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↑ В Барселоне арестованы члены банды "Латиноамериканские короли" (неопр.) . NEWSru.com.

↑ Brotherton, David C. The Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation: Street Politics and the Transformation of a New York City Gang (англ.) . — Columbia University Press , 2004. — P. xvi—xix, 158,159. — ISBN 0231114184 .


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Latin Kings («Латиноамериканские Короли») — американская организованная преступная группировка , состоящая из латиноамериканцев . Наиболее активна в Лос-Анджелесе , Чикаго и Нью-Йорке , а также в Испании [1] .

Latin Kings считается одной из самых многочисленных в мире банд, состоящих из выходцев из Латинской Америки. Группировка появилась в 1940-х годах в Нью-Йорке. В США "королями" становились, как правило, молодые люди из бедных семей, приехавших из Пуэрто-Рико и Мексики. У группировки появилась своя "Конституция" и флаг, на котором изображены флаги этих двух государств и символика банды. Традиционные цвета символики - жёлтый и чёрный, а также венок из пяти стрел и корона.

Банда была преобразована в 1986 году Луисом «Кинг Блад» Филипе во время его заключения в Исправительном Центре Коллинз. Луи Филипе составил манифест группировки — ALKQN — основанный на принципах, по которым жила группировка Чикаго, родины банды. В 1995 году Филипе был объявлен Верховным Инка (боссом) банды в Нью-Йорке и Нью-Джерси

В последние годы в ряды Latin Kings вливается всё больше выходцев из других латиноамериканских стран, а сами участники банды стали называть себя «Всемогущественной Нацией Латинских Королей», или просто «Нацией». Несмотря на отсутствие центрального руководства, банда действует во многих штатах США. Численность группировки в США составляет около 25 тысяч человек.

Считается, что многие латиноамериканские подростки, вступающие в группировку, ищут в ней нечто, чего они лишены дома — защиту, дружбу, внимание, сопричастность к чему-то значительному. У большинства этих молодых людей неблагополучные семьи, причём не обязательно в материальном плане. Попадая в банду, они чувствуют себя очарованными криминальной эстетикой группировки и образом жизни настоящего «латинского короля». Новичков заставляют проходить испытания на прочность. Это может быть участие в жестокой драке с применением холодного оружия или просто кража мобильного телефона у незнакомого человека на улице. Со своими единомышленниками из разных стран участники группировки общаются через Интернет, причём у них нет языковых проблем — все знают испанский. Любой участник банды может попросить в сети дельного совета или помощи. Формально нельзя считать всех входящих в Latin Kings молодых людей преступниками. Значительная их часть делает лишь первые шаги в сторону реального криминала.

В отличие от других крупных латиноамериканских банд — Mara Salvatrucha и 18th Street gang — банда Лэтин Кингз не отличается особой жестокостью.

Считается, что, вступив в банду, уйти из неё практически невозможно. Конечно, это не так, хотя отступник может столкнуться с целым рядом проблем, особенно если не сменит место жительства. В банде есть расхожее выражение una «vez rey, rey para siempre», но на практике карается лишь уход в другую банду. Это самое страшное предательство, которое может привести к крови. По слухам, именно подобные измены привели к разборкам между Latin Kings и Netas в Мадриде, закончившихся двумя убитыми.

Конституция группировки состоит из многих пунктов. Например, в конституциии существует обязательный пункт, по-которому лидеры «королей» обязаны хотя бы раз в год созывать встречу «Латинских Королей и Королев» в подконтрольном им городе или районе. Конституция предусматривает вступление в группировку людей разных национальностей.

Кроме США, Лэтин Кингз действует в Мексике, Доминиканской Республике, Никарагуа, Сальвадоре, Пуэрто-Рико и Испании.

Наблюдается большое отличие испанских бандитов от их американских "коллег". В США лидеры "королей" занимаются торговлей наркотиками и, как следствие, войнами с другими группировками за сферы влияния. Считается, что в Испании действует несколько сотен «королей», около половины из которых несовершеннолетние. Особенно активна банда в Мадриде, Барселоне и Аликанте.

Впервые о деятельности «Latin Kings» стало широко известно в октябре 2003 года, когда в Барселоне жестоко убили колумбийского подростка Ронни Тапиаса.

В отличие от США, в Испании в банду в основном вступают молодые люди и девушки из Эквадора, Колумбии и Доминиканской республики. В последние годы, впрочем, среди Latin Kings встречаются уроженцы Магриба, Филиппин и даже испанцы. Символика, жесты и нравы скопированы с американских единомышленников - все те же желто-черные цвета и агрессия к соперникам, особенно к главным конкурентам из мадридской банды "Netas". Эксперты и психологи относят существование подобных группировок, в первую очередь, к сфере социальных и иммиграционных проблем.

В 2005 году в Испании было задержано более 140 «латиноамериканских королей».
С 2008 года правоохранительные органы Испании начали активно бороться с «королями». Было арестовано несколько лидеров и значительное число рядовых участников банды. Так, в конце февраля в пригородах Мадрида Вильяльба, Колменарехо, Галапагар, а также в районе Аргансуэла агенты Национальной полиции задержали 15 молодых людей, среди задержанных была и одна девушка.
У «королей» было изъято много холодного оружия.

Как сообщила газета «El Mundo», все задержанные были эквадорцами, и семеро из них - несовершеннолетние. Из пригородов участники банды приезжали в Мадрид, чтобы помериться силами со своими заклятыми врагами из банды «Netas».


с 1940-х годов — по настоящее время

People Nation, Bloods , Ñetas , Vice Lords, Bratva, Norteños

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Organized crime groups in New York City
Organized crime groups in the Americas

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The Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation ( ALKQN , ALKN , or LKN ) is one of the largest Hispanic and Latino street and prison gangs worldwide. [23] [24] [25] The gang was founded in Chicago , Illinois in 1954. [26] [27]

The Latin Kings were founded in the Humboldt Park area of Chicago in 1954 by Ramon Santos as the Imperials, a Puerto Rican progress movement with the goal of overcoming racial discrimination. [2] With the Latino community facing constant violence from Greek and Italian greaser gangs, the Imperials merged with various other Puerto Rican and Mexican street gangs to form the Latin Kings. [1] The Latin Kings would later devolve into a criminal enterprise operating throughout the United States. There are two umbrella factions: the King Motherland Chicago (KMC) – also known as King Manifesto and Constitution – and Bloodline, formed in New York City in 1986. All members of the gang identify themselves as Latin Kings. [3]

Latin Kings associating with the Motherland faction also identify themselves as "Almighty Latin King Nation" (ALKN); they make up more than 160 structured chapters operating in 158 cities in 31 states. The membership in Chicago is estimated to be 20,000 to 35,000. [28]

The Chicago faction of the Latin Kings is recognized as the largest Hispanic street gang in the United States and one of the largest Chicago-based street gangs. [29] Their greatest membership is within the United States, unlike MS-13 and 18th Street gang , whose greatest membership exists in Central and South America. The gang has more than 25,000 [30] members in the city of Chicago alone and has organized chapters in numerous states and several Latin American and European countries. [31]

The Bloodline Manifesto was founded by Luis "King Blood" Felipe in 1986 in the New York State Collins Correctional Facility . Latin Kings associating with New York State Bloodline chapter also identify themselves as the "Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation" (ALKQN). Membership is estimated to be as many as 7,500, divided among several dozen tribes operating in 15 cities in five states. [3] New York State Bloodline Latin Kings share a common culture and structure with KMC and respect them as the Motherland, but not all chapters report to the Chicago leadership hierarchy. [ citation needed ]

In the early 1980s, to avoid imprisonment for his criminal activities in Chicago, Luis Felipe (a.k.a. King Blood) fled to New York. Soon after arriving in New York Felipe was arrested and convicted of murdering his girlfriend. In 1986, while in prison, Felipe started his own chapter of the Latin Kings known as the Bloodline. He designated himself as Inca and Supreme Crown of the state of New York . In 1995 Antonio Fernandez (a.k.a. King Tone ) was designated Inca and Supreme Crown of New York State and New Jersey, and the ALKQN once again began a transformation. [32] From 1986 to the internal power struggle that erupted in 1994, the ALKQN solidified its role as a gang through crimes such as murder, racketeering , and RICO Act charges. [32] In 1991, Felipe was returned to prison after a short release for parole violations stemming from the receipt of stolen goods. However, Felipe continued to guide the ALKQN members, who now numbered about 2,000, both incarcerated and free. In 1994, with the rapid growth of the Latin Kings, an internal power struggle erupted and violence within the Kings ensued. Between June 1993 and February 1994, seven Latin Kings were murdered. Following the outbreaks of internal gang violence, Luis Felipe and 19 others were charged with murder and racketeering ; the indictments ended in 1995 with 39 Latin Kings and 1 Latin Queen indicted under the RICO Act. [32] [33] The details of the charges against Felipe were later revealed: Felipe was charged with ordering the killing of William (Lil Man) Cartagena. Cartegena was taken to an abandoned Bronx apartment where he was strangled , decapitated , mutilated and his corpse set on fire. Although Felipe was in prison, the government later alleged he had ordered a TOS ("Terminate On Sight") to all Latin Kings for the murder of Cartagena. This letter and many others were how Felipe was initially linked to three murders on the streets of New York; testimony from former Kings was used as further evidence of the orders. The letters had been copied and stored by the NY Department of Corrections , who were not aware of the significance of the letters until a federal task force was formed that included NYPD homicide investigators, FBI agents , and DOC investigators. [34] In 1996, following the trial of Luis Felipe, [35] Antonio Fernandez, who was recently blessed as the Inca and Supreme Crown of New York State [36] kneeled with other Latin Kings in front of the Federal District Court in Manhattan and is quoted as stating, "It's time for a fresh start ... Now they can't hold our past against us." 1996 is believed to be the beginning of the ALKQN's transformation from a street gang to a "street organization." [37]

Latin Kings and Queens began appearing en masse at political demonstrations in support of the Latino community. To further its transformation and efforts to legitimize, the organization began to hold its monthly meetings (universals) at St. Mary's Episcopal Church in West Harlem . At this time, the membership of the Latin Kings is believed to have swelled to 3,000 incarcerated and 4,000 free. The monthly universals drew attendance of 500–600 regularly. Internal changes to the organization began to take place as Fernandez amended the ALKQN manifesto to include parliamentary elections and new procedures for handling inter-organizational grievances and removing death as a possible punishment, replacing it with "vanishing", the act of being banished from the movement. [32] For the ALKQN, 1997 began with Felipe being sentenced to the harshest penalty passed down since World War II . Felipe was sentenced to 250 years in prison, the first 45 to be spent in solitary confinement . He was a close friend of criminal (YACS) member Pavle Stanimirovic writes about it as he witnessed this brutality in Solitary confinement. The other 39 members were sentenced to an average of 20 years in prison for their roles in the crimes. The year would bring further legal troubles as Fernandez and 31 others are arrested in a raid in the Lower East Side and charged with disorderly conduct. The Special Commissioner of Investigation for Schools soon after charges the ALKQN with infiltrating the school system; a school security guard with five years of service was dismissed on charges of unprofessional conduct for his association with the Latin Kings. The year came to a close with Fernandez being arrested in December by the FBI for domestic abuse . [32] The pending charges against Fernandez were dropped in early 1998. Following the release of Fernandez, a joint operation of the FBI , New York City Police Department (NYPD), Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), New York State Police and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) comes to a close with the arrests of 92 suspected ALKQN members. The Latin King leadership insists over half of those arrested are not members. The operation, dubbed Operation Crown, cost the city over one million dollars and took 19 months to complete. Fernandez was released after four days on $350,000 bail, which was paid for by contributions from community members must mandatory pay their dues collected every week that goes into the "Caja" Box that the treasurer would be in charge of collecting. Over half of the arrested were charged with misdemeanors , other were charged with weapons possession and drug trafficking. Fernandez was eventually permitted, though on house arrest, to attend monthly universal meetings. It was during his time on house arrest that the Latin Queens underwent a shake up in leadership, dismissing many of the leaders in order to bring in more politically focused members. [32]

The Latin Kings during this period begin to gain legitimacy. First, Lolita Lebrón , who was a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , appointed the New York State ALKQN to protect her during a demonstration in front of the United Nations. Following the U.N. demonstration, Rafael Cancel-Miranda, a Puerto Rican nacionalista who spent 25 years in federal prison, attended a monthly universal. Before years' end, Adelfa Vera, Puerto Rican activist, attended a monthly universal and was given sacred ALKQN beads by the present leadership. Adelfa was praised during the meeting and stated "These kids are hope for our liberation struggle. I can die in peace, because we found the continuation." [32] In 1998, Fernandez [35] pleaded guilty to conspiracy to sell and distribute heroin. In 1999, he was sentenced to 13 years in prison, which he began serving at Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas and was placed in solitary confinement. He was eventually transferred again and placed in general population. He has since been released. [ citation needed ]

The Latin Kings have a hierarchical organizational structure. They have numerous "chapters" or "tribes" around the country [38] which adhere to a regional, state, and national system. Officers are supported by a "Crown Council" of the 5 Crowns Council members. The Council sets rules and regulations and holds disciplinary hearings. [23]

The hierarchy rises to regional officers and ultimately to two supreme regional "Incas" based in Chicago. The heads of the entire criminal organization are known as "coronas". One retired detective said in 2004: "When you compare them to other street gangs like the Bloods and the Crips , none compare to the organization of the Latin Kings." [23]

The Latin King colors are black and gold. Gang markings consist of a five- or three-point "sacred crown", writings of LK, ALK, ALKN, ALKQN abbreviations (or the whole words), and drawings of the Lion or the King Master. [39] Latin King symbolism is usually accompanied with the name and number of the Tribe, region, or city of the gang. The Latin Kings are members of the People Nation alliance of gangs, and are therefore opposed to the rival Folk Nation gang alliance. [11]

When any member believes that another member has violated a regulation, they begin the disciplinary process by submitting a Procedures for Violation Form. [40] This form includes a variety of information about the allegation, including the violation, the statement of the accused, and members present or other witnesses. If the member is found to be guilty of the violation at their Crown hearing, they may be subject to a range of penalties depending on the severity of the offense:

L.A. Kaufman wrote in the February 2015 issue of New York Magazine that the Kings had a "unique mixture of intense discipline, revolutionary politics and a homemade religion called 'Kingism'". He suggests that this makes "a potent mixture for troubled ghetto kids whose lives lacked structure and hope." [41] Kingism is a blend of tribal gang rhetoric and religious mysticism. As one member put it, the Manifesto is "considered our Bible", and reading it is to go "from the darkness to the light". [42]

The Latin Kings operate under strict codes and guidelines that are conveyed in a lengthy constitution, and they follow the teachings of the King Manifesto. [43] [44] According to the Manifesto, there are three stages or cycles of Nation life that constitute Kingism: [45]

According to the Manifesto, "The New King no longer views the rival warrior as the cause of his ills; instead, he fights against the Anti-King System (social injustices and inequality)". [45]

While originally the Latin Kings are thought to be a male organization, it eventually began to absorb women and give them an equal share. [ citation needed ] The Latin Queens constituted the female Queen Anubis and Queen Maat of the ALKQN. [47]

The Latin Queen agenda is composed of self-respect, independence, family support, ethnic identity and self-empowerment. Seeking such goals has attracted a wide variety of females who had been drug addicted, victimized and/or neglected by families, spouses and partners. Sociologists studying the Latin Kings and Queens have observed the different methods in which both groups attempt to "reclaim and regulate" their environme
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