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Hispanic/Latino a gay, bisexual, and other men who reported male-to-male sexual contact b,c are disproportionately affected by HIV. Social and structural issues—such as racism, HIV stigma, homophobia, poverty, and limited access to high-quality health care—influence health outcomes and continue to drive inequities. Get the latest data on HIV among Hispanic/Latino gay and bisexual men and find out how CDC is making a difference.
a Hispanic/Latino people can be of any race.
b The term male-to-male sexual contact is used in CDC surveillance systems. It indicates a behavior that transmits HIV infection, not how individuals self-identify in terms of their sexuality. This web content uses the term gay and bisexual men to represent gay, bisexual, and other men who reported male-to-male sexual contact.
c Unless otherwise noted, data in this web content are for adults and adolescents aged 13 and older.
d Includes infections attributed to male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use (men who reported both risk factors).
e American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the Republic of Palau, and the US Virgin Islands.

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HHS Author Manuscripts

PMC2597583

Arch Sex Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 Dec 8.
Theo G. M. Sandfort, HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY 10032, USA;
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Arch Sex Behav
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.
Keywords: Bisexuality, Black, Latino, Men, Down low, HIV/AIDS
(1) How might the use of network analysis impact our understanding of ethnic minority male bisexuality?
(2) How might longitudinal studies on the development of bisexual behaviors and identities among ethnic minority populations (including an understanding of contextual factors related to sexual behaviors) contribute to the knowledge base on ethnic minority male bisexuality?
(3) How do the individual, social, and sexual lives of ethnic minority bisexual men compare to and contrast with their majority counterparts, within the United States?
(4) How do the experiences and expressions of ethnic minority male bisexuality in the United States resemble or differ from ethnic minority men in other national cultures around the world? For example, in a social network sample of nearly 300 Roma (or “gypsy”) men in Bulgaria, Kabackchieva et al. (2006) found that 59% had engaged in sexual activity with both male and female partners in the past year. Rates of unprotected vaginal and anal intercourse in this time frame were even higher and 22% reported at least one sexually transmitted infection.
(5) How can we better understand the denial and stigmatization of male bisexuality, particularly in ethnic minority communities, and find successful points of intervention?
(6) How can we begin to understand bisexuality for its numerous potential contributions to health, beyond disease transmission and other negative consequences?
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Oprah.com A secret sex world: Living on the ‘down low’. 2008. Retrieved online at http://www.oprah.com/tows/pastshows/200404/tows_past_20040416.jhtml . [ Ref list ]
Denizet-Lewis B. Down low: Double lives, AIDS, and the black homosexual underground. New York Times Magazine. 2003 August 3;:8–53. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Frieden L. Invisible lives: Addressing black male bisexuality in the novels of E. Lynn Harris. In: Beemyn B, Steinman E, editors. Bisexual men in culture and society. Haworth Press; Binghamton, NY: 2002. pp. 73–90. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
King JL. On the down low: A journey into the lives of “straight” Black men who sleep with men. Broadway Books; New York: 2004. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
King JL, Carreras C. Coming up from the down low: The journey to acceptance, healing, and honest love. Three Rivers Press; New York: 2005. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Browder BS, Hunter K. On the up and up: A survival guide for women living with men on the down low. Dafina Books; New York: 2005. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Nubia . 20 warning signs of down low brothers. LuLu Publishing; New York: 2005. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Scott-Blanton J. My husband is on the down low … and I know about it. JaRon Publishing; Triangle, VA: 2005. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Boykin K. Beyond the down low: Sex, lies, and denial in Black America. Carroll & Graf; New York: 2004. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Bisexual chic: Anyone goes. Newsweek. 1974 May 27;:83. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Cantarella E. Bisexuality in the ancient world. 2nd ed. Yale University Press; New Haven, CT: 2002. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Angelides S. A history of bisexuality. University of Chicago Press; Chicago: 2001. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Yoshino K. The epistemic contract of bisexual erasure. Stanford Law Review. 2000; 52 :353–461. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Millett G, Malebranche D, Mason B, Spikes P. Focusing “down low”: Bisexual black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2005; 97 (Suppl 7):52S–59S. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Miller WM. “Ethically questionable?”: Popular media reports on bisexual men and AIDS. In: Beemyn B, Steinman E, editors. Bisexual men in culture and society. Haworth Press; Binghamton, NY: 2002. pp. 93–112. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Lewis LJ, Kertzner RM. Toward improved interpretation and theory building of African American male sexualities. Journal of Sex Research. 2003; 40 :383–395. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Malebranche D. Black bisexual men and HIV: Time to think deeper; Paper presented at the Center for Sexual Health Promotion Sexual Health Seminar Series; Bloomington, Indiana. 2007. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Aggleton P, editor. Bisexualities and AIDS: International perspectives. Taylor & Francis; London: 1996. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Carrier JM. Mexican male bisexuality. Journal of Homosexuality. 1985; 11 (12):75–85. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Taylor C. El ambiente: Male homosexual social life in Mexico City. University of California at Berkeley; 1978. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
De Moya A, Garcia A. AIDS and the enigma of bisexuality in the Dominican Republic. In: Aggleton P, editor. Bisexualities and AIDS: International perspectives. Taylor & Francis; London: 1996. pp. 121–135. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Parker R. Bodies, pleasures and passions: Sexual culture in contemporary Brazil. Beacon; Boston: 1991. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Parker R. Bisexuality and HIV/AIDS in Brazil. In: Aggleton P, editor. Bisexualities and AIDS: International perspectives. Taylor & Francis; London: 1996. pp. 148–160. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Parker R. Beneath the equator: Cultures of desire, male homosexuality, and emerging gay communities in Brazil. Routledge; New York: 1999. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Fox RC. Bisexuality in perspective: A review of theory, research. In: Firestein BA, editor. Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority. Sage Publications; Thousand Oaks, CA: 1996. pp. 3–50. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Muñoz-Laboy M. Beyond MSM: Sexual desire among bisexually-active Latino men in New York City. Sexualities. 2004; 7 :55–80. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Muñoz-Laboy MA, Dodge B. Bisexual Latino men and HIV and sexually transmitted infections risk: An exploratory analysis. American Journal of Public Health. 2007; 97 :1102–1106. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
Heckman TG, Kelly JA, Sikkema KJ, Roffman RR, Solomon LJ, Winett RA, et al. Differenc
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