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I would go as far as to say that including \over (and friends \atop etc.) were a bad design decision by Knuth. TeX uses different layout style for display mode, text mode, superscripts, and subscript. However, because of macros like \over , when TeX is building the math token list, the current math mode is not known. This causes all sorts of difficulties like having to use \mathchoice in simple macros like \text . If macros like \over are ruled out, the design of a lot of macros will simplify a lot.
– Aditya
Sep 24 '12 at 21:14
Could you give an example of the sort of problems that could occur with \over ?
– BlueRaja - Danny Pflughoeft
Jul 25 '16 at 7:03
@BlueRaja-DannyPflughoeft - Did you see the example given in egreg's answer?
– Mico
Jul 25 '16 at 9:32
I've discussed this with Knuth. His rationale for using \over rather than \frac is that it's the natural vocabulary of a mathematician , and his model for TeX was that of a mathematician, not a computer scientist. (One concludes that there are concepts which are for him more important than ease of programming.)
– barbara beeton
Oct 5 '19 at 20:17
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never an "infix" syntax … except for with \choose …
– Mikael Vejdemo-Johansson
Sep 26 '12 at 22:36
@MikaelVejdemo-Johansson \choose is not documented in the LaTeX manual, as far as I know. :)
– egreg
Sep 26 '12 at 22:39
@Mico It's amsmath that uses \DeclareRobustCommand ; only in the next release of LaTeX the kernel will also do it.
– egreg
Oct 5 '19 at 9:22
@Mico Yes, indeed!
– egreg
Oct 5 '19 at 12:59
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The hyperlinks you provided don't appear to work anymore. Can you provide updates?
– Mico
Dec 31 '20 at 9:15
Links ave been repaired.
– barbara beeton
Jan 11 at 2:51
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TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. It only takes a minute to sign up.
What is the difference between
{some-expression}\over{another-expression}
and
\frac{some-expression}{another-expression}
?
The command \over is a so-called "primitive" command that's available in Plain TeX and in LaTeX. \frac is a LaTeX-only command that builds on the \over macro to provide something that's much less likely to throw unexpected errors if the user doesn't handle the syntax of the \over command just right.
Assuming you have the amsmath package loaded, the \frac command is defined as follows:
where \@@over is an amsmath -internal version of \over . Note that the first argument of \frac (the numerator) is carefully encased in a \begingroup ... \endgroup construct and that the entire command's "content" is surrounded by a double set of curly braces. The braces serve to remove potential ambiguities that might arise from a less than fully careful use of the \over command by itself.
If you're a user of LaTeX, there's no reason whatsoever for not using the \frac command -- and several good reasons for not using the \over command directly. In short, if you use LaTeX, use \frac .
The latter is preferable. It corrects a behavior that in some situations can reveal itself in a bad way. The LaTeX definition is
In some cases an assignment made in the numerator can affect also the denominator. It's difficult to produce it with standard LaTeX commands, but you can compare the result of
In the first case both "a" and "b" will be upright, which is probably not expected.
Another relevant argument against the \over syntax is that it's foreign to LaTeX, which always uses first the command and then its argument and never an "infix" syntax. Moreover the grouping around numerator\over denominator is automatically provided, avoiding mistakes such as
Starting from the 2019-10-01 release of LaTeX, the definition of \frac uses \DeclareRobustCommand , as part of a program to remove as many fragile commands as possible:
In olden times it was not possible to make all commands robust, because of memory restrictions. These considerations are no longer a problem.
The amsmath package has used \DeclareRobustCommand for its modified definition of \frac for many years.
In User’s Guide for the amsmath Package p.14 it is written the following:
The primitive generalized fraction commands \over ,
\overwithdelims , \atop , \atopwithdelims , \above ,
\abovewithdelims produce warning messages if used with the amsmath
package, for reasons discussed in technote.tex .
Not only is the unusual syntax of the TeX primitives rather out of
place in LaTeX, but furthermore that syntax seems to be responsible
for one of the most significant flaws in TeX's mathematical
typesetting capabilities : the fact that the current mathstyle at any
given point in a math formula cannot be determined until the end of
the formula, because of the possibility that a following generalized
fraction command will change the mathstyle of the preceding material.
There are additional bad consequences following from the syntax
of those generalized fraction commands that only become evident when
you do some writing of nontrivial macros for math use. For example, as
things currently stand you cannot measure the size of any object in
math without going through \mathchoice and leaving and reentering math
mode via \hbox{$ (which then introduces complications regarding
\everymath and \mathsurround ). And it seems that uncertainty about the
current mathstyle is the only barrier to allowing the use of mu units
with \vrule , to make vertical struts in constructing compound symbols
or notation. And so on and so forth.
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