Latin Empire
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Latin Empire
Crusader state on the lands of the former Byzantine Empire (1204–1261)
Imperium Constantinopolitanum Imperium Romaniae Imperium Romanorum
The Latin Empire with its vassals (in yellow) in 1204
• Joint Nicean-Bulgarian campaign against Empire
Crusader state on the lands of the former Byzantine Empire (1204–1261) / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Latin Empire , also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople , was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire . The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors.
The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim -controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople , the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos , who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos , to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios IV , with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth.
The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders , and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185–1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081–1185) in Trebizond . From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica . The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice , and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II , went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century.
Like the term "Byzantine Empire", "Latin Empire" was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia ( Greek : Φραγκοκρατία , lit. "rule of the Franks") or the Latinokratia ( Λατινοκρατία , lit. "rule of the Latins") and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum ( lit. Empire of Constantinople ), but also imperium Romaniae ( lit. Empire of Romania ) and imperium Romanorum ( lit. Empire of the Romans ). The term Romania ("Land of the Romans") had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.
Latin , Old French (official) Greek (popular)
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In 1195 Isaac II was deposed and blinded by his brother Alexius III. The Westerners, who had again blamed the failure of their Crusade on the Byzantines, saw ways of exploiting the situation. The emperor Henry VI had united the Norman kingdom of…
…was the ruler of the Latin Empire (also referred to as Romania) set up in Constantinople in 1204 by the Latin (Western) Christians of the Fourth Crusade and claimed jurisdiction over the territories of the Byzantine state. A kingdom of Thessalonica was established, to whose ruler the lords of Athens…
When the Latin empire (1204–61) was established at Constantinople, the Venetians received Corfu; but in 1214 the Greek despotate of Epirus annexed the first Venetian colony, and a long period of Epirote, Sicilian, and Neapolitan-Angevin rule followed until 1386, when Corfu submitted voluntarily to the Venetian republic.…
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Latin Empire (Premysloides Dynasty)
Imperium Constantinopolitanum Imperium Romanorum
Latin Empire at peak of their power
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Nations (Premysloides Dynasty)
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In contemporary history and memory of the Roman Empire, Latin Empire is regard as most hatred and despised state, or realm, founded by bloody and cruel massacre during Sack of Constantinople in 1204 and misruled by incompetent and corrupted feudal Frankish lords, controlled by Venetian merchants.
Rape of Constantinople, which comprise mass murdering, raping, executing, burning churches, destroying ancient statues, melting down crowns and jewels and even desecration of Imperial Crypt in St Apostles Church, include mutilating and butchering of Emperor Basil II Bulgar-slayer body, was forming event of Latin Empire.
However, destroying Constantinople was only beginning of nearly half-century long tragedy and suffering of Roman Empire. Immediately after Baldwin coronation in May 1204, Crusaders dismantled imperial bureaucracy, discharged hundreds capable clerks and officials, seized lands owned by free peasants and distributed them to new feudal and aristocratic Frankish class of Latin Empire and imposed massive taxation on cities and farmers.
Latin Emperors and their aristocratic class were not able to understand local social, political and economical conditions and tried, despite rebellions, unrests and protests, implement feudalism in to imperial society.
Just year after Fall of Constantinople and Baldwin coronation, Latin Empire suffered crushing defeat by Kaloyan Bulgars, who slaughtered Latin Army near Adrianople. This had crucial effect on forming and guarantee at least elementary safety for early Nicean Empire. Baldwin was killed in battle (or shortly after battle) and Latin Empire suffered short period of instability.
Until Nicean Civil War , Latin Empire suffered constant progress of decay, lossing territories, decreasing revenues and population decline. Nicean Civil War and cruel rule of Alexios Obésos in Nicean Empire, was little, but still hope for Latin Empire to defeat Orthodox Christian Roman Empire.
This hope ended when Romanos V Angelos-Premysloides was enthroned and started to rule as strong, capable, just and ambitious Emperor of Nicea.
After Romanos enthronment, Baldwin II called Venetians for help and started forming broad coalition of Catholic, Frankish and pro-Latin nobles and local rulers, with support of Lombard League in northern Italy, which provided money and mercenaries. Baldwin II formed Latin League against Roman Empire and was able to summon more than 32,000 troops and cavalry with heavy weapons and fleet of 50 Venetian galleys.
Latin League goal was final destruction of all resistance in Greece, Balkan and Asia Minor, defeat of Nicean Empire and final partitation of Greece and Asia Minor. While at first Latin League experienced important victories over some enemies ( Latin League invasion of Balkan ), in crucial Battle of Thessaloniky , they were totally annihilated by coalition of Nicean (Roman) Empire, Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Hohenstaufen, Bulgaria of Konstantin I Tikh and Genoese Fleet.
Baldwin II was killed in battle, Latin League destroyed and it was collapse of Latin Empire. Soon, Constantinople was conquered by rebelling Seljuk Army, which tried to coronate their leader, Yahya al-Gabal, as Sultan of Rome in Constantinople, where in that time ruled Empress-Dowager Maria of Brienne.
Maria and her heir, Phillip , later loyal imperial government official, survived conquering of Constantinople and Latin Empire perish, when Mongol Army of Hulegu Khan conquered Constantinople and hand over city to Romanos V of Angelos-Premysloides dynasty.
Position of Latin Emperor, contrary to Roman Emperors, was position of first-among-equal, which was very uncommon and very foreign to local Greek and Roman population. This rulling system, however, was common in that time in Holy Roman Empire and in Kingdom of France, where each noble family and lords had their own armies and their own lands.
Rulling body of Latin Empire was "Emperor Council" formed of 12 nobles (half of them Frankish, half of them Venetians) and this Council had power to overvote Emperor and force him to accept their policy.
Rest of governing and administrative was shift to Crusader lords and Frankish nobles, who had small-to-none experiences with administrative and many of them were even illiterate.
For whole time, Latin Empire struggled social schism between Orthodox Christian population and rulling Catholic Christian elites and appointed clergy. While at first Pope denounced Sack of Constantinople and even excommunicated Venetians and Crusaders for their crime, later, he revoke excommunication, after he was gifted with gold and silver and when Venetians proposed imposed Catholic Church power over Constantinople to reunite Christian Church under Pope.
This does not happend. Resentment and hatred of Orthodox population toward Catholic occupation was immense and unrivaled. While Catholic Church was favoured and received Orthodox land and churches, they failed in their goal and only small portion of population accepted Catholicism.
Latin Empire was even more agrarian than previous Roman Empire. Only free merchants were Venetians, who had monopole over all trade and commerce. Artisanry fall apart, all products were exported to Venice or France and agrarian economy shifted from hybrid state-owned/free peasant to landlord serfdom implemented by European lords.
In very short period, economy fall apart, agricultural production decreased, Constantinople was depopulated and state revenue collapsed. Tragic mismanagement of Latin rule was underline, when in depopulated Constantinople started food riots and famine, despite former population exodus.
One of very few export commodity of Latin Empire were sacred relics, sold to Venetians, Franks and Holy Roman Empire. After fall of Latin Empire, Roman Empire recovered relics and regalias sold to Venice and Emperor Frederick II, as gesture of good will, sent their imperial relics and regalias sold by Latin Empire back to Roman Empire. Relics sold to Franks were finally recovered after Second Pan-European War.
Roman Catholic (state), Orthodox (popular)
Baldwin I Henry Peter Robert I John I Baldwin II
Fourth Crusade/Fall of Constantinople
Liberation of Constantinople/Imperial Restoration
Roman Empire under Angelos Emperors
Reformed Roman Empire under Angelos-Premysloides
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