Latin Alphabet In Kazakhstan

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NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan reaffirmed its plans to transition to a Latin-based Kazakh alphabet, as the national commission that gathered Jan. 28 presented a new version of the Kazakh alphabet. 
During the meeting. Photo credit: primeminister.kz.
While the country plans to celebrate the 30th anniversary of its independence this year, the announcement comes as a step forward in its broader plan to reform the language. The country’s linguists have repeatedly spoken about the need to transition to Latin since the country gained independence in 1991. 
Kazakh is a Turkic language that has its own hissing syllables as well as distinct Kazakh vowels. The new alphabet consists of 31 letters including all 28 Kazakh sounds and incorporates diacritic symbols, such as the macron ( ˉ ), umlaut ( ̈ ), brevis ( ̌ ) and cedille ( ̧) to represent specific Kazakh vowels, such as ә (ä), ө (ö), ү (ü), ұ (ū) и ғ (ğ), ш (ş).  
The new version of the alphabet. Photo credit: primeminister.kz
Before the new version, there were several others presented to the public. One of them was an apostrophe alphabet that used apostrophes, but it spurred heated public discussions and criticisms, including from Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, back then. 
“Developing a new alphabet is not an easy task. The new alphabet cannot be developed in one day or even in one year. This is not just a transition from Cyrillic to Latin script, this is a large-scale reform of the Kazakh language. (…) The Latin script should be introduced gradually,” said Tokayev at the meeting with the commission in November 2020. 
Keyboard design for the Latin-based Kazakh alphabet. Photo credit: primeminister.kz
The previous deadline for the transition was 2025, but the Kazakh government now plans to conduct a phased transition from 2023 to 2031. 
But despite the lack of a final version, many companies were quick to change their names to a Latin script.
According to Anar Fazylzhanova, director of the Akhmet Baitursynov Institute of Linguistics and member of the national commission, the new alphabet is convenient and easy to comprehend for the population and should not cause confusion and discomfort adapting to it.
“The experience of other countries following a similar path has shown that there could be linguistic discomfort, but I am sure that it does not risk our population because the transition to Latin script was carried out very gradually and smoothly, very slowly, in fact, this issue was broadly discussed since the end of the last century. The population is quite ready for it,” said Fazylzhanova in an interview for this story. 
She also said that the Latin and Cyrillic scripts are homogenous. 
“If we look closely, all their letters are similar, therefore the new alphabet will not be visually completely different,” she said.
“We know from history that at the beginning of the 20th century, transitioning to Latin script, Turkey did the impossible. They changed the alphabet from Arabic to Latin, and as we know these are completely different graphic systems. But here they are similar,” she added. 
Transitioning to a Latin script will strengthen the Kazakh language, bring back original spelling norms and integrate it better in a global cultural context. 
“It (new alphabet) is convenient because it allows, on one hand, to adapt influence from foreign languages, and write them according to the Kazakh spelling rules and, on the other side, keep their original graphic image,” said the professor.  
It is not the first time that the Kazakh language has switched scripts. Before transitioning to the Latin alphabet in the early 1920s, the Kazakh language was transcribed in Arabic script. In 1940, however, along with other Turkic-speaking constituent republics of the Soviet Union, the country was ordered to adopt a version of Cyrillic, which due to incorporating Kazakh-specific hissing syllables and distinct vowels contains 42 letters.
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Kazakh has been written in a Cyrillic script since 1940, but government officials have long pushed for a gradual shift to a Latin alphabet.
This week, Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with officials responsible for shepherding the Kazakh language from its present Cyrillic script into a Latin alphabet. As reported by RFE/RL , Tokayev asked “Culture Minister Aqtoty Raiymqulova and Education Minister Askhat Aimaghambetov to work with experts on the alphabet and present their work to a national commission working on the issue.”
In Kazakhstan, the matter of how the nation’s language is written has historical, cultural, and practical dimensions. Through time, the Kazakh language has undergone various transformations often occurring aside political changes. The language itself belongs to a branch of the larger Turkic language tree and is spoken by Kazakhs in Central Asia, China, Afghanistan, and Iran, in addition to some of the global Kazakh diaspora.
In China, in Xinjiang’s Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, ethnic Kazakhs continue to use the Arabic script that had been in use for nearly a thousand years in the region. In 1929, the Soviet Union introduced a Latin alphabet to replace the Arabic scripts used for various Central Asian languages. In 1940, the alphabet was again changed, this time to Cyrillic. 
In October 2006 , Kazakh President Nurusltan Nazarbayev floated the idea of adopting a Latin alphabet for the Kazakh language. At the time, he stressed that such a change shouldn’t be made hastily and by December 2017, Nazarbayev pumped the brakes further, reportedly saying , “For 70 years the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation.”
The issue never quite disappeared, with various officials over the years noting that the culture and education ministries were working on it and in no rush.
In April 2017 , Nazarbayev injected new urgency into the process with an order that a Latin-based alphabet be settled by the end of the year. In 2012, the Nazarbayev government had unveiled a development strategy — Kazakhstan 2050 — and within the context of that plan, he had envisioned a full switch to a Latin-based alphabet by 2025. 
By July 2017 , Kazakh officials were working toward Nazarbayev’s year-end goal. As Eurasianet outlined a few years ago, “Initially, lawmakers were asked to consider the merits of a 25-character alphabet, which would have represented a colossal shift away from the 42-letter Cyrillic alphabet now in use.” But in October 2017, Nazarbayev signed a decree to transfer the Kazakh language to a 32-letter Latin version that was littered with apostrophes . 
Get briefed on the story of the week, and developing stories to watch across the Asia-Pacific.
In a January 2018 article, Diana T. Kudaibergenova outlined the discussions sparked by the alphabet shift: “Debates over the new Kazakh Latin alphabet have united Kazakh- and Russian-speaking communities, both of which have taken to the web to criticize what they consider an inappropriate alphabet,” she wrote for Voices on Central Asia.
Kudaibergenova noted that in December 2017, “a number of well-known Kazakh-speaking academics and professors” penned a letter to Nazarbayev “asking him to prevent the transition to the ‘apostrophe’ alphabet.” In addition, then Senate Chairman Tokayev “announced in the Parliament that it was too early to talk about using the ‘apostrophe’ version of the new Kazakh alphabet, indicating that the committee was discussing a newer and more appropriate version of the alphabet.”
The furor over the apostrophe version led Nazarbayev to sign a decree in February 2018 that it be replaced with yet another new version , which substituted diacritical marks for apostrophes.
The new alphabet did not quite take off. A February 2019 TRT World article noted that “[In September 2018], Kazakh universities and schools started pilot studies in the new alphabet, and as of 2019 it will be taught in kindergartens and primary schools.” 
But 2019 held its own diverting surprises. In March 2019, Nazarabyev resigned . While he remains forevermore “First President” and retains significant power and influence in the state, Kazakhstan soon had a new president: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. By July, as Eurasianet reported, the intended 2025 deadline to switch was said to be shifting toward 2035 instead. Toward the end of 2019, a fourth Latin version of the Kazakh alphabet had been proposed.
In January 2020 , while meeting with the National Council of Public Trust to introduce his reform program, Tokayev noted transitioning to a Latin alphabet as a key domestic reform.
Tokayev’s meeting this week seems to put the transition back on Nazarbayev’s envisioned schedule, but it remains be seen whether this version will gain acceptance.
Kazakhstan is not the only country in the region to consider switching alphabets. Neighboring Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan made the switch to Latin alphabets in the mid-1990s. 
In this piece, I’ve charted the recent history regarding the implementation of a Latin-based alphabet in Kazakhstan, but as I noted at the start there are important cultural dimensions, too. There are questions of practicality and geopolitics, also, which deserve explaining and exploring. Kudaibergenova’s 2018 article remains relevant in discussing many of these dynamics; for example this passage in particular strikes a chord:
The transfer to the Latin alphabet bares the identity problems that this Soviet legacy leaves to bilingual Kazakhs, non-Kazakh-speaking Kazakhs, children of mixed ethnic background, and those young people who, regardless of their ethnicity, speak a foreign language (not Russian, but English) better than Kazakh… All in all, the new alphabet inevitably directs attention to the legacies of the Soviet Union, unsolved problems of socio-linguistic and cultural-linguistic identification, and failed policies to promote Kazakh in an original or exciting way rather than forcing it on a complex milieu of Russian-speakers.
The news that Tokayev is urging along the switch will invariably resurface the trends that Kudaibergenova referenced.

https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/
https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/kazakhstan-still-on-the-long-road-to-a-latin-alphabet/
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