential Decree 569 for the change to a finalized Latin variant of the Kazakh alphabet and ordered that the government's transition to this alphabet be completed by 2025, [15] [16] a decision taken to emphasise Kazakh culture after the era of Soviet rule [17] and to facilitate the use of digital devices. [18]
However, the initial decision to use a novel orthography employing apostrophes , which make the use of many popular tools for searching and writing text difficult, generated controversy. [19]

Therefore, on 19 February 2018, the Presidential Decree 637 was issued in which the use of apostrophes was discontinued and replaced with the use of diacritics and digraphs, making Kazakh the second Turkic language to use and after the Uzbek government adapted them in their version of the Latin alphabet.. [20] [21] However, many citizens state that the officially introduced alphabet needs further improvements.

In 2020, the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called for another revision of the Latin alphabet with a focus on preserving the original sounds and pronunciation of the Kazakh language. [22] [23] This revision, presented to the public in November 2019 [ contradictory ] by academics from the Baitursynov Institute of Linguistics and specialists belonging to the official working group on script transition, uses umlauts , breves and cedillas instead of digraphs and acute accents, and introduces spelling changes in order to reflect more accurately the phonology of Kazakh. [24] This revision is a slightly modified version of the Turkish alphabet , dropping the letters C Ç and having four additional letters that do not exist in Turkish: Ä , Q , Ñ and Ū .

In February 2021, Kazakhstan reaffirmed its plans for a gradual transition to a Latin-based Kazakh alphabet through the year 2031. [25]

The Arabic script for Kazakh remains in official use in China and other regions where Kazakh is spoken outside of Kazakhstan and Russia. Unlike the basic Arabic alphabet, which is more properly called an abjad , the adapted Kazakh Arabic script is a true alphabet, with individual characters for each sound in the language.

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony , with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/ and not /ɑ/ , and happens in the next syllables. [26] Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz ‘star’, bügın ‘today’, and ülken ‘big’ are actually pronounced as jūldūz , bügün , ülkön .

The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh; [27] many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loan-words. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. The phonemes /f, v, x, t͡ɕ, t͡s/ only occur in recent borrowings, mostly from Russian (/t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech). Kazakh has 17 native consonant phonemes; these are the stops /p, b, t, d, k, g, d͡ʑ/, fricatives /s, z, ɕ, ʑ/, nasals /m, n, ŋ/, liquids /r, l/, and two glides /w, j/. [28]

In addition, /q/, /ɡ/, and /b/ are lenited intervocalically (between vowels) to [χ], [ɣ], and [β]. [ citation
Jessica Heels
Horny Perfect
Hole Rising

Latin Qazaq

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