Latin Perfect
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Перевести · perfect. Latin Translation. perfectus. More Latin words for perfect. perfectus adjective. finished, complete, done, ideal, flawless. consummatus adjective.
https://classics.osu.edu/Undergraduate-Studies/Latin-Program/Grammar/Tense/Perfect/...
Перевести · The perfect tense relates past, completed action. It differs from the imperfect in that the imperfect relates ongoing, repeated, or continuous action. For this reason, the perfect …
Latin perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive verb endings song
The Latin Perfect Tense, Active Voice
Latin perfect, pluperfect, future perfect active verb endings song
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Перевести · 22.12.2008 · The Latin Perfect Tense. The perfect tense is used to indicate an event that happened once or suddenly in the past. This is different from the imperfect …
dcc.dickinson.edu/grammar/latin/perfect-tense
Перевести · The indefinite present, denoting a customary action or a general truth (§ 465), often has the perfect in a subordinate clause referring to time antecedent to that of the …
Перевести · Practice your Latin verb conjugations for the Latin Perfect Active Indicative with graded drill activities and fun multi-player games.
What is the Latin word for perfect?
What is the Latin word for perfect?
Latin Translation. perfectus. More Latin words for perfect. perfectus adjective. finished, complete, done, ideal, flawless. consummatus adjective. complete.
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What is the perfect tense of perfect?
What is the perfect tense of perfect?
The Latin Perfect Tense The perfect tense is used to indicate an event that happened once or suddenly in the past. This is different from the imperfect tense which indicates something that happened in the past but was an ongoing occurrence.
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What is the second conjugation of the word perfect?
What is the second conjugation of the word perfect?
For other meanings of the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, see Latin tenses#Perfect subjunctive . The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel ē, and can be recognized by the -eō ending of the first person present indicative and the -ēre ending of the present active infinitive form:
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_conjugation
A verb or verb form having this aspect. To bring to perfection or completion: perfected the technique to isolate the virus. [Middle English perfit, from Old French parfit, from Latin perfectus, past participle of perficere, to finish : per-, per- + facere, to do; see dhē- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] per·fect′er n. per′fect·ness n.
https://classics.osu.edu/Undergraduate-Studies/Latin-Program/Grammar/Paradigms/perfect...
Перевести · Active: Perfect Stem + Tense Sign + Personal Endings. 1st "to praise". laudv-isse. 2nd "to advise". monu-isse. 3rd "to lead". dx-isse. 3rd -io "to seize". cp-ish.
https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/perfecte
Перевести · From Latin perfectus. Pronunciation IPA : /pəɾˈfɛk.tə/ IPA : /pərˈfɛk.tə/ IPA : /peɾˈfɛk.te/ Homophone: perfecta (Balearic, Central) Adjective . perfecte (feminine perfecta, masculine and feminine plural perfectes) perfect …
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_conjugation
Ориентировочное время чтения: 6 мин
Опубликовано: 18.11.2001
First conjugation
The first conjugation is characterized by the vowel ā and can be recognized by the -āre ending of the present active infinitive form. The non-perfect tenses conjugate as follows:
* The 2nd person singular passive amāberis, amābāris, amēris, amārēris can be shortened to amābere, amābāre, amēre, amārēre. -re was the regular form in early Latin and (except in the present indicative) in Ci…
First conjugation
The first conjugation is characterized by the vowel ā and can be recognized by the -āre ending of the present active infinitive form. The non-perfect tenses conjugate as follows:
* The 2nd person singular passive amāberis, amābāris, amēris, amārēris can be shortened to amābere, amābāre, amēre, amārēre. -re was the regular form in early Latin and (except in the present indicative) in Cicero; -ris was preferred later.
In early Latin (Plautus), the 3rd singular endings -at and -et were pronounced -āt and -ēt with a long vowel.
Other forms:
• Infinitive: amāre "to love"
• Passive infinitive: amārī "to be loved" (in early Latin often amārier)
• Imperative: amā! (pl. amāte!) "love!"
• Future imperative: amātō! (pl. amātōte!) "love! (at a future time)"
• Passive imperative: amāre! (pl. amāminī!) "be loved!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
• Present participle: amāns (pl. amantēs) "loving"
• Future participle: amātūrus (pl. amātūrī) "going to love"
• Gerundive: amandus (pl. amandī) "needing to be loved"
• Gerund: amandī "of loving", amandō "by/for loving", ad amandum "in order to love"
The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:
• perfect has the suffix -āvī. The majority of first-conjugation verbs follow this pattern, which is considered to be "regular", for example:
• perfect has the suffix -uī, for example:
• perfect has the suffix –ī and vowel lengthening in the stem, for example:
• perfect is reduplicated, for example:
The verb dō "I give" is irregular in that except in the 2nd singular dās and imperative dā, the a is short, e.g. dabō "I will give".
The a is also short in the supine statum and its derivatives, but the other parts of stō "I stand" are regular.
Deponent verbs in this conjugation all follow the pattern below, which is the passive of the first type above:
arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum "to think" cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum "to try" cūnctor, cūnctārī, cūnctātus sum "to hesitate" hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum "to exhort" mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum "to be surprised, to be amazed at"
Perfect tenses
The three perfect tenses of the 1st conjugation go as in the following table:
In poetry (and also sometimes in prose, e.g. Livy), the 3rd person plural of the perfect indicative is often amāvēre instead of amāvērunt. Occasionally the form amāverunt is also found.
In early Latin, the future perfect indicative had a short i in amāveris, amāverimus, amāveritis, but by the time of Cicero these forms were usually pronounced with a long i, in the same way as in the perfect subjunctive. Virgil has a short i for both tenses; Horace uses both forms for both tenses; Ovid uses both forms for the future perfect, but a long i in the perfect subjunctive.
The -v- of the perfect active tenses sometimes drops out, especially in the pluperfect subjunctive: amāssem for amāvissem. Forms such as amārat and amāstī are also found.
The passive tenses also have feminine and neuter forms, e.g. amāta est "she was loved", nūntiātum est "it was announced".
Forms made with fuī instead of sum and forem instead of essem are also found. See Latin tenses.
For other meanings of the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, see Latin tenses#Perfect subjunctive.
Other forms:
• Perfect infinitive active: amāvisse (amāsse) "to have loved"
• Perfect infinitive passive: amātus esse (amātum esse) "to have been loved"
• Perfect participle passive: amātus, -a, -um "loved (by someone)"
Second conjugation
The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel ē, and can be recognized by the -eō ending of the first person present indicative and the -ēre ending of the present active infinitive form:
The passive videor also often means "I seem".
Other forms:
• Infinitive: vidēre "to see"
• Passive infinitive: vidērī "to be seen"
• Imperative: vidē! (pl. vidēte!) "see!"
• Future imperative: vidētō! (pl. vidētōte!) "see! (at a future time)"
• Passive imperative: vidēre! (pl. vidēminī!) "be seen!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
• Present participle: vidēns (pl. videntēs) "seeing"
• Future participle: vīsūrus (pl. vīsūrī) "going to see"
• Gerundive: videndus (pl. videndī) "needing to be seen"
• Gerund: videndī "of seeing", videndō "by /for seeing", ad videndum "in order to see"
The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:
• perfect has the suffix -uī. Verbs which follow this pattern are considered to be "regular". Examples:
• perfect has the suffix –ēvī. Example:
In verbs with perfect in -vī, syncopated (i.e. abbreviated) forms are common, such as dēlēram, dēlēssem, dēlēstī for dēlēveram, dēlēvissem, dēlēvistī.
• perfect has the suffix –īvī. Example:
• perfect has the suffix -sī (which combines with a preceding c or g to –xī). Examples:
• perfect is reduplicated with -ī. Examples:
• perfect has suffix -ī and vowel lengthening in the stem. Examples:
• perfect has suffix -ī. Examples:
Deponent verbs in this conjugation are few. They mostly go like the passive of terreō, but fateor and confiteor have a perfect participle with ss:
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum "to confess" mereor, merērī, meritus sum "to deserve" polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum "to promise"
The following are semi-deponent, that is, they are deponent only in the three perfect tenses:
audeō, audēre, ausus sum "to dare" gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum "to rejoice, to be glad" soleō, solēre, solitus sum "to be accustomed"
Third conjugation
The third conjugation has a variable short stem vowel, which may be e, i,or u in different environments. Verbs of this conjugation end in –ere in the present active infinitive.
The future tense in the 3rd and 4th conjugation (-am, -ēs, -et etc.) differs from that in the 1st and 2nd conjugation (-bō, -bis, -bit etc.).
Other forms:
• Infinitive: dūcere "to lead"
• Passive infinitive: dūcī "to be led" (the 3rd conjugation has no r)
• Imperative: dūc! (pl. dūcite!) "lead!"
• Future imperative: dūcitō! (pl. dūcitōte!) "lead! (at a future time)"
• Passive imperative: dūcere! (pl. dūciminī!) "be led!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
• Present participle: dūcēns (pl. dūcentēs) "leading"
• Future participle: ductūrus (pl. ductūrī) "going to lead"
• Gerundive: dūcendus (pl. dūcendī) "needing to be led"
• Gerund: dūcendī "of leading", dūcendō "by /for leading", ad dūcendum "in order to lead"
Four 3rd conjugation verbs have no ending in the imperative singular: dūc! "lead!", dīc! "say!", fer! "bring!", fac! "do!". Others, like curre "run!", have the ending -e.
There is no regular rule for constructing the perfect stem of third-conjugation verbs, but the following patterns are used:
• perfect has suffix -sī (-xī when c or h comes at the end of the root). Examples:
• perfect is reduplicated with suffix –ī. Examples:
Although dō, dare, dedī, datum "to give" is 1st conjugation, its compounds are 3rd conjugation and have internal reduplication:
condō, condere, condidī, conditum "to found" crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum "to entrust, believe" dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditum "to surrender" perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum "to destroy, lose" reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum "to give back" trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditum "to hand over"
Likewise the compounds of sistō have internal reduplication. Although sistō is transitive, its compounds are intransitive:
sistō, sistere, (stitī), statum "to cause to stand" cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī, cōnstitum "to come to a halt" dēsistō, dēsistere, dēstitī, dēstitum "to stand off" resistō, resistere, restitī, restitum "to resist"
• perfect has suffix -vī. Examples:
• perfect has suffix -ī and vowel lengthening in the stem. If the present stem has an n infix, as in fundō, relinquō and vincō, it disappears in the perfect. Examples:
• perfect has suffix -ī only. Examples:
• perfect has suffix –uī. Examples:
• Present tense indicative first person singular form has suffix –scō. Examples:
Deponent verbs in the 3rd conjugation include the following:
complector, complectī, complexus sum "to embrace" fruor, fruī, frūctus sum "to enjoy" (fruitus is occasionally found) fungor, fungī, fūnctus sum "to perform, discharge, busy oneself with" lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum "to glide, slip" loquor, loquī, locūtus sum "to speak" nītor, nītī, nīxus sum "to lean on; to strive" (nīsus is occasionally found) queror, querī, questus sum "to complain" sequor, sequī, secūtus sum "to follow" ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum "to use" vehor, vehī, vectus sum "to ride"
There are also a number of 3rd conjugation deponents with the ending -scor:
adipīscor, adipīscī, adeptus sum "to obtain" īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum "to get angry" nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum "to obtain" nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum "to be born" oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblītus sum "to forget" proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum "to set out" ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultus sum "to avenge, take vengeance on"
Deponent in some tenses only is the following:
fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum "to trust"
The following is deponent only in the non-perfect tenses:
revertor, revertī, revertī "to turn back"
Third conjugation -iō verbs
Intermediate between the third and fourth conjugation are the third-conjugation verbs with suffix –iō. These resemble the fourth conjugation in some forms.
Other forms:
• Infinitive: capere "to capture, to take"
• Passive infinitive: capī "to be captured" (the 3rd conjugation has no r)
• Imperative: cape! (pl. capite!) "capture!"
• Future imperative: capitō! (pl. capitōte!) "capture! (at a future time)"
• Passive imperative: capere! (pl. capiminī!) "be captured!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
• Present participle: capiēns (pl. capientēs) "capturing"
• Future participle: captūrus (pl. captūrī) "going to capture"
• Gerundive: capiendus (pl. capiendī) "needing to be captured" (capiundus is also sometimes found)
• Gerund: capiendī "of capturing", capiendō "by /for capturing", ad capiendum "in order to capture"
Some examples are:
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum "to receive, accept" capiō, capere, cēpī, captum "to take, capture" cōnspiciō, cōnspicere, cōnspexī, cōnspectum "to take, capture" cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītum "to desire, long for" faciō, facere, fēcī, factum "to do, to make" fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitum "to flee" iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum "to throw" interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum "to kill" rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptum "to plunder, seize" respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectum "to look back"
Deponent verbs in this group include:
aggredior, aggredī, aggressus sum "to attack" ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum "to go out" morior, morī, mortuus sum "to die" patior, patī, passus sum "to suffer, to allow" prōgredior, prōgredī, prōgressus sum "to attack" regredior, regredī, regressus sum "to go back"
Fourth conjugation
The fourth conjugation is characterized by the vowel ī and can be recognized by the –īre ending of the present active infinitive:
Other forms:
• Infinitive: audīre "to hear"
• Passive infinitive: audīrī "to be heard"
• Imperative: audī! (pl. audīte!) "hear!"
• Future imperative: audītō! (pl. audītōte!) "hear! (at a future time)"
• Passive imperative: audīre! (pl. audīminī!) "be heard!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
• Present participle: audiēns (pl. audientēs) "hearing"
• Future participle: audītūrus (pl. audītūrī) "going to hear"
• Gerundive: audiendus (pl. audiendī) "needing to be heard"
• Gerund: audiendī "of hearing", audiendō "by /for hearing", ad audiendum "in order to hear"
Principal parts of verbs in the fourth conjugation generally adhere to the following patterns:
• perfect has suffix -vī. Verbs which adhere to this pattern are considered to be "regular". Examples:
• perfect has suffix -uī. Examples:
• perfect has suffix -sī (-xī when c comes at the end of the root). Examples:
• perfect has suffix -ī and reduplication. Examples:
• perfect has suffix -ī and vowel lengthening in the stem. Examples:
Deponent verbs in the 4th conjugation include the following:
assentior, assentīrī, assēnsus sum "to assent" experior, experīrī, expertus sum "to experience, test" largior, largīrī, largītus sum "to bestow" mentior, mentīrī, mentītus sum "to tell a lie" mētior, mētīrī, mēnsus sum "to measure" mōlior, mōlīrī, mōlītus sum "to exert oneself, set in motion, build" potior, potīrī, potītus sum "to obtain, gain possession of" sortior, sortīrī, sortītus sum "to cast lots"
The verb orior, orīrī, ortus sum "to arise" is also regarded as 4th conjugation, although some parts, such as the 3rd singular present tense oritur and imperfect subjunctive orerer, have a short vowel like the 3rd conjugation. But its compound adorior "to rise up, attack" is entirely 4th conjugation.
In the perfect tenses, shortened forms without -v- are common, for example, audīstī, audiērunt, audierat, audīsset for audīvistī, audīvērunt, audīverat, audīvisset. Cicero, however, prefers the full forms audīvī, audīvit to audiī, audiit.
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The tense of a verb indicates when the action took place. Each of the six Latin and English tenses has its own use in a sentence. Luckily, each English tense can be paired up with each Latin tense because the pair share similarities in how they function. The perfect tense in both Latin and English function identically, reprieving the student from having to make translation adjustments.
The perfect tense is formed with the third principal part of a Latin verb. It usually marks the first shift in having to learn new personal endings for a tense as the present, imperfect, and future share most of the same inflections. The perfect tense in Latin is likened to the present perfect tense of English. The name difference, however, does not imply a different function; Latin and English perfect tense verbs are identical.
Like the simple past tense, the present perfect tense is used to indicate an action that took place in the past. However, the present perfect tense uses a verb phrase since it is a compound tense. Using an auxiliary word, the present perfect tense distinguishes itself from the simple past tense, which requires only one word to indicate the past action. For example, the sentence:
I have worked in the field implies that the subject (I) once worked in the field. The word “have” is an auxiliary word that helps indicate that the action took place once in the past. Typically, the simple past is used to indicate what was happening in the past and the present perfect tense is used to simply indicate what happened. The difference is whether the action was something that happened more than once as an ongoing event or
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Latin Perfect
