Latex Macros

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Latex Macros

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Hello, this is where I am going to give some base briefs of LaTeX



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Do you remember that in this post I gave you a brief introduction to Macros without arguments, these are helpful in those situations where you need the same expression multiple times, but what if you need to have the same expression but just modify something?
You already know what is \name , but if you have forgotten it, you can check it here
args , this is the number of arguments in the command, in other words, the blanks to be filled
The same number of arguments declared in args must match with the arguments used in the definition of expr
Let's see some examples to clarify the information
The command \oneArg has one argument ( Which is declared in the square brackets ) and this argument is going to be the exponent of x . Can you notice, there is a # this indicates Here is going to be my argument
The command \twoArgs has two arguments, one is going to be the variable, and the second is going to be the exponent, again, I use # to say Here is going to be my argument
See, when I use these new commands, check that \oneArg has one curly brackets while \twoArgs has two curly brackets
But wait, do you remember that the arguments have an order while declaring them, let's check it
Here we have two new commands \first and \second they have two arguments, but there are a subtle difference, did you notice it? Yes The position of the arguments Let's see what is the output
Now you have grasped what have an order means
Do not forget to follow me on Twitter @latexteada
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A six-part series: How do TeX macros actually work?
{}

We only use cookies for essential purposes and to improve your experience on our site. You can find out more in our cookie policy .
Essential cookies only Accept all cookies
This article series has an ambitious goal: to explain, step-by-step, how TeX macros, such as LaTeX commands, actually work—by exploring processes which take place inside TeX engine software. It tries to tell the story of TeX’s processing behaviour:
However, because TeX engines are such complex software programs we cannot hope to cover everything but we have tried to address the most important, core, features of TeX’s macro-processing capabilities.
Each article has the following navigation bar before and after the text so that you can quickly jump to another article in the series:
This article examines the reasoning behind TeX’s concept of category codes: what they are and how TeX uses them to filter its input into content for typesetting and commands to be executed.
Through a series of graphics we use the time-tested analogy of TeX having “eyes” with which to read (scan) its input. We explore examples of TeX’s use of category codes to create character tokens and how TeX recognizes and processes commands by using category code 0 (“escape character”).
This article takes an in-depth look at how TeX recognizes and process commands detected in the input. We explore how TeX stores and retrieves information about commands: command codes, command modifiers and survey a few internal variables that TeX uses to store information about items read-in from the input. Some of the article is quite low-level material which can be skipped on a first reading.
We introduce and use the following “framework” for describing the structure of macros:
We then explore a range of examples to demonstrate the role and purpose of a macro’s as a “token template” which can be constructed through the use of tokens acting as delimiters .
This article explores, in detail, how TeX uses token lists to store macro definitions. Using extensive diagrams generated with a specially modified version of TeX, we explore the specialized tokens that TeX uses to identify and process a user’s macro arguments.
In Part 6 we use some detailed graphics to explain and explore the exact meaning of macro expansion and the consequences of TeX’s tokenization of macro arguments prior to feeding them into a macro’s .
As discussed in the article What’s in a Name: A Guide to the Many Flavours of TeX a wide range of terms are used to reference/describe TeX, LaTeX and their derivatives. Consequently, it is worth, briefly, clarifying our use/meaning of “TeX” within the context of this series.
“TeX” is, somewhat confusingly, both the name of an executable program and the name of a typesetting language. To distinguish between the two, the term TeX engine is used to differentiate between an executable TeX program and the typesetting language. Some of the specific data, information and details used within this series are derived from a detailed examination of the source code to Knuth’s original TeX software but the principles described are common to all TeX engines. So, throughout our discussion, the use of “TeX” should be inferred to mean one of the executable TeX engines—such as Knuth’s original TeX, pdfTeX, XeTeX or LuaTeX.
Within the articles we use the TeX primitive command \def to define our macro examples: we don’t use LaTeX command \newcommand which is almost certainly more familiar to most Overleaf users. There’s a very good reason for this: our objective is to understand the fundamental principles underlying TeX’s macro behaviour but to do that we need to use the core commands (primitives) built into TeX software. LaTeX commands, such as \newcommand , are themselves macros: commands with specific programmed behaviour and which, ultimately, are constructed from layers of lower-level TeX primitive commands. To better understand the fundamental behaviour of TeX we have to use TeX primitives, not LaTeX macros.
Instead of relying solely on a suite of example macros designed to demonstrate various features, edge cases and behaviours of TeX, we also use an extensive array of graphics to look inside TeX itself to see how and why its macro processing works the way it does. Many of the graphics (token lists/node diagrams) have been prepared using a specially modified version of Knuth’s original TeX.
Overleaf adapted Knuth’s TeX with additional code (written in C) that “hooks into” TeX’s macro processing and explores data, and data structures, which are normally inaccessible to users. Each time a macro is called, the modified TeX engine generates additional output files containing data in a format which can be processed using Graphviz , an open-source graph-visualization program. The end-result is graphics (node-list diagrams) which show exactly how TeX stores a macro’s definition, together with a graphical representation of any arguments supplied by the user when the macro was called.
Out of necessity, this series’ objectives require discussion of a wide range topics, many of which are quite low-level, and, initially, might seem to be very distant from the task of typesetting your documents. Hopefully, after taking a deeper-dive, you’ll come through with a foundation for building a better understanding that will, in the end, save you a lot of time and, perhaps, minimize the frustration levels too. It is also our hope that the specially-generated graphics which accompany this series also offer a uniquely valuable insight to help and support any readers in their quest to better understand TeX macros.
The video gives a short demonstration of Overleaf’s modified version of TeX, adapted to generate Graphiviz node diagrams ( .gv files)—no other aspect of TeX’s behaviour is affected by those changes. The .gv files contain representations of the TeX token lists used to store macro definitions and macro arguments. The Graphviz visualization is exported to SVG which is then imported into Inkscape for further annotation prior to incorporating the graphic into an article.
Have you checked our knowledge base ?
Message sent! Our team will review it and reply by email.

A six-part series: How do TeX macros actually work?
{}

We only use cookies for essential purposes and to improve your experience on our site. You can find out more in our cookie policy .
Essential cookies only Accept all cookies
This article series has an ambitious goal: to explain, step-by-step, how TeX macros, such as LaTeX commands, actually work—by exploring processes which take place inside TeX engine software. It tries to tell the story of TeX’s processing behaviour:
However, because TeX engines are such complex software programs we cannot hope to cover everything but we have tried to address the most important, core, features of TeX’s macro-processing capabilities.
Each article has the following navigation bar before and after the text so that you can quickly jump to another article in the series:
This article examines the reasoning behind TeX’s concept of category codes: what they are and how TeX uses them to filter its input into content for typesetting and commands to be executed.
Through a series of graphics we use the time-tested analogy of TeX having “eyes” with which to read (scan) its input. We explore examples of TeX’s use of category codes to create character tokens and how TeX recognizes and processes commands by using category code 0 (“escape character”).
This article takes an in-depth look at how TeX recognizes and process commands detected in the input. We explore how TeX stores and retrieves information about commands: command codes, command modifiers and survey a few internal variables that TeX uses to store information about items read-in from the input. Some of the article is quite low-level material which can be skipped on a first reading.
We introduce and use the following “framework” for describing the structure of macros:
We then explore a range of examples to demonstrate the role and purpose of a macro’s as a “token template” which can be constructed through the use of tokens acting as delimiters .
This article explores, in detail, how TeX uses token lists to store macro definitions. Using extensive diagrams generated with a specially modified version of TeX, we explore the specialized tokens that TeX uses to identify and process a user’s macro arguments.
In Part 6 we use some detailed graphics to explain and explore the exact meaning of macro expansion and the consequences of TeX’s tokenization of macro arguments prior to feeding them into a macro’s .
As discussed in the article What’s in a Name: A Guide to the Many Flavours of TeX a wide range of terms are used to reference/describe TeX, LaTeX and their derivatives. Consequently, it is worth, briefly, clarifying our use/meaning of “TeX” within the context of this series.
“TeX” is, somewhat confusingly, both the name of an executable program and the name of a typesetting language. To distinguish between the two, the term TeX engine is used to differentiate between an executable TeX program and the typesetting language. Some of the specific data, information and details used within this series are derived from a detailed examination of the source code to Knuth’s original TeX software but the principles described are common to all TeX engines. So, throughout our discussion, the use of “TeX” should be inferred to mean one of the executable TeX engines—such as Knuth’s original TeX, pdfTeX, XeTeX or LuaTeX.
Within the articles we use the TeX primitive command \def to define our macro examples: we don’t use LaTeX command \newcommand which is almost certainly more familiar to most Overleaf users. There’s a very good reason for this: our objective is to understand the fundamental principles underlying TeX’s macro behaviour but to do that we need to use the core commands (primitives) built into TeX software. LaTeX commands, such as \newcommand , are themselves macros: commands with specific programmed behaviour and which, ultimately, are constructed from layers of lower-level TeX primitive commands. To better understand the fundamental behaviour of TeX we have to use TeX primitives, not LaTeX macros.
Instead of relying solely on a suite of example macros designed to demonstrate various features, edge cases and behaviours of TeX, we also use an extensive array of graphics to look inside TeX itself to see how and why its macro processing works the way it does. Many of the graphics (token lists/node diagrams) have been prepared using a specially modified version of Knuth’s original TeX.
Overleaf adapted Knuth’s TeX with additional code (written in C) that “hooks into” TeX’s macro processing and explores data, and data structures, which are normally inaccessible to users. Each time a macro is called, the modified TeX engine generates additional output files containing data in a format which can be processed using Graphviz , an open-source graph-visualization program. The end-result is graphics (node-list diagrams) which show exactly how TeX stores a macro’s definition, together with a graphical representation of any arguments supplied by the user when the macro was called.
Out of necessity, this series’ objectives require discussion of a wide range topics, many of which are quite low-level, and, initially, might seem to be very distant from the task of typesetting your documents. Hopefully, after taking a deeper-dive, you’ll come through with a foundation for building a better understanding that will, in the end, save you a lot of time and, perhaps, minimize the frustration levels too. It is also our hope that the specially-generated graphics which accompany this series also offer a uniquely valuable insight to help and support any readers in their quest to better understand TeX macros.
The video gives a short demonstration of Overleaf’s modified version of TeX, adapted to generate Graphiviz node diagrams ( .gv files)—no other aspect of TeX’s behaviour is affected by those changes. The .gv files contain representations of the TeX token lists used to store macro definitions and macro arguments. The Graphviz visualization is exported to SVG which is then imported into Inkscape for further annotation prior to incorporating the graphic into an article.
Have you checked our knowledge base ?
Message sent! Our team will review it and reply by email.

A six-part series: How do TeX macros actually work?
{}

We only use cookies for essential purposes and to improve your experience on our site. You can find out more in our cookie policy .
Essential cookies only Accept all cookies
This article series has an ambitious goal: to explain, step-by-step, how TeX macros, such as LaTeX commands, actually work—by exploring processes which take place inside TeX engine software. It tries to tell the story of TeX’s processing behaviour:
However, because TeX engines are such complex software programs we cannot hope to cover everything but we have tried to address the most important, core, features of TeX’s macro-processing capabilities.
Each article has the following navigation bar before and after the text so that you can quickly jump to another article in the series:
This article examines the reasoning behind TeX’s concept of category codes: what they are and how TeX uses them to filter its input into content for typesetting and commands to be executed.
Through a series of graphics we use the time-tested analogy of TeX having “eyes” with which to read (scan) its input. We explore examples of TeX’s use of category codes to create character tokens and how TeX recognizes and processes commands by using category code 0 (“escape character”).
This article takes an in-depth look at how TeX recognizes and process commands detected in the input. We explore how TeX stores and retrieves information about commands: command codes, command modifiers and survey a few internal variables that TeX uses to store information about items read-in from the input. Some of the article is quite low-level material which can be skipped on a first reading.
We introduce and use the following “framework” for describing the structure of macros:
We then explore a range of examples to demonstrate the role and purpose of a macro’s as a “token template” which can be constructed through the use of tokens acting as delimiters .
This article explores, in detail, how TeX uses token lists to store macro definitions. Using extensive diagrams generated with a specially modified version of TeX, we explore the specialized tokens that TeX uses to identify and process a user’s macro arguments.
In Part 6 we use some detailed graphics to explain and explore the exact meaning of macro expansion and the consequences of TeX’s tokenization of macro arguments prior to feeding them into a macro’s .
As discussed in the article What’s in a Name: A Guide to the Many Flavours of TeX a wide range of terms are used to reference/describe TeX, LaTeX and their derivatives. Consequently, it is worth, briefly, clarifying our use/meaning of “TeX” within the context of this series.
“TeX” is, somewhat confusingly, both the name of an executable program and the name of a typesetting language. To distinguish between the two, the term TeX engine is used to differentiate between an executable TeX program and the typesetting language. Some of the specific data, information and details used within this series are derived from a detailed examination of the source code to Knuth’s original TeX software but the principles described are common to all TeX engines. So, throughout our discussion, the use of “TeX” should be inferred to mean one of the executable TeX engines—such as Knuth’s original TeX, pdfTeX, XeTeX or LuaTeX.
Within the articles we use the TeX primitive command \def to define our macro examples: we don’t use LaTeX command \newcommand which is almost certainly more familiar to mos
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