Latin Formation

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Latin Formation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Indo-European language of the Italic branch
For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation) .
Latin inscription, in the Colosseum of Rome , Italy
Antiquity: Roman schools of grammar/rhetoric [1] Today: Pontifical Academy for Latin
Map indicating the greatest extent of the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan ( c. 117 AD ) and the area governed by Latin speakers (dark red). Many languages other than Latin were spoken within the empire.
Range of the Romance languages, the modern descendants of Latin, in Europe.
This section needs editing for compliance with Wikipedia's Manual of Style . In particular, it has problems with MOS:WORDSASWORDS . Please help improve it if you can. ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

^ "Schools" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 363–376.

^ Sandys, John Edwin (1910). A companion to Latin studies . Chicago: University of Chicago Press . pp. 811–812.

^ Clark 1900 , pp. 1–3

^ "History of Europe – Barbarian migrations and invasions" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 6 February 2021 .

^ Diringer 1996 , pp. 533–4

^ Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index . Collier. 1 January 1958. p. 412. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . In Italy, all alphabets were originally written from right to left; the oldest Latin inscription, which appears on the lapis niger of the seventh century BC, is in bustrophedon, but all other early Latin inscriptions run from right to left.

^ Sacks, David (2003). Language Visible: Unraveling the Mystery of the Alphabet from A to Z . London: Broadway Books. p. 80 . ISBN 978-0-7679-1172-6 .

^ Pope, Mildred K (1966). From Latin to modern French with especial consideration of Anglo-Norman; phonology and morphology . Publications of the University of Manchester, no. 229. French series, no. 6. Manchester: Manchester university press. p. 3.

^ Monroe, Paul (1902). Source book of the history of education for the Greek and Roman period . London, New York: Macmillan & Co. pp. 346–352.

^ Herman 2000 , pp. 17–18

^ Herman 2000 , p. 8

^ Pei, Mario; Gaeng, Paul A. (1976). The story of Latin and the Romance languages (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 76–81 . ISBN 978-0-06-013312-2 .

^ Herman 2000 , pp. 1–3

^ Jump up to: a b Pulju, Timothy. "History of Latin" . Rice University . Retrieved 3 December 2019 .

^ Posner, Rebecca; Sala, Marius (1 August 2019). "Romance Languages" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 December 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b Elabani, Moe (1998). Documents in medieval Latin . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-472-08567-5 .

^ "Incunabula Short Title Catalogue" . British Library . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 .

^ Ranieri, Luke (3 March 2019). "What is Latin? the history of this ancient language, and the proper way we might use it" . YouTube . Archived from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 3 December 2019 .

^ Helander, Hans (1 April 2012). "The Roles of Latin in Early Modern Europe" . L’annuaire du Collège de France. Cours et travaux (111): 885–887. doi : 10.4000/annuaire-cdf.1783 . ISSN 0069-5580 .

^ Moore, Malcolm (28 January 2007). "Pope's Latinist pronounces death of a language" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 26 August 2009.

^ "Liber Precum Publicarum, The Book of Common Prayer in Latin (1560). Society of Archbishop Justus, resources, Book of Common Prayer, Latin, 1560. Retrieved 22 May 2012" . Justus.anglican.org. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 .

^ "Society of Archbishop Justus, resources, Book of Common Prayer, Latin, 1979. Retrieved 22 May 2012" . Justus.anglican.org. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 .

^ " "Does Anybody Know What 'Veritas' Is?" | Gene Fant" . First Things . Retrieved 19 February 2021 .

^ "La Moncloa. Símbolos del Estado" . www.lamoncloa.gob.es (in Spanish) . Retrieved 30 September 2019 .

^ "Finnish broadcaster ends Latin news bulletins" . RTÉ News . 24 June 2019. Archived from the original on 25 June 2019.

^ "Latein: Nuntii Latini mensis lunii 2010: Lateinischer Monats rückblick" (in Latin). Radio Bremen. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 .

^ Dymond, Jonny (24 October 2006). "Finland makes Latin the King" . BBC Online . Archived from the original on 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 .

^ "Nuntii Latini" (in Latin). YLE Radio 1. Archived from the original on 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 .

^ "About us (English)" . Circulus Latínus Londiniénsis (in Latin). 13 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2021 .

^ "Active Latin at Jesus College – Oxford Latinitas Project" . Retrieved 29 June 2021 .

^ "Graduate Certificate in Latin Studies – Institute for Latin Studies | Modern & Classical Languages, Literatures & Cultures" . mcl.as.uky.edu . Retrieved 29 June 2021 .

^ Sawicka, Irena. "A Crossroad Between West, East and Orient–The Case of Albanian Culture." Colloquia Humanistica. No. 2. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2013. Page 97: "Even according to Albanian linguists, Albanian vocabulary is composed in 60 percent of Latin words from different periods... When albanological studies were just emerging, it happened that Albanian was classified as a Romance language. Already there exists the idea of a common origin of both Albanian and Rumanian languages. The Rumanian grammar is almost identical to that of Albanian, but it may be as well the effect of later convergence within the Balkan Sprachbund.."

^ Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). Ordered Profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon . C. Winter. ISBN 978-3-533-02253-4 .

^ Uwe Pörksen, German Academy for Language and Literature's Jahrbuch [Yearbook] 2007 (Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, pp. 121-130)

^ Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook (PDF) . Walter de Gruyter. 2009. p. 370 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 .

^ Pei, Mario (1949). Story of Language . p. 28. ISBN 978-0-397-00400-3 .

^ Of the eighty-nine men who signed the Declaration of Independence and attended the Constitutional Convention, thirty-six went to a Colonial college, all of which offered only the classical curriculum. Richard M. Gummere, The American Colonial Mind and the Classical Tradition, p.66 (1963).

^ Meyer Reinhold, Classica Americana: The Greek and Roman Heritage in the United States, p.27 (1984). Harvard's curriculum was patterned after those of Oxford and Cambridge, and the curricula of other Colonial colleges followed Harvard's. Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783, pp. 128–129 (1970),and Frederick Rudolph, Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636, pp.31–32 (1978).

^ Id. at 104.

^ LaFleur, Richard A. (2011). "The Official Wheelock's Latin Series Website" . The Official Wheelock's Latin Series Website. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 .

^ "University of Cambridge School Classics Project – Latin Course" . Cambridgescp.com . Retrieved 23 April 2014 .

^ "Open University Undergraduate Course – Reading classical Latin" . .open.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 .

^ "The Latin Programme – Via Facilis" . Thelatinprogramme.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 .

^ Beard, Mary (10 July 2006). "Does Latin "train the brain"?" . The Times Literary Supplement . Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. No, you learn Latin because of what was written in it – and because of the sexual side of life direct access that Latin gives you to a literary tradition that lies at the very heart (not just at the root) of Western culture.

^ "Coins" . Croatian National Bank . 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 .

^ Who only knows Latin can go across the whole Poland from one side to the other one just like he was at his own home, just like he was born there. So great happiness! I wish a traveler in England could travel without knowing any other language than Latin!, Daniel Defoe, 1728

^ Anatol Lieven, The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence, Yale University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-300-06078-5 , Google Print, p.48

^ Kevin O'Connor, Culture And Customs of the Baltic States, Greenwood Press, 2006, ISBN 0-313-33125-1 , Google Print, p.115

^ Jump up to: a b Karin Friedrich et al., The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772 , Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-58335-7 , Google Print, p.88 Archived 15 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine

^ Allen 1978 , pp. viii–ix

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508345-3 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016.

^ Levy 1973 , p. 150

^ Allen 1978 , pp. 45, 46

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wheelock, Frederic M. (7 June 2011). Wheelock's Latin . LaFleur, Richard A. (7th ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-06-199721-1 . OCLC 670475844 .

^ Sihler 2008 , p. 174.

^ Allen 1978 , pp. 33–34

^ Jump up to: a b c Allen 1978 , pp. 60–63

^ Husband, Richard (1910). "The Diphthong -ui in Latin". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association . 41 : 19–23. doi : 10.2307/282713 . JSTOR 282713 .

^ Allen 1978 , pp. 53–55

^ Diringer 1996 , pp. 451, 493, 530

^ Diringer 1996 , p. 536

^ Jump up to: a b c Diringer 1996 , p. 538

^ Diringer 1996 , p. 540

^ "Conjugation". Webster's II new college dictionary . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1999.

^ Jump up to: a b Wheelock, Frederic M. (2011). Wheelock's Latin (7th ed.). New York: CollinsReference.

^ Jump up to: a b Holmes & Schultz 1938 , p. 13

^ Sacks, David (2003). Language Visible: Unraveling the Mystery of the Alphabet from A to Z . London: Broadway Books. p. 351 . ISBN 978-0-7679-1172-6 .

^ Jump up to: a b Holmes & Schultz 1938 , p. 14

^ Norberg, Dag (2004) [1980]. "Latin at the End of the Imperial Age" . Manuel pratique de latin médiéval . Translated by Johnson, Rand H. University of Michigan . Retrieved 20 May 2015 .

^ Jenks 1911 , pp. 3, 46

^ Jenks 1911 , pp. 35, 40

^ Ebbe Vilborg – Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok – Second edition, 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b Tore Janson – Latin – Kulturen, historien, språket – First edition, 2009.

^ Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria (95 CE)



Allen, William Sidney (1978) [1965]. Vox Latina – a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22049-1 .
Baldi, Philip (2002). The foundations of Latin . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Bennett, Charles E. (1908). Latin Grammar . Chicago: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-1-176-19706-0 .
Buck, Carl Darling (1904). A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, with a collection of inscriptions and a glossary . Boston: Ginn & Company.
Clark, Victor Selden (1900). Studies in the Latin of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Lancaster: The New Era Printing Company.
Diringer, David (1996) [1947]. The Alphabet – A Key to the History of Mankind . New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private Ltd. ISBN 978-81-215-0748-6 .
Herman, József (2000). Vulgar Latin . Translated by Wright, Roger. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 978-0-271-02000-6 .
Holmes, Urban Tigner; Schultz, Alexander Herman (1938). A History of the French Language . New York: Biblo-Moser. ISBN 978-0-8196-0191-9 .
Levy, Harry Louis (1973). A Latin reader for colleges . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-47602-2 .
Janson, Tore (2004). A Natural History of Latin . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-926309-7 .
Jenks, Paul Rockwell (1911). A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools . New York: D.C. Heath & Co.
Palmer, Frank Robert (1984). Grammar (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England; New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-81-206-1306-5 .
Sihler, Andrew L (2008). New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin . New York: Oxford University Press.
Vincent, N. (1990). "Latin". In Harris, M.; Vincent, N. (eds.). The Romance Languages . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-520829-0 .
Waquet, Françoise (2003). Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries . Translated by Howe, John. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-402-1 .
Wheelock, Frederic (2005). Latin: An Introduction (6th ed.). Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-078423-2 .
Curtius, Ernst (2013). European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Princeton University. ISBN 978-0-691-15700-9 .
Latin edition of Wikisource , the free library
Latin edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
Wikiquote has quotations related to Latin proverbs .
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Latin
Wikiversity has learning resources about Latin
For a list of words relating to Latin, see the Latin language category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Latin language .

Sicel ? (possibly not Italic)
Venetic ? (possibly Celtic , transitional or independent)
Aequian
Vestinian
Lusitanian ? (possibly Celtic)

Latin ( lingua Latīna , [ˈlɪŋɡʷa laˈtiːna] or Latīnum , [laˈtiːnʊ̃] ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium ) around present-day Rome , [2] but through the power of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian region and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . Even after the fall of Western Rome , Latin remained the common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars (including its own descendants, the Romance languages ) supplanted it in common academic and political usage, and it eventually became a dead language in the modern linguistic definition.

Latin is a highly inflected language , with three distinct genders , six or seven noun cases , five declensions, four verb conjugations , six tenses , three persons , three moods , two voices , two or three aspects , and two numbers . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets .

By the late Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin used by educated elites. Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken at that time among lower-class commoners and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence [3] and author Petronius . Late Latin is the written language from the 3rd century and its various Vulgar Latin dialects developed in the 6th to 9th centuries into the modern Romance languages . Medieval Latin was used during the Middle Ages as a literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then used Renaissance Latin . Later, New Latin evolved during the early modern era to eventually become various forms of rarely spoken Contemporary Latin , one of which, Ecclesiastical Latin , remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at Vatican City .

Latin has also greatly influenced the English language and historically contributed many words to the English lexicon after the Christianization of Anglo-Saxons and the Norman conquest . In particular, Latin (and Ancient Greek ) roots are still used in English descriptions of theology, science disciplines (especially anatomy and taxonomy ), medicine , and law .

A number of historical phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, morphology , and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As a result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names.

In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from Late Antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars.

After the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses. [4]

The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom to the later part of the Roman Republic period. It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon [5] [6] script to what ultimately became a strictly left-to-right script. [7]

During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, a new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as a sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. [8] [9]

Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, indicates that a spoken language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi , "the speech of the masses", by Cicero ), existed concurrently with literate Classical Latin. The informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors and those found as graffiti. [10]
As it was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . [11]

The Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin and were originally the popular and informal dialects spoken by various layers of the Latin-speaking population. These dialects were distinct from the classical form of the language spoken by the Roman upper classes, the form in which Romans generally wrote.

The decline of the Roman Empire meant a deterioration in educational standards that brought about Late Latin, a postclassical stage of the language seen in Christian writings of the time. It was more in line with everyday speech, not only because of a decline in education but also because of a desire to spread the word to the masses.
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