Latin Numbers

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The Latin numerals are the words used to denote numbers within the Latin language. They are essentially based on their Proto-Indo-European ancestors, and the Latin cardinal numbers are largely sustained in the Romance languages.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Numerals
What are the numerals and numerals in Latin?
What are the numerals and numerals in Latin?
Numbers and Numerals Latin Letter Equivalent Number I 1 V 5 X 10 L 50 3 more rows ...
latindictionary.wikidot.com/learn:numbers-1
What number is L in Roman numerals?
What number is L in Roman numerals?
Roman Numerals Conversion Table Number Roman Numeral 50 L 55 LV 60 LX 65 LXV 21 more rows ...
What are the numbers from 1 - 100 in Latin?
What are the numbers from 1 - 100 in Latin?
NUMBERS 1-100 An earlier blog post already addressed ALL the numbers from 1-100; which can be seenhere. But for review, let’s look at some basics: Number Latin numerals
blogs.transparent.com/latin/one-to-a-milli…
Why do you need to Know Your Latin numbers?
Why do you need to Know Your Latin numbers?
Knowing your Latin numbers is essential for any Latin speaker, whether you’re a beginner or advanced, so I’ve included a table below for your convenience. If you know your numbers from 1-100, I promise you’ll impress your friends for many a Superbowl to come with your Roman numeral knowledge. Happy counting! Want to hear more?
blogs.transparent.com/latin/latin-numbers …
https://blogs.transparent.com/latin/latin-numbers-1-100
Перевести · Строк: 118 · Number: Latin numerals: Pronunciation: 0: nihil: 1: I: ūnus: 2: II: duo: 3: III: trēs: 4: IV: quattuor: 5: V: quīnque: 6: VI: sex: 7: VII: septem: 8: VIII: octō: 9: IX: novem: 10: X: decem: 11: XI: ūndecim: 12: XII: duodēcim: 13: XIII: trēdecim: 14: XIV: quattuordecim: 15: XV: quīndecim: 16: XVI: sēdecim: 17: XVII: septendecim: 18: XVIII: duodēvīgintī: 19: XIX: ūndēvīgintī: 20: XX: vīgintī: 21: XXI: vīgintī ūnus: 22: XXII: vīgintī duo: 23: XXIII
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Numerals
Ориентировочное время чтения: 5 мин
The Latin numerals are the words used to denote numbers within the Latin language. They are essentially based on their Proto-Indo-European ancestors, and the Latin cardinal numbers are largely sustained in the Romance languages. In Antiquity and during the Middle Ages they were usually represented by Roman numerals in writing.
Wikipedia · Текст по лицензии CC-BY-SA
https://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/latin.htm
Перевести · Строк: 116 · Numbers in Latin. How to count in Latin (lingua Latina) with cardinal and ordinal numbers. Key to abbreviations: m = masculine, f = feminine, n = neuter. If any of the numbers …
https://www.lingographics.com/latin/numerals-1-20
Перевести · 27.05.2020 · Learn how to say numbers in Latin. Cardinal and ordinal numerals for values 1-20
latindictionary.wikidot.com/learn:numbers-1
Перевести · Numbers and Numerals. In English, numbers have two forms: the word form and the numeric form. For instance, "ten" is the word form, and "10" is the numeric …
https://blogs.transparent.com/latin/one-to-a-million-in-latin-and-roman-numerals
Перевести · 05.11.2013 · Number: Latin numerals: Cardinal Number: 1,000: M: mille: 5,000: quīnque milia: 10,000: decem milia: 50,000: quinquaginta milia: 90,000: nonaginta milia: 100,000: Centum milia: 300,000: tre centa millia: 500,000: quingenta milia: 750,000: septingentos-quinquaginta-milia: 1,000,000: Deciec centena milia
https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-latin/en/lat
Language Overview
The Roman Numeration
Latin Numbering Rules
Write A Number in Full in Latin
Romance Languages
Other Supported Languages
The Roman numbers are formed from seven letters or symbols: I , V , X , L , C , D , and M [1,000]. Used in ancient Rome and during the Middle Ages, they allow to count up to 4,999 through a both additive and subtractive system. To form a number, we add the symbols from left to right until we get three identical symbols (this is the additive part: I, …
Перевести · all content © brian eugenio herrera. LATIN NUMBERS THE BOOK ...
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This article is about numerical words and expressions in Latin. For Roman numeric figures (for example II, XIX), see Roman numerals.
The Latin numerals are the words used to denote numbers within the Latin language. They are essentially based on their Proto-Indo-European ancestors, and the Latin cardinal numbers are largely sustained in the Romance languages. In Antiquity and during the Middle Ages they were usually represented by Roman numerals in writing.
The Latin language had several sets of number words used for various purposes. Some of those sets are shown in the tables below.
The cardinal numerals are the ordinary numbers used for counting ordinary nouns ('one', 'two', 'three' and so on):
The conjunction et between numerals can be omitted: vīgintī ūnus, centum ūnus. Et is not used when there are more than two words in a compound numeral: centum trīgintā quattuor. The word order in the numerals from 21 to 99 may be inverted: ūnus et vīgintī. Numbers ending in 8 or 9 are usually named in subtractive manner: duodētrīgintā, ūndēquadrāgintā. Numbers may either precede or follow their noun (see Latin word order).
Most numbers are invariable and do not change their endings:
However, the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 200, 300, etc. change their endings for gender and grammatical case. Ūnus 'one' declines like a pronoun and has genitive ūnīus (or ūnius) and dative ūnī:
The first three numbers have masculine, feminine and neuter forms fully declined as follows (click on GL or Wh to change the table to the American order as found in Gildersleeve and Lodge, or Wheelock):
Mīlle '1000' is indeclinable in the singular but variable in the plural:
When it is plural, the noun it refers to is put in the genitive case:
Mīlle passūs '1000 paces' (plural mīlia passuum) is the Latin for a mile:
When the number is plural, the genitive passuum is sometimes omitted:
Ordinal numerals all decline like normal first- and second-declension adjectives. When declining two-word ordinals (thirteenth onwards), both words decline to match in gender, number and case.
Note: secundus only means 'second' in the sense of 'following'. The adjective alter, altera, alterum meaning 'other [of two]' was more frequently used in many instances where English would use 'second'.
Ordinal numbers, not cardinal numbers, are commonly used to represent dates, because they are in the format of 'in the tenth year of Caesar', etc. which also carried over into the anno Domini system and Christian dating, e.g. annō post Chrīstum nātum centēsimō for AD 100.
Based on the ordinary ordinals is another series of adjectives: prīmārius 'of the first rank', secundārius 'of the second class, of inferior quality', tertiārius 'containing a third part', quārtārius 'a quarter, fourth part', quīntārius 'containing five parts', 'five-sixths', sextārius 'a one-sixth part of a congius, 'pint', and so on.[3]
Certain nouns in Latin were plurālia tantum, i.e. nouns that were plural but which had a singular meaning, for example litterae 'a letter', castra 'a camp', catēnae 'a set of chains', vestīmenta '(a set of) clothes', hibernae 'winter quarters', nūptiae 'wedding', quadrīgae 'quadriga' etc. A special series of numeral adjectives was used for counting these, namely ūnī, bīnī, trīnī, quadrīnī, quīnī, sēnī, and so on. Thus Roman authors would write: ūnae litterae 'one letter', trīnae litterae 'three letters', quīna castra 'five camps', etc.
Except for the numbers 1, 3, and 4 and their compounds, the plurale tantum numerals are identical with the distributive numerals (see below).
Another set of numeral adjectives, similar to the above but differing in the adjectives for 1, 3, and 4, were the distributive numerals: singulī, bīnī, ternī, quaternī, quīnī, sēnī, and so on. The meaning of these is 'one each', 'two each' (or 'in pairs') and so on, for example
The word singulī is always plural in this sense in the classical period.[8]
The distributive numerals are also used for multiplying:[9]
In numbers 13 to 19, the order may be inverted, e.g. dēnī ternī instead of ternī dēnī.[10]
Based on the distributive numerals are derived a series of adjectives ending in -ārius: singulārius 'unique', 'extraordinary', 'of one part', 'singular', bīnārius 'of two parts', ternārius 'of three parts', quaternārius 'of four parts', and so on.
Often these adjectives specify the size or weight of something. The usual meaning is 'of so many units', the units being feet, inches, men, pounds, coins, or years, according to context:
They can also be used for specifying age:
Some of these words have a specialised meaning. The [[Iambic trimeter#Latin iambic senarius|iambic sēnārius]] was a kind of metre consisting of six iambic feet commonly used in spoken dialogue in Roman comedy. There were also metres called the 'septēnārius and octōnārius (see Metres of Roman comedy).
The dēnārius was a silver coin originally worth ten assēs (but later sixteen assēs); but there was also a gold dēnārius, mentioned by Pliny the Elder and Petronius, worth 25 silver dēnāriī. The silver dēnārius is often mentioned in the New Testament, and was stated to be the day's pay in the parable of the Labourers in the Vineyard.[12]
Adverbial numerals are (as the name states) indeclinable adverbs, but because all of the other numeral constructions are adjectives, they are listed here with them. Adverbial numerals give how many times a thing happened. semel 'once', bis 'twice', ter 'thrice, three times', quater 'four times', and so on.
The suffix -iēns may also be spelled -iēs: quinquiēs, sexiēs, etc.
Multiplicative numerals are declinable adjectives. simplex 'single', duplex 'double', triplex 'treble', quadruplex 'fourfold', and so on.
These numerals decline as 3rd declension adjectives:
For completeness all the numbers have been given above. Not all of these numerals are attested in ancient books, however.
Based on this series of numerals there is a series of adverbs: simpliciter 'simply, frankly', dupliciter 'doubly, ambiguously', tripliciter 'in three different ways' etc., as well as verbs such as duplicāre 'to double', triplicāre 'to triple', quadruplicāre 'to make four times as much', and so on.[8]
Proportional numerals are declinable adjectives. simplus 'simple', duplus 'twice as great', triplus 'thrice as great', quadruplus 'four times as great', and so on.
These are often used as nouns: simplum 'the simple sum', duplum 'double the amount of money' and so on.[8]
The numeral ūnus < Old Latin oinos ‘one’, with its cognates Old Irish óen ‘one’, Gothic ains ‘one’, Ancient Greek οἴνη oínē ‘ace on dice’, and the first part of Old Church Slavonic inorogŭ ‘Unicorn’, hearkens back to Proto-Indo-European *Hoi̯-no-s. The genitive forms ūnīus, ūnĭus and the dative form ūnī match the pronominal declension (cf. hujus, illius etc.), the remaining forms (including a rare gen. f. ūnae) conform with those of first and second declension adjectives.[15][16] Nominative and accusative forms persist within the Romance languages as numeral and also in its secondarily acquired role as indefinite article, e. g. Old French and Occitan uns, une, un, Italian un, una, Spanish uno, una, Portuguese um, uma, Romanian un, o.[17]
The masculine nominative/accusative forms dŭŏ < Old Latin dŭō ‘two’ is a cognate to Old Welsh dou ‘two’,[16] Greek δύω dýō ‘two’, Sanskrit दुवा duvā ‘two’, Old Church Slavonic dŭva ‘two’, that imply Proto-Indo-European *duu̯o-h1, a Lindeman variant of monosyllabic *du̯o-h1, living on in Sanskrit द्वा dvā ‘two’, and slightly altered in Gothic twai ‘two’, German zwei ‘two’ etc.; the feminine dŭae points to an ancestral form *duu̯ah2-ih1. Both forms bear a dual ending, which otherwise in Latin is preserved only in ambō ‘both’, and possibly in octō ‘eight’. The accusative forms dŭōs m., dŭās f., the genitive dŭom, classical dŭōrum m./n., dŭārum f., and the dative/ablative dŭōbus m./n., dŭābus f., are original Latin formations replicating nominal declension patterns; at times, duo stands in for other case forms, especially when combined with invariant numerals, e. g. duo et vīgintī ‘twenty-two’, duodētrīgintā ‘twenty-eight’.[15][18]
Most Romance languages sustain an invariant form developed from the masculine accusative duōs > Spanish, Catalan, Occitan dos, French deux, Romansh duos, dus; Italian due seems to preserve the feminine nominative duae (or may have evolved from the feminine accusative duas).[17] Portuguese inflects masculine dois and feminine duas; Romanian has doi and două, respectively.
The masculine and feminine nominative form trēs ‘three’ and its cognates Gothic þreis ‘three’, Greek τρεῖς treîs ‘three’, Sanskrit त्रयः trayaḥ ‘three’ are based on Proto-Indo-European *trei̯-es; the original accusative form trīs, matching Umbrian trif, Gothic þrins, Old Irish trí,[16] Greek τρίνς tríns < Proto-Indo-European *tri-ns, was being superseded from preclassical Latin onward. The neuter tria corresponds to Umbrian triia and Greek τρία tría. The genitive trium is a direct descendant of Proto-Indo-European *trii̯-om, unlike e. g. Greek τριῶν triôn with long -ōn < -o-om, taken from the second declension; the dative/ablative form tribus, as well as Umbrian tris < *trifos, sustains Proto-Indo-European *tri-bʰos.[15][18] The Romance languages only preserve one invariant form reflecting Latin trēs > Spanish, Catalan, Occitan tres, Portuguese três, French trois, Romansh trais, treis, Romanian trei.[17]
The invariant numeral quattuor ‘four’ does not fully correspond to any of its cognates in other languages, as Oscan petora ‘four’, Greek τέσσαρες téssares ‘four’, Old Irish cethair ‘four’, Gothic fidwôr ‘four’, Lithuanian keturì ‘four’, Old Church Slavonic četyre ‘four’ point to a Proto-Indo-European base *kʷetu̯or-, that should appear as *quetuor in Latin; the actual -a- has been explained as epenthetic vowel emerging from a zero-grade *kʷtu̯or-. The geminate -tt- might have been established to compensate the fluctuating quality of succeeding -u- between non-syllabic glide and full vowel apparent since Old Latin; in the postclassical form quattor this sound is dropped altogether, and in most Romance languages the second syllable is subject to syncope, which then is compensated by an additional vowel at the very end of the word, as in Spanish cuatro, Portuguese quatro, Italian quattro, French, Occitan, Catalan quatre, Romanian patru.[15][18][17]
The cardinal number quīnque ‘five’, with its cognates Old Irish coíc ‘five’, Greek πέντε pénte ‘five’, Sanskrit पञ्च pañca ‘five’, leads back to Proto-Indo-European pénkʷe; the long -ī-, confirmed by preserved -i- in most Romance descendants, must have been transferred from the ordinal quīntus ‘fifth’, where the original short vowel had been regularly lengthened preceding a cluster with a vanishing fricative: quīntus < *quiŋxtos < *kʷuiŋkʷtos < *kʷeŋkʷ-to-s. The assimilation of antevocalic *p- to -kʷ- of the following syllable is a common feature of the Italic languages as well as the Celtic languages.[15][18]
^ Livy, 1.35.1.
^ Caesar, 1.10.4
^ Definitions from Lewis and Short A Latin Dictionary.
^ Cicero, Att. 11.17
^ Caesar, B.C. 3.9
^ Livy, 36.3
^ Livy, 22.54
^ a b c Lewis & Short, Latin Dictionary.
^ Allen & Greenough (1903), New Latin Grammar, §137.
^ C. G. Zumpt, "A Grammar of the Latin Language", 4th edition, 1836, translated by John Kenrick, p. 73
^ Pliny, Letters, 6.33.2.
^ e.g. Matt. 20' cf. Matt. 22.
^ Plautus, Amphitruo 575
^ Livy, 29.19.
^ a b c d e Manu Leumann, Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre, Reprint of the 5th ed. from 1926–1928, München 1977, §§ 163b/376/378.
^ a b c Alexander Falileyev, Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh, Tübingen 2000, pp. 49/150/154.
^ a b c d Paul Georg Band, Zahlwörter im Sprachenvergleich. Ein Streifzug in die Geschichte der indogermanischen Sprachen an Hand ihrer Zahlwörter, Wien 1998, p. 12 f.
^ a b c d Gerhard Meiser, Historische Laut- und Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache, Darmstadt 1998, §§ 72.2/88/116.
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