Latin American

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"Latinoamérica" redirects here. For Latin American, see Latin American . For the song, see Latinoamérica (song) .
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45.6% Mestizo (mixed white and indigenous) 26.6% White 11.4% Indigenous 6.5% Black 6.3% Mulatto (mixed black and white) 3.0% Other 0.5% Asian
  Government under traditional Spanish law
  Loyal to Supreme Central Junta or Cortes
  American junta or insurrection movement
  Independent state declared or established
  Height of French control of the Peninsula
Further information: Latin Americans
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This section is an excerpt from HIV/AIDS in Latin America . [ edit ]

^ Jump up to: a b In the main Latin American languages:
Spanish: Latinoamérica or América Latina
French: Amérique Latine
Portuguese: América Latina

^ Includes the population estimates for South American and Central American countries excluding Belize, Guyana, the United States, and Spanish and French speaking Caribbean countries and territories, as listed under " Sub-regions and countries "

^ Not including Anglophone or Dutch-speaking countries, such as Belize , Guyana , Jamaica , Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago ; see Contemporary definitions section



^ Jump up to: a b "World Development Indicators: Rural environment and land use" . World Development Indicators, The World Bank . World Bank . Retrieved September 12, 2013 .

^ Jump up to: a b c " " World Population prospects – Population division " " . population.un.org . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved November 9, 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b c " " Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (xslx) . population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved November 9, 2019 .

^ Religion affiliation in Latin America as of 2018, by type

^ Jump up to: a b "Global Metro Monitor 2014" . Brookings Institution . Retrieved January 22, 2015 .

^ Geography Department at Loughborough University, The World According to GaWC 2012 , Table 4

^ Dressing, J. David. "Latin America" in The Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture", vol. 3, p. 390. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.

^ Jump up to: a b Bilbao, Francisco (June 22, 1856). "Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas" (in Spanish). París . Retrieved July 16, 2017 – via Proyecto Filosofía en español.

^ Jump up to: a b John A. Britton (2013). Cables, Crises, and the Press: The Geopolitics of the New Information System in the Americas, 1866–1903 . pp. 16–18. ISBN 9780826353986 .

^ "Population of Latin America and the Caribbean (2020) – Worldometer" . worldometers.info . Retrieved March 3, 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b "GDP Current and PPP estimates for 2019" . IMF. 2019 . Retrieved February 10, 2020 .

^ "World Economic Outlook Database October 2019" . www.imf.org . Retrieved August 9, 2020 .

^ Meade, Teresa A. (2016). History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-118-77248-5 .

^ Mignolo, Walter (2005). The Idea of Latin America . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 77–80. ISBN 978-1-4051-0086-1 .

^ John Leddy Phelan, "Pan-Latinism, French Intervention in Mexico (1861–1867) and the Genesis of the Idea of Latin America," in Juan A. Ortega y Medina, ed., Conciencia y autenticidad histo´ricas: Escritos en homenaje a Edmundo O’Gorman (Mexico City, 1968), 279–298.

^ McGuiness, Aims (2003). "Searching for 'Latin America': Race and Sovereignty in the Americas in the 1850s" in Appelbaum, Nancy P. et al. (eds.). Race and Nation in Modern Latin America . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 87–107. ISBN 978-0-8078-5441-9

^ Ardao, Arturo (1980). Genesis de la idea y el nombre de América Latina (PDF) . Caracas, Venezuela: Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos Rómulo Gallegos.

^ Rojas Mix, Miguel (1986). "Bilbao y el hallazgo de América latina: Unión continental, socialista y libertaria…". Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien . 46 (1): 35–47. doi : 10.3406/carav.1986.2261 .

^ Gobat, Michel (December 1, 2013). "The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy, and Race" . The American Historical Review . 118 (5): 1345–1375. doi : 10.1093/ahr/118.5.1345 . ISSN 0002-8762 . S2CID 163918139 .

^ Edward, Shawcross (February 6, 2018). France, Mexico and informal empire in Latin America, 1820–1867 : equilibrium in the New World . Cham, Switzerland. p. 120. ISBN 9783319704647 . OCLC 1022266228 .

^ Gutierrez, Ramon A. (2016). "What's in a Name?" . In Gutierrez, Ramon A.; Almaguer, Tomas (eds.). The New Latino Studies Reader: A Twenty-First-Century Perspective . Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-520-28484-5 . OCLC 1043876740 . The word latinoamericano emerged in the years following the wars of independence in Spain's former colonies [...] By the late 1850s, californios were writing in newspapers about their membership in América latina (Latin America) and latinoamerica , calling themselves latinos as the shortened name for their hemispheric membership in la raza latina (the Latin race). Reprinting an 1858 opinion piece by a correspondent in Havana on race relations in the Americas, El Clamor Publico of Los Angeles surmised that 'two rival races are competing with each other ... the Anglo Saxon and the Latin one [ la raza latina ].'

^ " América latina o Sudamérica? , por Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira, Clarín, 16 de mayo de 2005" . Clarin.com. May 16, 2005 . Retrieved April 23, 2013 .

^ José María Torres Caicedo (September 26, 1856). "Las dos Américas" (in Spanish). Venice . Retrieved April 23, 2013 – via Proyecto Filosofía en español.

^ Bilbao, Francisco. "Emancipación del espíritu de América" . Francisco Bilbao Barquín, 1823–1865, Chile . Retrieved July 16, 2017 .

^ Chasteen, John Charles (2001). "6. Progress" . Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America . W. W. Norton & Company . p. 156. ISBN 978-0-393-97613-7 . Retrieved July 4, 2010 .

^ Phelan, J.L. (1968). Pan-latinisms, French Intervention in Mexico (1861–1867) and the Genesis of the Idea of Latin America . Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autonónoma de México.

^ RAE (2005). Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas . Madrid: Santillana Educación. ISBN 8429406239 .

^ Rangel, Carlos (1977). The Latin Americans: Their Love-Hate Relationship with the United States . New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-15-148795-0 . Skidmore, Thomas E.; Peter H. Smith (2005). Modern Latin America (6th ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–10 . ISBN 978-0-19-517013-9 .

^ Jump up to: a b Torres, George (2013). Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music . ABC-CLIO. p. xvii. ISBN 9780313087943 .

^ Butland, Gilbert J. (1960). Latin America: A Regional Geography . New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 115–188. ISBN 978-0-470-12658-5 . Dozer, Donald Marquand (1962). Latin America: An Interpretive History . New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1–15. ISBN 0-87918-049-8 . Szulc, Tad (1965). Latin America . New York Times Company. pp. 13–17. ISBN 0-689-10266-6 . Olien, Michael D. (1973). Latin Americans: Contemporary Peoples and Their Cultural Traditions . New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 1–5 . ISBN 978-0-03-086251-9 . Black, Jan Knippers, ed. (1984). Latin America: Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction . Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 362–378. ISBN 978-0-86531-213-5 . Burns, E. Bradford (1986). Latin America: A Concise Interpretive History (4th ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. 224–227 . ISBN 978-0-13-524356-5 . Skidmore, Thomas E.; Peter H. Smith (2005). Modern Latin America (6th ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 351–355 . ISBN 978-0-19-517013-9 .

^ Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings , UN Statistics Division. Accessed on line May 23, 2009. ( French )

^ Latin America and the Caribbean . The World Bank . Retrieved July 17, 2009.

^ "Country Directory. Latin American Network Information Center-University of Texas at Austin" . Lanic.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014 . Retrieved December 9, 2013 .

^ Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, Latin America: The Allure and Power of an Idea . Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2017, 1, 3.

^ Francisco Bilbao, La América en peligro , Buenos Aires: Impr. de Berheim y Boeno 1862, 14, 23, quoted in Tenorio-Trillo, Latin America , p. 5.

^ Gongóra, Alvaro; de la Taille, Alexandrine; Vial, Gonzalo . Jaime Eyzaguirre en su tiempo (in Spanish). Zig-Zag. p. 223.

^ María Alejandra Acosta Garcia; Sheridan González; Ma. de Lourdes Romero; Luis Reza; Araceli Salinas (June 2011). "Three". Geografía, Quinto Grado [Geography, Fifth Grade] (Second ed.). Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública [Secretariat of Public Education]. pp. 75–83 – via Comisión Nacional de Libros de Texto Gratuitos (CONALITEG).

^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics" . unstats.un.org . Retrieved July 18, 2021 .

^ Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017 , INSEE

^ Lockhart, James and Stuart B. Schwartz, Early Latin America . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1982, 31-60

^ Brading, D.A., The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991

^ MacLeod, Murdo J. "Indigenismo" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 3, pp. 267-269. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.

^ Cañeque, Alejandro. The King’s Living Image. New York: Routledge 2004

^ Kuethe, Allan J. "Bourbon Reforms" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 1, 399-401

^ Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, 181-83, 369-371

^ Nizza de Silva, Maria Beatriz, "Pombaline Reforms" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 4, 428

^ Bushnell, Robert and Neil Macaulay. The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century . New York: Oxford University Press 1988, 146-7

^ Jump up to: a b c World Heritage List , UNESCO World Heritage Sites official sites.

^ Stein, Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein, The Colonial Heritage of Latin America . Oxford: Oxford University Press 1970

^ Halperin Donghi, Tulio, The Contemporary History of Latin America . Durham: Duke University Press 1993, 1-42

^ Adelman, Jeremy, ed. Colonial Legacies: The Problem of Persistence in Latin American History . New York: Routledge 1999

^ Frei, Cheryl Jiménez. "Columbus, Juana, and the Politics of the Plaza: Battles over Monuments, Memory and Identity in Buenos Aires," Journal of Latin American Studies , vol. 51, (3) August 2019, pp. 607–638.

^ Knight, Franklin W. "Origins of Wealth and the Sugar Revolution in Cuba, 1750-1859". Hispanic American Historical Review 57 (May 1977), 231-53.

^ MacLeod, Murdo J. "The Haitian Revolution" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 164-66

^ Hamnett, Brian R. The End of Iberian Rule on the American Continent, 1770-1830 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2017, 72-144

^ Rodríguez O., Jaime. The Independence of Spanish America . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998, 75-106

^ Rodríguez O., The Independence of Spanish America , 205-237

^ Hamnett, The End of Iberian Rule , 209-234.

^ Hamnett, The End of Iberian Rule , 254-64

^ Diégues 2004, pp. 179–180

^ Lustosa, p. 208

^ Smith, Peter H. Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective . New York: Oxford University Press 2005. pp. 20–22

^ Mecham, J. Lloyd. Church and State in Latin America: A History of Politico-Ecclesiastical Relations , revised edition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1966, 60-87

^ Mecham, Church and State , 268-69; 275-77

^ Galasso, N. (2011). Historia de la Argentina (Vol. 1).

^ Hudson, R., & Meditz, S. (1990). Uruguay: A Country Study .

^ Ibidem Fausto 1999, pages 82–83

^ Lyra (v.1), p. 17

^ Carvalho 2007, p. 21

^ Ibidem Fausto 1999, Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3

^ Ibidem Fausto 1999

^ Bethell, Leslie The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade , Cambridge University Press 1970, Cambridge Latin American Studies, Chapters 9 to 12. View on Google Books

^ Scott, Rebecca and others, The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil , Duke University Press 1988 ISBN 0822308886 Seymour Drescher , Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective"

^ Smallman; Shall C. Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society , University of North Carolina Press 2002 ISBN 0-8078-5359-3 Chapter 1, "The Overthrow of the Empire," pp. 16–18

^ Salvucci, Linda K. “Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)”. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture (1996), vol. 1, 12-13

^ Leonard, Thomas M. “Monroe Doctrine”. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture (1996), vol. 4, 97-98

^ Engerman, Stanley L., and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. "History Lessons: Institutions, Factors Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World." The Journal of Economic Perspectives Vol. 14(3) pp. 217–232 (2000): pp. 217–232. Print. 219

^ "Latin American History from 1800 to 1914." Woodville. Colegio Woodville, n.d. Web. October 24, 2013. [1] . 1–3

^ "Latin American History from 1800 to 1914." Woodville. Colegio Woodville, n.d. Web. October 24, 2013. [2] . 1

^ Donghi, T. (1970). Historia contemporánea de América Latina (2. ed.). Madrid: Alianza Editorial. 148–149

^ Racine, K. (Aug 2010). "This England and This Now: British Cultural and Intellectual Influence in the Spanish American Independence Era." Hispanic American Historical Review , Vol. 90(Issue 3), p423–454.

^ "Latin American History from 1800 to 1914." Woodville. Colegio Woodville, n.d. Web. October 24, 2013. [3] . 2

^ Leonard, Thomas M. “Ostend Manifesto” in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture (1996), vol. 4, 250

^ May, Robert E. "William Walker". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, 436-37

^ Sater, William F. “War of the Pacific”. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 5, 438-441

^ Reber, Vera Blinn “War of the Triple Alliance”. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 5, 443-446

^ Foner, Philip S. (1989). Antonio Maceo: The "Bronze Titan" of Cuba's Struggle for Independence . NYU Press. pp. 20–21.

^ "Victimario Histórico Militar" .

^ Gruhl, Werner (2007). Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931 – 1945 . Transaction Publishers. p. 181. ISBN 9780765803528 .

^ American press voices cited in Blassingame (1969), p. 29.

^ Katz, Friedrich . The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981.

^ Grieb, Kenneth J. "Zimmerman Telegram". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, 503

^ Jump up to: a b Grieb, Kenneth J. "World War I". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, 472

^ "History of Latin America". Encyclopædia Britannica .

^ Kiernan, James Patrick, “Havana Conference (1928)”. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 4, 270.

^ Langley, Lester D. ”Good Neighbor Policy”, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 3, 89-90

^ Wilson, Larman C. “Montevideo Conference (1933)”. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 4, 271

^ Wilson, Larman C. “Buenos Aires Conference (1936)”. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 4, 270.

^ Kiernan, James Patrick. “Panama Conference (1939)”. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 4, 271-72

^ Luster, Lesley R. “Rio Conference (1942)”. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, v. 4, 272.

^
Friedman, Max Paul. Nazis and good neighbors: the United States campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II . Cambridge Univ. Press 2005.

^ Penteado, Carlos Joes A. "Hyper War: The Brazilian Participation in World War II" . Retrieved May 24, 2012 .

^ KLEIN, CHRISTOPHER. "How South America Became a Nazi Haven" .

^ "Health in Latin America and the Caribbean" (PDF) . Center for Strategic and International Studies . Retrieved May 22, 2012 .

^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Potrero del Llano (steam tanker)" . German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net . Retrieved May 29, 2019 .

^ Lars Schoultz (2014). National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America . p. 175. ISBN 9781400858491 .

^ Klemen, L. "201st Mexican Fighter Squadron" . The Netherlands East Indies 1941–1942 . 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron

^ Navarro, Armando, Mexicano political experience in occupied Aztlán (2005)

^ Cline, Howard F. The United States and Mexico , revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press, 1962, 184.

^ Pruitt, Sarah (September 24, 2018). "The Surprising Role Mexico Played in World War II" . History.com . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved May 30, 2019 .

^ Cline, The United States and Mexico 1962, 286.

^ Frank Argote-Freyre. Fulgencio Batista: Volume 1, From Revolutionary to Strongman . Rutgers University Press , New Jersey.

^ "U.S. Policy During the Holocaust: The
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