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The word Church (ecclesia) is used in its first sense to express
whole congregation of Catholic Christendom united in one Faith,
obeying one hierarchy in communion with itself. This is the sense
of Matthew 16:18; 18:17; Ephesians 5:25-27, and so on. It is in
this sense that we speak of the Church without qualification, say
that Christ founded one Church, and so on. But the word is
constantly applied to the various individual elements of this
union. As the whole is the Church, the universal Church, so are
its parts the Churches of Corinth, Asia, France, etc. This second
use of the word also occurs in the New Testament (Acts 15:41; II
Corinthians 11:28; Apocalypse 1:4, 11, etc). Any portion then that
forms a subsidiary unity in itself may be called a local Church.
The smallest such portion is a diocese -- thus we speak of the
Church of Paris, of Milan, of Seville. Above this again we group
metropolitical provinces and national portions together as units,
and speak of the Church of Africa, of Gaul, of Spain. The
expression "Church of Rome", it should be noted, though commonly
applied by non-Catholics to the whole Catholic body, can only be
used correctly in this secondary sense for the local diocese (or
possibly the province) of Rome, mother and mistress of all
Churches. A German Catholic is not, strictly speaking, a member of
the Church of Rome but of the Church of Cologne, or Munich-
Freising, or whatever it may be, in union with and under the
obedience of the Roman Church (although, no doubt, by a further
extension Roman Church may be used as equivalent to Latin Church
for the patriarchate).
The word is also used very commonly for the still greater portions
that are united under their patriarchs, that is for the
patriarchates. It is in this sense that we speak of the Latin
Church. The Latin Church is simply that vast portion of the
Catholic body which obeys the Latin patriarch, which submits to
the pope, not only in papal, but also in patriarchal matters. It
is thus distinguished from the Eastern Churches (whether Catholic
or Schismatic), which represent the other four patriarchates
(Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem), and any
fractions broken away from them. The Latin patriarchate has always
been considerably the largest. Now, since the great part of
Eastern Christendom has fallen into schism, since vast new lands
have been colonized, conquered or (partly) converted by Latins
(America, Australia, etc.), the Latin part of the Catholic Church
looms so enormous as compared with the others that many people
think that everyone in communion with the pope is a Latin. This
error is fostered by the Anglican branch theory, which supposes
the situation to be that the Eastern Church is no longer in
communion with Rome. Against this we must always remember, and
when necessary point out, that the constitution of the Catholic
Church is still essentially what it was at the time of the Second
Council of Nicaea (787; see also canon 21 of Constantinople IV in
869 in the "Corp. Jur. can.", dist. xxii, c. vii). Namely, there
are still the five patriarchates, of which the Latin Church is
only one, although so great a part of the Eastern ones have fallen
away. The Eastern Churches, small as they are, still represent the
old Catholic Christendom of the East in union with the pope,
obeying him as pope, though not as their patriarch. All Latins are
Catholics, but not all Catholics are Latins. The old frontier
passed just east of Macedonia, Greece (Illyricum was afterwards
claimed by Constantinople), and Crete, and cut Africa west of
Egypt. All to the west of this was the Latin Church.
We must now add to Western Europe all the new lands occupied by
Western Europeans, to make up the present enormous Latin
patriarchate. Throughout this vast territory the pope reigns as
patriarch, as well as by his supreme position as visible head of
the whole Church with the exception of very small remnants of
other uses (Milan, Toledo, and the Byzantines of Southern Italy),
his Roman Rite is used throughout according to the general
principle that rite follows the patriarchate, that local bishops
use the rite of their patriarch. The medieval Western uses (Paris,
Sarum and so on), of which people at one time made much for
controversial purposes, were in no sense really independent rites,
as are the remnants of the Gallican use at Milan and Toledo. These
were only the Roman Rite with very slight local modifications.
From this conception we see that the practical disappearance of
the Gallican Rite, however much the archeologist may regret it, is
justified by the general principle that rite should follow
patriarchate. Uniformity of rite throughout Christendom has never
been an ideal among Catholics; but uniformity in each patriarchate
is. We see also that the suggestion, occasionally made by advanced
Anglicans, of a "Uniate" Anglican Church with its own rite and to
some extent its own laws (for instance with a married clergy) is
utterly opposed to antiquity and to consistent canon law. England
is most certainly part of the Latin patriarchate. When Anglicans
return to the old Faith they find themselves subject to the pope,
not only as head of the Church but also as patriarch. As part of
the Latin Church England must submit to Latin canon law and the
Roman Rite just as much as France or Germany. The comparison with
Eastern Rite Catholics rests on a misconception of the whole
situation. It follows also that the expression Latin (or even
Roman) Catholic is quite justifiable, inasmuch as we express by it
that we are not only Catholics but also members of the Latin or
Roman patriarchate. A Eastern Rite Catholic on the other hand is a
Byzantine, or Armenian, or Maronite Catholic. But a person who is
in schism with the Holy See is not, of course, admitted by
Catholics to be any kind of Catholic at all.
ADRIAN FORTESCUE
Transcribed by Michael C. Tinkler

From the Catholic Encyclopedia, copyright © 1913 by the
Encyclopedia Press, Inc. Electronic version copyright © 1996 by
New Advent, Inc.
Taken from the New Advent Web Page (www.knight.org/advent).
This article is part of the Catholic Encyclopedia Project, an
effort aimed at placing the entire Catholic Encyclopedia 1913
edition on the World Wide Web. The coordinator is Kevin Knight,
editor of the New Advent Catholic Website. If you would like to
contribute to this worthwhile project, you can contact him by e-
mail at (knight.org/advent). For more information please download
the file cathen.txt/.zip.
-------------------------------------------------------

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Art Destination Jordan

As-Salt

Trail 3: Hammam Street

© Photo: Faraheed, Wikimedia commons

Online since February 1997
© All rights reserved

For an optimal view of our website, please rotate your tablet horizontally.
The Latin Church, the first Catholic Church in Jordan, includes a monastery, missionary facilities, a private school and several shops. It was designed in 1870 by the French missionary Jean Morétain (1816-1883) and completed in 1886 by Father Giuseppe Gatti (1839-1887), priest of the Latin Patriarchate, with high cross-vaulted ceilings, eight triple rounded columns and Corinthian capitals carved in stone.
Along the main market street lined with some fine examples of traditional buildings of yellow limestone, and countless shops, continuing further to reach the Archaeological Museum and Mouasher House.
Web guide for cultural travellers - a wealth of information and photos.
Contemporary art, archaeology, art history, architecture, cultural heritage.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Latin Catholicism in the Middle East
  Countries and regions of the Levant in the broad, historic meaning (equivalent to the eastern Mediterranean ) [1]
  Countries of the Levant in 20th century usage [2]
  Countries and regions sometimes included in the 21st century
1 Overseas parts of France proper Migration of minorities in France (i.e. Basques ) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).

Carthage (?−1964)
Alexandria (1276–1964)
Antioch (1098–1964)
Constantinople (1204–1964)
West Indies (1524–1963)
Aquileia (560–1751)
Ethiopia (1555–1663)
Grado (560–1451)

The Latin Church in the Middle East represents members of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in the Middle East , notably in Turkey and the Levant ( Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , and Jordan ). Latin Catholics are subject to the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem and employ the Latin liturgical rites , in contrast to Eastern Catholics who fall under their respective church's patriarchs and employ distinct Eastern liturgical rites , while being in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church. Latin Catholics in the Middle East are often of European descent.

Depending on the specific area in question, due to their cultural heritage descending from Catholics who lived under the Ottoman Empire , they are sometimes referred to as Levantines , Italo-Levantines [ it ] , or Franco-Levantines ( Arabic : شوام ; French : Levantins ; Italian : Levantini ; Greek : Φραγκολεβαντίνοι Frankolevantini ; Turkish : Levantenler or Tatlısu Frenkleri ) after Frankokratia .

A distinctive era of influence occurred during the Crusades with the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages . As with the case of Eastern Catholics and other Christians in the Middle East , Latin Catholics have both a history and a present of persecution .

Levantines were mostly of Italian (especially Venetian and Genoese ), French , or other Euro-Mediterranean origin. They have been living in the eastern Mediterranean coast of Lebanon and Syria since the middle Byzantine or the Ottoman era and in Constantinople ( Istanbul ), Smyrna ( Izmir ) and other parts of Anatolia (such as the port towns of Amasra , Sinop , Trabzon , Enez , Çanakkale , Foça , Çeşme , Bodrum , Alanya , Mersin , Iskenderun , etc., where the colonies of Genoese and Venetian merchants existed) in present-day Turkey .

The majority are either the descendants of traders from the maritime republics of Venice , Genoa , Pisa , Ancona and Ragusa who had colonies in the East Mediterranean coast; or the descendants of the French/Italian Levantines who lived in the Crusader states of the Levant (in present-day Lebanon , Israel and Syria ), especially in port towns such as Beirut , Tripoli , Tyre , Byblos , Acre , Jaffa , Latakia , etc.; or in major cities near the coast, such as Tarsus , Antioch , Jerusalem , etc. Others may be converts to Roman Catholicism , immigrants from Anglo-French colonization, or Eastern Christians who had resided there for centuries.

When the United Kingdom took over the southern portion of Ottoman Syria in the aftermath of the First World War , some of the new rulers adapted the term "Levantine" pejoratively to refer to the inhabitants of mixed Arab and European descent in Lebanon , Syria and Palestine , and to Europeans (usually French , Italian or Greek ) who had assimilated and adopted local dress and customs.

Today, a small percentage of Lebanon 's small group of Latin Catholics are of at least partial French / Italian descent. [3] [4]

The Roman catholic community of Cyprus ( Latinoi, Λατίνοι ) consists one of the three recognized religious minorities of Cyprus, together with the Armenians and Maronites , according to the 1960 constitution. [5]

About 35,000 Levantines live in Turkey . [6]

The name Italo-Levantine is specifically applied to people of Italian (especially Venetian or Genoese ) origin, but even with some French or other Euro-Mediterranean roots, who have lived in Istanbul , İzmir and other parts of Anatolia in Turkey . Some of the Italian Levantines may have ancestral origins also in the eastern Mediterranean coast (the Levant, particularly in present-day Lebanon and Israel ) dating back to the period of the Crusades and the Byzantine Empire . A small group came from Crimea and from the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea , after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

The majority of the Levantines in modern Turkey are the descendants of traders/colonists from the Italian maritime republics of the Mediterranean (especially Genoa and Venice ) and France , who obtained special rights and privileges called the Capitulations from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century. [7]

There are two large communities of Italian Levantines: one in Istanbul and the other in Izmir . At the end of the 19th century there were nearly 6,000 Levantines of Italian roots in Izmir. [8] They came mainly from the nearby Genoese island of Chios in the Aegean Sea . [9]

The community had more than 15,000 members during Atatürk 's presidency in the 1920s and 1930s, but today is reduced to only a few hundreds, according to Italian Levantine writer Giovanni Scognamillo . [10]

They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in the districts of Karaköy , Beyoğlu and Nişantaşı ), and Izmir (mostly in the districts of Karşıyaka , Bornova and Buca .)

Most Latin Catholics in Turkey are Levantines of mainly Italian background. [ citation needed ] The largest Catholic church in Turkey is the Church of St. Anthony of Padua on İstiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu (Pera) district of Istanbul, which was constructed between 1906 and 1912 by the Italian Levantine community.

They have been influential in creating and reviving a tradition of opera . [11] Famous people of the present-day Levantine community in Turkey include Maria Rita Epik, Franco-Levantine Caroline Giraud Koç and Italo-Levantine Giovanni Scognamillo . Most of Turkey's small Roman Catholic community are Levantines.

Famous people of the Italian Levantine community in Turkey include:

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