Latin Culture

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Beyond the rich tradition of indigenous art, the development of Latin American visual art owed much to the influence of Spanish, Portuguese and French Baroque painting, which in turn often followed the trends of the Italian Masters. [ citation needed ] In general, this artistic Eurocentrism began to fade in the early 20th century, as Latin-Americans began to acknowledge the uniqueness of their condition and started to follow their own path.

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^ Sérgio Campos Gonçalves, “Cultura popular e suas representações: caminhos possíveis de reflexão”, Revista História em Reflexão - Programa de Pós-graduação em História – Faculdade de Ciências Humanas – UFGD (Dourados), v. 2, p. 1-19, 2008.

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^ "Las religiones en tiempos del Papa Francisco" (in Spanish). Latinobarómetro. April 2014. p. 7. Archived from the original (pdf) on 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 .

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^ Travis Kitchens (June 21, 2010). "Chomsky on Religion" . Retrieved October 17, 2017 – via YouTube.

^ Paul Sigmund. "Education and Religious Freedom in Latin America" . Princeton University . Retrieved 2006-05-21 .

^ "The Global Religious Landscape" (PDF) . Pewforum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2020 .

^ Oliver Marshall, ed. English-Speaking Communities in Latin America (2000).

^ Lamartine Pereira da Costa (2002). Sport in Latin American Society: Past and Present . Psychology Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780714651262 .

^ Teresa A. Meade, History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present (2016), pp. 21–21.

^ Gracia, Jorge; Vargas, Manuel (2018), "Latin American Philosophy" , in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University , retrieved 2020-08-08

^ Jump up to: a b "Latin American Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" . Retrieved 2020-08-08 .

^ Lawrence A. Clayton; Michael L. Conniff (2004). A History of Modern Latin America . Wadsworth. p. 112. ISBN 9780534621582 .

^ "Sor Juana — Octavio Paz" . www.hup.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2020-08-08 .

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^ Gregory D. Gilson, and Irving W. Levinson, eds. Latin American Positivism: New Historical and Philosophic Essays (Lexington Books; 2012)

^ Miguel A. Centeno; Patricio Silva (1998). The Politics of Expertise in Latin America . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 9780312210267 .

^ Zamora, Lois Parkinson (1992). "The Magical Tables of Isabel Allende and Remedios Varo". Comparative Literature . 44 (2): 113–143. doi : 10.2307/1770341 . ISSN 0010-4124 . JSTOR 1770341 .

^ "Works by Ofelia Schutte - PhilPapers" . philpapers.org . Retrieved 2020-08-08 .

^ ClineMarch 11, Julie; 2014 (2014-03-11). "Preeminent Philosopher Linda Martin Alcoff to Speak at W&L" . The Columns . Retrieved 2020-08-08 . CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )

^ Aldama, Frederick Luis. "Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi" . upittpress.org . Retrieved 2020-08-08 .

^ Loustau, Laura Rosa. (2002). Cuerpos errantes : literatura latina y latinoamericana en Estados Unidos (1. ed.). Rosario, Argentina: B. Viterbo Editora. ISBN 950-845-118-1 . OCLC 53331582 .

^ Riofrio, John (2020-03-01). "Falling for debt: Giannina Braschi, the Latino avant-garde, and financial terrorism in the United States of Banana". Latino Studies . 18 (1): 66–81. doi : 10.1057/s41276-019-00239-2 . ISSN 1476-3443 .

^ Mendoza de Jesus, Ronald (2020). "Free-dom: United States of Banana and the Limits of Sovereignty," POETS, PHILOSOPHERS, LOVERS . Pittsburgh: UNIV OF PITTSBURGH Press. pp. 133–154. ISBN 978-0-8229-4618-2 . OCLC 1143649021 .

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^ Torres, George (2013). Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music . ABC-CLIO. p. xvii. ISBN 9780313087943 .

^ Dr. Christopher Washburne. "Clave: The African Roots of Salsa" . University of Salsa . Retrieved 2006-05-23 .

^ "Guide to Latin Music" . Caravan Music . Retrieved 2006-05-23 .

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^ Barteldes, Ernest (April 2007). "Jorge Drexler The Road From Hollywood". Global Rhythm .

^ The Baltimore Sun. "Latin music returns to America with wave of new pop starlets" . The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on 2005-08-30 . Retrieved 2006-05-23 .

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^ Taylor, Diana. 23.

^ Pianca, Marina. "Postcolonial Discourse in Latin American Theatre". Theatre Journal . Vol. 41, No. 4, Theatre and Hegemony. (Dec., 1989), 515–523.

^ https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-literature . Missing or empty |title= ( help )

^ Marco Velázquez and Mary Kay Vaughan, " Mestizaje and Musical Nationalism in Mexico" in The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940 . Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, Eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 95.

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^ Víctor Andrés Belaunde, Peruanidad , p. 472.

^ Gauvin Alexander Bailey , Art of colonial Latin America , pp. 72–74.

^ Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art of colonial Latin America , p. 263.

^ Edward Lucie-Smith, Latin American art of the 20th century , pp. 76–77, 145–146.

^ Damián Bayón, "Art, c. 1920–c. 1980", pp. 425–428.

^ Gerald Martin, "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870", pp. 37–39.

^ Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 151–152.

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^ Tony Custer , The Art of Peruvian Cuisine , pp. 17–22.

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Latin American culture is the formal or informal expression of the people of Latin America and includes both high culture (literature and high art) and popular culture (music, folk art, and dance), as well as religion and other customary practices. These are generally of Western origin, but have various degrees of Native American , African and Asian influence.

Definitions of Latin America vary. From a cultural perspective, [1]
Latin America generally refers to those parts of the Americas whose cultural, religious and linguistic heritage can be traced to the Latin culture of the late Roman Empire. This would include areas where Spanish , Portuguese , French and various other Romance languages, which can trace their origin to the Vulgar Latin spoken in the late Roman Empire , are natively spoken. Such territories include almost all of Mexico, Central America and South America, with the exception of English or Dutch speaking territories. Culturally, it could also encompass the French derived culture in North America, as it ultimately derives from Latin Roman influence as well. There is also an important Latin American cultural presence in the United States since the 16th century in areas such as California, Florida and the Southwest, which were part of the Spanish Empire . More recently, in cities such as New York , Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , and Miami .

The richness of Latin American culture is the product of many influences, including:

Latin America has a very diverse population with many ethnic groups and different ancestries. Most of the Amerindian descendants are of mixed race ancestry. [ citation needed ]

In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries there was a flow of Iberian emigrants who left for Latin America. It was never a large movement of people but over the long period of time it had a major impact on Latin American populations: the Portuguese left for Brazil and the Spaniards left for Central and South America. Of the European immigrants, men greatly outnumbered women and many married natives. This resulted in a mixing of the Amerindians and Europeans and today their descendants are known as mestizos . Even Latin American criollos , of mainly European ancestry, usually have some native ancestry. Today, mestizos make up the majority of Latin America's population.

Starting in the late 16th century, a large number of African slaves were brought to Latin America, especially to Brazil and the Caribbean. [ citation needed ] Nowadays, blacks make up the majority of the population in most Caribbean countries. Many of the African slaves in Latin America mixed with the Europeans and their descendants (known as mulattoes ) make up the majority of the population in some countries, such as the Dominican Republic , and large percentages in Brazil, Colombia, etc. Mixes between the blacks and Amerindians also occurred, and their descendants are known as zambos . Many Latin American countries also have a substantial tri-racial population known as pardos , whose ancestry is a mix of Amerindians, Europeans and Africans. [ citation needed ]

Large numbers of European immigrants arrived in Latin America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most of them settling in the Southern Cone ( Argentina , Uruguay , and southern Brazil) and Northern Mexico . [ citation needed ] Nowadays the Southern Cone has a majority of people of largely European descent and in all more than 80% of Latin America's European population, which is mostly descended from six groups of immigrants: Italians , Spaniards , Portuguese , French , Germans , Jews (both Ashkenazi and Sephardic ) and, to a lesser extent, Irish , Poles , Greeks , Croats , Russians , Welsh , Ukrainians , etc. [ citation needed ]

In this same period, immigrants came from the Middle East and Asia, including Indians , Lebanese , Syrians , Armenians , and, more recently, Koreans , Chinese and Japanese , mainly to Brazil. These people only make up a small percentage of Latin America's population but they have communities in the major cities.

This diversity has profoundly influenced religion, music and politics. This cultural heritage is (arguably improperly) called Latin or Latino in American English. Outside of the United States, and in many languages (especially romance ones) "Latino" just means " Latin ", referring to cultures and peoples that can trace their heritage back to the ancient Roman Empire . Latin American is the proper term. [ citation needed ]

Spanish is spoken in Puerto Rico and eighteen sovereign nations (See Spanish language in the Americas ). Portuguese is spoken primarily in Brazil (See Brazilian Portuguese ). French is also spoken, in Haiti and French dependencies in the Caribbean.

Several nations, especially in the Caribbean, have their own Creole languages , derived from European languages and various African tongues. Amerindian languages are spoken in many Latin American nations, mainly Chile , Panama , Ecuador , Guatemala , Bolivia , Paraguay , and Mexico . Nahuatl has more than a million speakers in Mexico. Although Mexico has almost 80 native languages across the country, the government nor the constitution specify an official language (not even Spanish), also, some regions of the nation do not speak any modern way of language and still preserve their ancient dialect without knowing any other language. Guaraní is, along with Spanish, the official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population. Furthermore, there are about 10 million Quechua speakers in South America and Spain, but more than half of them live in Bolivia and Peru (approximately 6,700,800 individuals).

Other European languages spoken include Italian in Brazil and Uruguay, German in southern Brazil and southern Chile, and Welsh in southern Argentina.

The primary religion throughout Latin America is Christianity (90%), [3] mostly Roman Catholicism . [4] [5] Latin America, and in particular Brazil , were active in developing the quasi-socialist Roman Catholic movement known as Liberation Theology . [6] Practitioners of the Protestant , Pentecostal , Evangelical , Jehovah's Witnesses , Mormon , Buddhist , Jewish , Muslim , Hindu , Baháʼí , and indigenous denominations and religions exist. Various Afro-Latin American traditions, such as Santería , and Macumba , a tribal- voodoo religion, are also practiced. Evangelicalism in particular is increasing in popularity. [7] Latin America constitute in absolute terms the second world's largest Christian population , after Europe . [8]

In long-term perspective, Britain's influence in Latin America was enormous after independence came in the 1820s. Britain deliberately sought to replace the Spanish and Portuguese in economic and cultural affairs. Military issues and colonization were minor factors. The influence was exerted through diplomacy, trade, banking, and investment in railways and mines. The English language and British cultural norms were transmitted by energetic young British business agents on temporary assignment in the major commercial centers, where they invited locals into the British leisure activities, such as organized sports, and into their transplanted cultural institutions such as schools and clubs. The British role never disappeared, but it faded rapidly after 1914 as the British cashed in their investments to pay for the Great War, and the United States, another Anglophone power, moved into the region with overwhelming force and similar cultural norms. [9]

The British impact on sports was overwhelming, as Latin America took up football (called fútbol in Spanish and futebol in Portuguese). In Argentina, rugby, polo, tennis and golf became important middle-class leisure pastimes. [10]

In some parts of the Caribbean and Central America baseball outshined soccer in terms of popularity. The sport started in the late 19th century when sugar companies imported cane cutters from the British Caribbean. During their free time, the workers would play cricket, but later, during the long period of US military occupation, cricket gave way to baseball, which rapidly assumed widespread popularity, although cricket remains the favorite in the British Caribbean. Baseball had the greatest following in those nations occupied at length by the US military, especially the Dominican Republic and Cuba, as well as Nicaragua, Panama, and Puerto Rico. Even Venezuela, which wasn't occupied by the US military during this time period, still became a popular baseball destination. All of these countries have emerged as sources of baseball talent, since many players hone their skills on local teams, or in “academies” managed by the US Major Leagues to cultivate the most promising young men for their own teams. [11]

Beyond the rich tradition of indigenous art, the development of Latin American visual art owed much to the influence of Spanish, Portuguese and French Baroque painting , which in turn often followed the trends of the Italian Masters. [ citation needed ] In general, this artistic Eurocentrism began to fade in the early 20th century, as Latin Americans began to acknowledge the uniqueness of their syncretic indigenous-European heritage and started to follow their own path.

From the early 20th century, the art of Latin America was greatly inspired by the Constructivist Movement . [ citation needed ] The Constructivist Movement was founded in Russia around 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin . The Movement quickly spread from Russia to Europe and then into L
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