Latin 1 Characters

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This document describes the ISO Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) characters in detail from a practical point of view, with usage notes. The notes are largely based on the Unicode standard. One of the purposes is to remove common misconceptions and uncertainty as regards to meanings of characters. Too often people base their conceptions on some visible form (glyph) of a character and may therefore identify e.g. German sharp s with Greek letter beta!
For basic concepts and terms on character sets, please refer to A tutorial on character code issues by the same author. See also information about other ISO 8859 character sets.
For the different methods of presenting ISO Latin 1 characters in HTML documents, please consult e.g. Table of Character Entities for ISO Latin-1. For additional historical notes on some of the characters, see Character histories.
See also Unicode charts in PDF format, where the ISO Latin 1 characters appear in blocks Basic Latin (= Ascii) and Latin 1 Supplement.
The following table summarizes ISO Latin 1, with links to descriptions of characters. Each cell in following table contains a character which acts as a link to a description of the character. If your browser shows links underlined, the presentation probably looks a bit messy; notice that on most browsers, the underlining can be turned off from the browser settings.
The upper half (six first rows) of the table contains the printable ASCII characters. Even for this well-established character repertoire, some characters might be different on different devices (in addition to the normal, expectable variation in glyph design).
See the detailed descriptions of the characters below for reliable information about each character.
The following table contains all ISO Latin 1 characters in code position order.
The character names used in this document are the official names as in the original (1987) version of the ISO 8859-1 standard, eventually with the official (primary) Unicode (from version 2.0 onwards) name in parentheses after it, if these names differ. The revised (1998) version of ISO 8859-1 uses the Unicode names. The following minor differences are not mentioned in the list: in Unicode,
The reference spelling of the names is in small capitals (even for the names of lowercase letters!). However, the names are regarded as case-insensitive.
This is the well-known space character, or blank. The abbreviation SP is often used for the name of the character. The ISO 8859-1 standard defines this character formally as follows:
This character may be interpreted as a graphic character, a control character or as both. As a graphic character it has the visual representation consisting of the absence of a graphic symbol.
In different programs for processing and displaying texts, spaces in data may be handled in different ways. In particular, the inter-word gaps can be of different widths in visual presentation. In the HTML language, spaces are treated as "collapsible".
This character is basically used as a punctuation character at the end of an exclamation. It is also used in mathematics to denote a factorial (as in "5!" which denotes 1×2×3×4×5). Many other special usages exist; e.g. in the C programming language, the exclamation mark denotes a "not" operator (negation)!
Other names (mentioned in the Unicode standard): factorial, bang.
This character is also used as a substitute for a similar-looking character, latin letter retroflex click (U+01C3) used in the orthography of some African languages, to denote a click sound, e.g. in the name "!Kung" (denoting a people in southern Africa). In principle the two characters are distinct, despite similarity in glyph appearance.
This punctuation character is a "symmetric" quotation mark as opposite to "smart" or "asymmetric" quotation marks. That is, when this character is used to mark quotations, the opening quote is identical with the closing quote. Its glyph should be "neutral" (vertical) to reflect this. (The Unicode standard says about the quotation mark: "neutral (vertical), used as opening or closing quotation mark".) However, the appearance varies. It is sometimes difficult to find out what really happens, since text processing programs (word processors) like MS Word typically convert a quotation mark to a different character, often to a language-specific quotation mark, perhaps to a "smart" (curved) quotation mark in English text, a guillemet (« or ») in French text, etc. Entering the ISO Latin 1 quotation mark (ASCII quotation mark) can then be difficult; you might need to use some special "Insert Symbol" function. But you should take that path if your text really contains the ISO Latin 1 quotation mark, e.g. if your text discusses C or JavaScript code or Unix commands where the that very character needs to be used. Using a "smart" (curved) quotation mark wouldn't be smart at all in such cases.
In Unicode, there are several pairs of asymmetric quotation marks, but of them, only the double angle quotation marks « and » belong to ISO Latin 1. Notice in particular that left and right double quotation marks (U+201C, U+201D) do not belong to ISO Latin 1 (although they belong to the so-called Windows character set).
The rules for using quotation marks vary greatly from one language to another and even within a language. But when ISO Latin 1 is used, there are not many choices: you have to live with " and ' and « and ». It is much better to use these characters for quotations even if they are regarded as typographically inferior than to try to "construct" smart quotes from characters which are not quotes. See general reasons for being strict about meanings of characters. For example, section Quotation Marks in NASA SP-7084 should be read with caution in this respect. Also please notice that even in English there are also styles different from the one described there; for example, single quotes (to be presented using apostrophes in ISO Latin 1) might be used as normal quotes and quotation marks as inner quotes.
The Unicode standard explicitly says that APL quote is identical with the quotation mark. In addition to that, the quotation mark is used in many other programming and command languages, typically to delimit string constants. In some of such languages, a string can be delimited using either quotation marks or apostrophes with no change in meaning, whereas in some others there is a definite difference. For example, in the C language, quotation marks delimit string constants whereas apostrophes delimit character constants; in Perl, quotation marks allow variable substitution within the string whereas apostrophes indicate a pure literal.
In practice, the quotation mark is also widely used as the following symbols, although they are in principle distinct from it (and each other) in Unicode:
In ASCII, the quotation mark was intended to have secondary usage as diaeresis. See notes on diacritics.
In English and some other natural languages, this character is sometimes used in conjunction with ordinal numbers, as in "item #42" (meaning "item number 42"). Such usage is not very common; more often, abbreviations like "nr.", "no.", "n.", or "Nº" are used instead.
In programming languages, markup languages, etc., this character has many different uses. In some of these uses, # relates to ordinal numbers (e.g. in HTML, &#n; denotes the character which occupies code position n in Unicode) while in others it might be just a separator or have some special meaning assigned to it more or less arbitrarily. It is used e.g. in Web addresses, URL references, and the URL syntax specification calls it "crosshatch" character. That name is also mentioned in the Unicode standard, along with the following names: pound sign, hash, octothorpe. For more information on the names as well as usage, see entry Number sign in encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com.
The number sign has also been used as a surrogate for music sharp sign (U+266F), due to some similarity in appearance.
The number sign character unambiguously occupies code position 23 hexadecimal in ISO 8859-1 and in Unicode, although the Unicode standard confusingly mentions "pound sign" as an alternative name to it. Here the word "pound" means a unit of weight (pound avoirdupois, usually abbreviated "lb"), not a currency unit. However, in ASCII that code position was primarily assigned to the pound sterling sign, and some programs and devices might reflect this in their behavior (displaying £ when the data contains #). The ASCII standard said:
The symbol £ is assigned to position 23 [hexadecimal] - -. In a situation where there is no requirement for the symbol £ the symbol # (number sign) may be used in position 23. - - The chosen allocation of [a symbol to this position] for international information exchange shall be agreed between the interested parties.
Notice that the pound sign (as a currency symbol) belongs to ISO Latin 1 as a completely independent symbol in its own code position.
For notes on different names and usages for the number sign, see section names of "&", "@", and "#" in the alt.usage.english FAQ.
This character is a famous currency symbol, but its exact meaning is not quite clear. The Unicode standard explicitly says:
this code is unambiguously dollar sign, not "currency" sign or any other currency symbol
But this is obviously to be interpreted mainly as a warning against the use of the sign to denote a currency generically; cf. to (general) currency sign, which belongs to ISO Latin 1 as a completely independent symbol in its own code position; see also notes on the dollar sign in Character histories. It is not intended to limit the use to denote only those currencies which are named "dollar", still less US dollar only. In fact, the English word "dollar" has a rather general meaning, covering "taler" as well as numerous coins patterned after the taler (as a Spanish peso). The Unicode standard mentions "milreis" and "escudo" as alternative names for dollar sign, so obviously the symbol can be used to denote those currencies, too.
For historical notes on the origin of the $ character itself, see section Origin of the dollar sign in the alt.usage.english FAQ.
In computing, this character has secondary uses which may have nothing to do with any currency. It can, for example, be a character allowed in identifiers and used to signal a reserved or otherwise special identifier.
According to the Unicode standard, a glyph for the dollar sign may have one or two vertical bars.
The dollar sign unambiguously occupies code position 24 hexadecimal in ISO 8859-1 and in Unicode. However, in the ASCII the situation was more vague, and some programs and devices might reflect that in their behavior (e.g. displaying ¤ when the data contains $). The ASCII standard says:
The - - symbol $ is assigned to position 24 [hexadecimal] - - Where there is no requirement for the symbol $ the symbol ¤ (currency sign) may be used in position 24. The chosen allocation of [a symbol to this position] for international information exchange shall be agreed between the interested parties.
This character is basically used after numbers, in the meaning 'in the hundred' or 'of each hundred'. It is commonly used immediately after a number (e.g., 50%), but quite often the official spelling requires a space (e.g., 50 %), though this depends on authority. For the historical origin, see notes on the origin of the percent sign in The History of Mathematical Symbols by Douglas Weaver.
In programming languages, for example, the percent sign has very different uses which have nothing to do with percentages, e.g. as a modulus operator in C or as indicating an identifier as a hash in Perl.
Per mille sign (U+2030) and per ten thousand sign (U+2031) do not belong to ISO Latin 1. For the latter, misconceptions about this may have arisen from confusion with the so-called Windows character set.
In natural languages, this character normally means just 'and'. In other contexts, it has many other uses. The visual appearance of this character varies a lot; see Adobe's page The ampersand.
This character has mixed usage, usually as a punctuation character. Most commonly, it is used either as an apostrophe as in English "don't" or as a single quote. (In Unicode version 1.0, this character was named "apostrophe-quote" to reflect this.) As regards to use as a single quote, see notes on the use of the quotation mark.
According to Unicode, this character has "neutral (vertical)" glyph, but in practice it may get displayed as curved. It is sometimes difficult to find out what really happens, since text processing programs (word processors) like MS Word typically convert an apostrophe to a different character, often to a language-specific quotation mark. Entering the ISO Latin 1 apostrophe (ASCII apostrophe) can then be difficult; you might need to use some special "Insert Symbol" function. But you should take that path if your text really contains the ISO Latin 1 apostrophe, e.g. if your text discusses C or JavaScript code or Unix commands where the that very character needs to be used. Using a "smart" (curved) single quote wouldn't be smart at all in such cases.
In the future, as support to Unicode becomes wider, the use of this character should mostly be replaced by the use of more specific characters.
Version 2.0 of the Unicode standard said that "the preferred character for apostrophe" is the character modifier letter apostrophe (U+02BC); but this was changed in version 2.1 to the following:
The Unicode standard also discusses, in chapter 6, Punctuation, the use of quotation marks in different languages, implying that the preferred characters for opening and closing single quotation mark as used in English are left single quotation mark (U+2018) and right single quotation mark (U+2019).
The rules for using the apostrophe vary from one language to another, and even from one authority to another. For a good summary of one usage style in English, see section Apostrophe in NASA SP-7084.
Unicode defines modifier letter prime (U+02B9) and prime (U+2032) as distinct characters. The former is used mainly in linguistics to denote primary stress or palatalization (e.g. when transliterating Cyrillic soft sign). The latter is used to denote minutes or feet. When only ISO Latin 1 character repertoire is available, apostrophe can be used as a surrogate for those characters. It might look natural to use acute accent for some of such purposes, but since the whole idea is to use a replacement due to character repertoire restrictions, it is best to use a replacement that works most widely (due to being an ASCII character).
In ASCII, the apostrophe was intended to have secondary usage as acute accent. See notes on diacritics. See also notes on the apostrophe in Character histories.
This punctuation character is used as an opening delimiter for parenthetic remarks in natural languages. The rules for using such vary from one language to another, and even from one authority to another. For a good summary of one usage style in English, see section Parentheses in NASA SP-7084.
In other languages, there are various uses such as an opening delimiter for a list of parameters. Called opening parenthesis in Unicode version 1.0.
Used as a closing delimiter for parenthetic remarks opened with left parenthesis ()) in natural languages. In other languages, there are various uses such as an closing delimiter for a list of parameters. Called closing parenthesis in Unicode version 1.0.
The asterisk has various uses, including the following:
When writing or quoting expressions in programming, command or other languages which have the asterisk as part of language syntax, the asterisk shall be preserved of course. On the other hand, such usage should not be extended to other contexts, unless the limitations of the character repertoire prevent the use of better symbols. Specifically, in ISO Latin 1 there is a separate multiplication sign, and in some contexts the middle dot (·) is an adequate multiplication symbol.
The glyphs for the asterisk vary, but generally it appears in a more or less superscript style, perhaps in a rather small size. And it is difficult to say what an asterisk should look like, given its mixed usage. When used as an operator of some kind, it should be vertically positioned the same way as e.g. the plus sign. When used as a reference sign, and perhaps in some other uses too, it should appear in superscript style. It seems that most font designs reflect the latter style, making expressions like a*b look somewhat odd. If you cannot use a symbol with less ambiguous meaning, you might try to help things by using a font where the asterisk looks more operator-like, such as the Courier font, though even the Courier * is somewhat raised. Quite often it might be better to use a monospace font for all expressions (like a*b) quoted from programming, command etc. languages.
The name is sometimes misspelled as "asterick" or (intentionally) confused with the name Asterix (Astérix).
The Unicode standard mentions that asterisk is called "star" on phone keypads. It also mentions that the asterisk is distinct from arabic five pointed star (U+066D), asterisk operator (U+2217), and heavy asterisk (U+2731). Note that this list of Unicode characters resembling the asterisk in appearance is far from complete; see e.g. the Dingbats.
The well-known plus sign, primarily used to denote addition and as a unary plus. Notice in ISO Latin 1 the combination of plus and minus is available as a separate character, plus-minus sign (±).
Primarily this character is a punctuation symbol in natural languages. The rules for using it vary from one language to another, and even from one authority to another. For a good summary of one usage style in English, see section Comma in NASA SP-7084.
Notice that in numbers, some languages (mainly English) use comma as thousands separator (e.g. "1,234" means one thousand two hundred thirty-four) whereas in many other languages it is used as a decimal point (e.g. "1,234" means the same as "1.234" in English). The Unicode standard mentions "decimal separator" as another name for the comma.
In ASCII, the comma was intended to have secondary usage as cedilla. See notes on diacritics.
The comma should not be confused with the Unicode character single low-9 quotation mark (U+201A), which is used in quotations in some usages.
This character is a dual-purpose character: it can be used as a hyphen (punctuation character) or as a minus sign (mathematical symbol). It can usually be called "hyphen" or "minus" depending on the context, but when referred to as a character in a character repertoire, the best term is probably hyphen-minus.
The rules for using the hyphen vary from one language to another, and even from one authority to another. For a good summary of one usage style in English, see section Hyphen in NASA SP-7084.
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