Latin Abbreviations In English

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For shorthand marks in Latin inscription and manuscripts, see Scribal abbreviation .

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This is a list of common Latin abbreviations . Nearly all the abbreviations below have been adopted by Modern English . However, with some exceptions (for example, versus or modus operandi ), most of the Latin referent words and phrases are perceived as foreign to English. In a few cases, English referents have replaced the original Latin ones (e.g., " rest in peace " for RIP and " postscript " for PS).

Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe. From the 18th century, authors started using their mother tongues to write books, papers or proceedings. Even when Latin fell out of use, many Latin abbreviations continued to be used due to their precise simplicity and Latin's status as a learned language. [ citation needed ]

All abbreviations are given with full stops , although, in most situations, these are omitted or included as a personal preference.

Words and abbreviations that have been in general use, but are currently used less often.

Used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars . The A.D. or the Christian calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth , with A.D. counting years after the start of this epoch , and B.C. counting years before the start of the epoch. Example: "The United States Civil War began in A.D. 1861."

Used in business organizational charts

Used on the twelve-hour clock to indicate times during the morning. Example: "We will meet the mayor at 10:00 a.m. " (10:00 in 24-hour clock)

"around", "about", "approximately" [2] [3]

Used with dates to indicate "approximately". Example: "The antique clock is from ca. 1900."

Used before a chapter number of laws of the United Kingdom [4] and its former colonies . Example: "Electronic Transactions Ordinance ( Cap. 553)."

"bring together" and hence "compare"

Confer is an imperative form of the Latin verb conferre . [3] Used interchangeably with "cp." in citations indicating the reader should compare a statement with that from the cited source. It is also widely used as an abbreviation for " see ", although some styles recommend against such use. Example: "These results were similar to those obtained using different techniques ( cf. Wilson, 1999 and Ansmann, 1992)."

Commonly used in economics, ceteris paribus allows for supply and demand models to reflect specific variables. If one assumes that the only thing changing is, say, the price of wheat, then demand and supply will both be affected appropriately. While this is simplification of actual dynamic market models, it makes learning economic theory easier.

A document containing a summary or listing of relevant job experience and education. The exact usage of the term varies between British English and American English. The singular form is never vita . Curriculum is already singular, vitae is genitive from vita , i.e., "of life", despite the plural-appearing vitae modifier. The true plural is curricula vitarum .

cwt. uses a mixture of Latin and English abbreviation.

A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British and Canadian coins.

See id. below. Eadem is pronounced with stress on the first e .

"and others", "and co-workers", [1] "and other things", "and other places"

Example: "These results agree with the ones published by Pelon et al. (2002)." Et al. should be preferred over etc. to refer to people.

"and the others", "and other things", "and the rest" [1]

Other archaic abbreviations include "&c.", "&/c.", "&e.", "&ct.", and "&ca." Example: "I need to go to the store and buy some pie, milk, cheese, etc. " Because cetera implies inanimate objects, et al. is preferred when speaking of people.

Introduces an example (as opposed to an explanation): "The shipping company instituted a surcharge on any items weighing over a ton; e.g. , a car or truck."

Used similarly to "retroactive". Example: "The sentiment that ex post facto laws are against natural right is so strong in the United States, that few, if any, of the State constitutions have failed to proscribe them." — Thomas Jefferson , Letter to Isaac McPherson, August 13, 1813

Followed by the dates during which the person, usually famous, was active and productive in his/her profession. Typically used when the person's dates of birth and death are unknown. [1]

This abbreviation is used in citations to indicate an unspecified number of pages following the specified page. Example: "see page 258 ff. "

"in the same place" (book, etc.)" [1]

The abbreviation is used in citations. Not to be confused with id.

It is used to avoid repeating the name of a male author (in citations, footnotes, bibliographies, etc.) When quoting a female author, use the corresponding feminine form, ead. ( eadem ), "the same" (woman).

Example: "Ernest Hemingway—author ( I.A. 'The Sun Also Rises') and friend."

Introduces an explanation (as opposed to an example): "For reasons not fully understood there is only a minor PSI contribution to the variable fluorescence emission of chloroplasts (Dau, 1994), i.e. , the PSI fluorescence appears to be independent from the state of its reaction centre (Butler, 1978)." See also the note for sc.

Used to indicate the pound (unit of mass). [1]

The "LL." of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum (singular: lex or legis , for law), thus "LL.B." stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin. In the United States it was sometimes erroneously called "Bachelor of Legal Letters" to account for the double "L" (and therefore sometimes abbreviated as "L.L.B.").

A postgraduate academic master degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is typically studied for in fine art, humanities, social science or theology and can be either fully taught, research-based, or a combination of the two.

Can refer to one's body of business practices. Also, in criminology , to refer to a criminal's method of operation.

nota bene (singular), notate bene (plural)

Some people use "Note" for the same purpose. [1] Usually written with majuscule (upper case, or capital) letters. Example: " N.B. : All the measurements have an accuracy of within 5% as they were calibrated according to the procedure described by Jackson (1989)."

The meaning is distinct from "unanimously"; "nem. con." simply means that nobody voted against. Thus there may have been abstentions from the vote. [ citation needed ]

Means in the same article, book or other reference work as was mentioned before. It is most often used in citations in a similar way to "ibid", though "ibid" would usually be followed by a page number .

Used in historical research where spellings of names varied, such as genealogy tables and ancestry charts. Such as when MacDonald, Macdonald, and McDonald are used by different members of the same family, or even by the same person at different times (before spellings were standardized). See also: Orthographical variant

Is used in the sense of "yearly". [1]

Commonly "percent" in American English . [5]

Used on the twelve-hour clock to indicate times during the afternoon. Example: "We will meet the mayor at 2:00 p.m. " (14:00 in 24-hour clock)

As used in standard medical jargon, P.R.N. is understood to mean "as needed". This reading of the abbreviation implies that the delivery of the prescription (by a suitable person, following a medications protocol) is done in a reactive, passive way, e.g., "when that happens, do this". A more literal translation of the Latin is "before a thing is born", which is an instruction to act pro-actively, e.g., "before that happens, do this". A P.R.N. medication delivery is therefore properly done when a physician judges that it should be done, in order to prevent a specified problem from occurring. Oversimplifying, a patient's breakfast could be written as a P.R.N. prescription: give this breakfast to that patient, to prevent that patient from experiencing hunger.

"for the time being", "temporarily", "in place of"

"after what has been written", " postscript "

Used to indicate additions to a text after the signature of a letter. Example (in a letter format): "Sincerely, John Smith. P.S. Tell mother I say hello!"

Used to indicate additions after a postscript. Sometimes extended to comical length with P.P.P.S. , P.P.P.P.S. , and so on.

Used on prescriptions to indicate the medicine should be taken daily.

"that which was to be demonstrated" [1]

Cited in many texts at the end of a mathematical proof . Example: "At the end of the long proof, the professor exclaimed ' Q.E.D '!"

Imperative, [1] used after a term or phrase that should be looked up elsewhere in the current document or book. For more than one term or phrase, the plural qq.v. is used.

Often used to prefix the subject of traditional letters and memoranda . However, when used in an e-mail subject , there is evidence that it functions as an abbreviation of "reply" rather than the word meaning "in the matter of". Nominative case singular 'res' is the Latin equivalent of 'thing'; singular 're' is the ablative case required by 'in'. Some people believe that it is short for 'regarding', especially if it is followed by a colon (i.e., "Re:").

A part of the monarch's title. It is found on all British coins minted during the reign of a monarch who is a queen. Rex , "king" (not an abbreviation) is used when the reigning monarch is a king.

Often abbreviated as "r." followed by the dates during which the king or queen reigned/ruled, as opposed to the monarch's dates of birth and death. Often used parenthetically after the monarch's name.

requiescat in pace, requiescant in pace

"may he/she rest in peace ", "may they rest in peace"

Used as a short prayer for a dead person, frequently found on tombstones . Some people believe that it stands for rest in peace . Example: " R.I.P. , good grandmother."

"in a relaxed, generous (or 'ample') sense"

"it is permitted to know", "one may know", "to wit"

Sc. provides a parenthetic clarification, removes an ambiguity, or supplies a word omitted in preceding text, while viz. is usually used to elaborate or detail text which precedes it. Sc. and viz. are not to be confused with i.e. ( id est ), equivalent to "that is". Their meanings are similar, but there is a distinction which should be observed: sc. and viz. introduce a clarification, while i.e. introduces an equivalence.

Example: " New Age s.l. has a strong American flavor influenced by Californian counterculture."

Example: " New Age s.s. refers to a spectrum of alternative communities in Europe and the United States in the 1970s."

"if there is need", "if occasion require", "if necessary" [6]

A prescription indication that the drug is to be administered only once.

Often used when citing text, especially if the cited work has mistakes, to show that the mistake was in the original work and is not a misquote. Sic is often (mis)used as a sign of surprise or incredulity, or maliciously, to draw attention to an author's mistake.

Often used in medical contexts. Example: "That patient needs attention, stat. !"

"namely", "to wit", "precisely", "that is to say" [1]

In contradistinction to "i.e." and "e.g.", "viz." is used to indicate a detailed description of something stated before, and when it precedes a list of group members, it implies (near) completeness. Example: "The noble gases, viz. helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton and radon, show a non-expected behaviour when exposed to this new element." See also sc.

Sometimes is not abbreviated. Example: "The next football game will be the Knights vs. the Sea Eagles." English law uses v without a full stop (period), never vs , and is read as against (in criminal cases) or and (in civil cases); for example, "R[egina] v Gadd" (a criminal case) is read as "The Crown against Gadd." In Scots Law, the v is read "against"; for example, "Donoghue v Stevenson" is pronounced "Donoghue against Stevenson." US law uses v. with a full stop (period), and is typically read as "v" or "versus".

An undergraduate bachelor's degree awarded for either a course or a program in the liberal arts or the sciences, or both.

"B.C." is commonly used in English instead to convey this meaning.

Example: "She drew this artwork ad. nat. delt. "

The year of Christ the Savior, similar to A.D.

ab Urbe condita , anno Urbis conditae

"from the foundation of the City " [1]

Refers to the founding of Rome , which occurred in 753 BC according to Livy 's count. Used as a reference point in ancient Rome for establishing dates, before being supplanted by other systems. Also anno Urbis conditae (a.U.c.) ("in the year that the City [Rome] was founded"). For example, the year 2007 AD is the year 2761 ab Urbe condita (753 + 1 + 2007 = 2761); though, rigorously speaking, the year a.U.c. begins on April 21, the birthday of Rome (i.e., the day that Romulus was traditionally believed to have founded the Eternal City). (The reason for adding 1 to 753 is that the Romans counted dates "inclusively," i.e., including both the first and the last day or year in the count.)

Usually found in medical shorthand.

Abbreviation for Citizens (plural of citizen ). Usually found in legal documents in Civil law countries.

"Doctor of Literature" or " Doctor of Letters " [5]

"Died without issue" (used in genealogy) [5] [7]

"and the words, pages, etc. that follow"

Used when referring the reader to a passage beginning in a certain place, and continuing, e.g., "p.6 et seqq." means "page 6 and the pages that follow". Use et seqq. or et sequa. if "the following" is plural.

This is a mixture of Latin and English abbreviations.

A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins.

In Nomine Dei/Domini Filii Spiritus Sancti Amen

"In the name of the Lord, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, Amen" [8]

"in a letter" or other documented correspondence

Among other people, or among other legal entities.

" Doctor of Literature " or "Doctor of Letters" [5]

"having changed what needs to be changed", "once the necessary changes have been made"

Used in many countries to acknowledge that a comparison being made requires certain obvious alterations, which are left unstated. It is not to be confused with the similar ceteris paribus , which excludes any changes other than those explicitly mentioned.

Used as a placeholder for unknown names in, I.A., the Book of Common Prayer .

Used in Latin descriptions of organisms, particularly plants, to indicate that a name is due to the author or authors.

Used in vision correction prescriptions.

Used on sepulchers and gravestones.

Used in vision correction prescriptions.

Used in vision correction prescriptions.

After constructing something, normally to show its existence.

Usually at the end of mathematical proofs.

Usually found in medical shorthand.

Sometimes abbreviated scil. It is equivalent to the English phrase "to wit" and has virtually the same meaning as videlicet (literally, "one may see"), which is usually abbreviated as viz. These expressions are not to be confused with i.e. ( id est ), equivalent to "that is". Their meanings are similar, but there is a distinction which should be observed: sc. and viz. introduce a clarification; i.e. ( id est , "that is") introduces an equivalence.

Used in several related senses such as "in the sense of" or "in accordance with". For example, in taxonomy " ...sec. Smith..." typically would mean something like: "...in accordance with the ideas of Smith in this matter..."

Example: Areia S.P.D. Apollonio. ("Areia sends many greetings to Apollonius.") [10]

Same as ff , used for an unspecified number of pages following the one cited.

Used in abbreviations in "S.S.Theol.Doct." ( Doctor of Theology ) and in "S.S.Theol.Studiosus" ("student of theology").

Used in editing to indicate that something should remain as it is, and not be changed.

"May the earth rest lightly on you."

Was used in similar manner to R.I.P.

"If you are well, it is good. I am well."

Among the Romans, this was a traditional salutation at the beginning of a letter.


Here are seven Latin abbreviations that you have certainly seen and probably know because we use these ones all the time. Their full forms and meanings are given below.

A.M., P.M. / B.A., B.Sc. / e.g., i.e. / P.S.


Many Latin abbreviations are still used in English today, though usually in writing. This page lists some of the more common Latin abbreviations, with meanings and explanations. Although you may not need to use Latin abbreviations yourself, it's useful to be able to recognise them.
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