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Mathematical Equations
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation} \label{eqn}
E = {mc^2}
\end{equation}
The equation \ref{eqn} states mass equivalence relationship.
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation} \label{eq1}
\begin{split}
A & = \frac{\pi r^2}{2} \\
& = \frac{1}{2} \pi r^2
\end{split}
\end{equation}
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\begin{multline*}
p(x) = x^8+x^7+x^6+x^5\\
- x^4 - x^3 - x^2 - x
\end{multline*}
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\begin{align*}
a+b & a-b & (a+b)(a-b)\\
x+y & x-y & (x+y)(x-y)\\
p+q & p-q & (p+q)(p-q)
\end{align*}
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\begin{gather*}
(a+b)=a^2+b^2+2ab \\
(a-b)=a^2+b^2-2ab
\end{gather*}
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\[
\left \{
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
1 & 5 & 8 \\
0 & 2 & 4 \\
3 & 3 & -8
\end{tabular}
\right \}
\]
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\[
\sin^2(a)+\cos^2(a) = 1
\]
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\[
\lim_{h \rightarrow 0 } \frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}
\]
This operator changes when used alongside
text \( \lim_{x \rightarrow h} (x-h) \).
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\[
\binom{n}{k} = \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}
\]
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\[ f(x)=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)} \ \ \textrm{and}
\ \ f(x)=\textstyle\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)} \]
\end{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\[ \frac{1+\frac{a}{b}}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{a}}} \]
\end{document}
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Table of contents and list of Figures
LaTeX provides a feature of special editing tool for scientific tool for math equations in LaTeX. In this
article, you will learn how to write basic equations and constructs in LaTeX, about aligning equations,
stretchable horizontal lines, operators and delimiters, fractions and binomials.
For writing math equations in LaTeX, there are two writing modes: the inline mode and the display mode. The
inline mode is used to write formulas that are part of the text and the display mode is used to write
expressions that are not part of the text and hence are put on different lines. The inline mode uses one of
the delimiters: \ ( \), $ $ or \begin{math} \end{math} and the display mode has two
versions: numbered and unnumbered. To print equations in display mode one these delimiters are used:
\[ \], $$ $$, \begin{displaymath} \end{displaymath} or \begin{equation}
\end{equation} .
There are three ways to write a math equation in LaTeX and they are described as follows:
1. Inline: An inline expression occurs in the middle of the text. For producing an inline
expression, the math expression should be written between the dollar sign ($). For example, $E=mc^2 will
give E=mc^2.
2. Equation: Mathematical expressions that are given in a line are known as expressions.
These are basically placed on the centre of the page and the equations are important ones that deserve to be
highlighted. The inline expression shall be put in between \[ and \].
3. Display style: The command \displaystyle is used to get a full sized inline
expression.
A formula is made up by combining various constructs. Some of them are explained below:
Arithmetic equations are typed with a dollar sign. For example, $a + b$, $a - b$, $-a$, $a / b$, $a
b$. There are different forms for multiplication and division that are $a \cdot b$, $a \times b$, $a
\div b$.
Fractions are typed with the \frac command by putting the denominator and numerator
with separate curly brackets.
The display style fraction inline command \dfrac can be used with the \tfrac environment for
basically matrices so that the entries look small.
For subscripts and superscripts, we use ‘_’ and ‘^’ respectively. For example, a_{1},\ a_{i_{1}},\
a^{2},\ a^{b^{c}} will yield the result.
There is one symbol that can be automatically superscripted that is, '. For example, $f'(x)$
will yield and to get we input $f^{\prime 2}$.
For indicating dualspace, use the command ${}^{\dagger}$ where the {} means empty group.
The commands \sb and \sp are used for subscripts and superscripts respectively.
Binomial coefficients are written with command \binom by putting the expression between curly
brackets.
We can use the display style inline command \dbinom by using the \tbinom
environment.
There are two ellipses low or on the line ellipses and centered ellipses.
The low or on the line ellipses are types as F(x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots, x_{n}) and the centered ellipses
are typed as x_{1} + x_{2} + \dots + x_{n}.
LaTeX gives \ldots command to distinguish between low and \bdots for centered ellipses.
The other variants for \dots command are \dotsc for an ellipse followed by comma, \dotsb for an ellipse
followed by a binary operation, \dotsm if followed by multiplication, \dotsi for an ellipse with integral
and \dotso for an “other” ellipse.
In an integral math equation in LaTeX, the lower limit is taken as a subscript and the upper limit is
taken as a superscript. For example, the code $\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^{2}} \, dx =
\sqrt{\pi}$ yields.
The commands \oint, \iint, \iiint and \idotsint yield and respectively.
For complicated bounds, we use \substack command or the subarray environment.
The command \sqrt produces the square root. For example, $\sqrt{5}$ and $\sqrt{a + 2b + c^{2}}$ gives
and respectively.
Can be typed using the expression $\sqrt[g]{5}$ and the position of ‘g’ can be adjusted by providing
the additional commands: \leftroot moves ‘g’ left or right with negative argument and \uproot moves
‘g’ up or down with negative attribute.
We use the equation environment to wrap our equation or we can use equation if we want it to be numbered. The
environment split is used inside an equation environment to split the equation into smaller pieces which
will be aligned accordingly.
The equations that utilise more than one line use multiline environment. We use a double backslash to set the
point where equation has to be broken. The first line is aligned to the left and the second line is aligned
to the right. We use * to determine whether the equation has to be numbered or not.
We use the align environment with * for determining whether the equation is numbered or not.
Math equation in LaTeX provides three stretchable lines/arrows that appear above or below the equation:
braces, bars and arrows. The \overbrace command places a brace above the expression (or
variables) and the command \underbrace places a brace below the expression. The command \overline
and \underline places a line above or below the expression. The command \overleftarrow
and \overrightarrow places an arrow above or below the expression. The expression has to be
written between curly brackets.
Parenthesis and brackets are very common in a mathematical equation. We can amend the size of a bracket in
math equations in LaTeX.
Size of the brackets can be changed as described below
There are various types of operators like trigonometrical functions, logarithms and others which are written
using special functions.
The operators that take parameters are written in a special way. For example, in a limit equation, the limit
declaration includes a subscript.
The user can define or personalise his operator by using the command \DeclareMathOperator
which takes two parameters, the first one is the name of the new operator and the second one is the text to
be displayed. If the operator uses subscripts then the command \DeclareMathOperator* is used.
Fractions and binomial coefficients of math equations in LaTeX are written using the \frac and
\binom command respectively.
We use the \frac command to display fractions. The expression between the first pair of
brackets is the numerator and in the second is the denominator. The text size of the fraction changes
according to the text near it. You can also set the text size of the fraction manually by using the command
\displaystyle.
Fractions can be nested to obtain complex expressions. The command \cfrac displays nested
fractions without changing the text size. An example of it is given below:
\documentclass { article }
\begin { document }
The well known Pythagorean theorem \( x^ 2 + y^ 2 = z^ 2 \) was
proved to be invalid for other exponents.
Meaning the next equation has no integer solutions:
\[ x^n + y^n = z^n \]
\end { document }
\documentclass { article }
\begin { document }
\noindent Standard \LaTeX {} practice is to write inline math by enclosing it between \verb | \( ... \) |:
\begin { quote }
In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated
by the equation \( E = mc^ 2 \) , discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
\end { quote }
\noindent Instead if writing (enclosing) inline math between \verb | \( ... \) | you can use \texttt { \$ ... \$ } to achieve the same result:
\begin { quote }
In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated
by the equation $ E = mc^ 2 $ , discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
\end { quote }
\noindent Or, you can use \verb | \begin { math } ... \end { math } |:
\begin { quote }
In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated
by the equation \begin { math } E=mc ^ 2 \end { math } , discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
\end { quote }
\end { document }
\documentclass { article }
\begin { document }
The mass-energy equivalence is described by the famous equation
\[ E = mc^ 2 \]
discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
In natural units ( $ c $ = 1), the formula expresses the identity
\begin { equation }
E=m
\end { equation }
\end { document }
\documentclass { article }
\usepackage { amsmath } % for the equation* environment
\begin { document }
This is a simple math expression \( \sqrt {x^ 2 + 1 } \) inside text.
And this is also the same:
\begin { math }
\sqrt { x ^ 2+1 }
\end { math }
but by using another command.
This is a simple math expression without numbering
\[ \sqrt {x^ 2 + 1 } \]
separated from text.
This is also the same:
\begin { displaymath }
\sqrt { x ^ 2+1 }
\end { displaymath }
\ldots and this:
\begin { equation* }
\sqrt { x ^ 2+1 }
\end { equation* }
\end { document }
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LaTeX's features for typesetting mathematics make it a compelling choice for writing technical documents. This article shows the most basic commands needed to get started with writing maths using LaTeX.
Writing basic equations in LaTeX is straightforward, for example:
As you see, the way the equations are displayed depends on the delimiter, in this case \[...\] and \(...\) .
L a T e X allows two writing modes for mathematical expressions: the inline math mode and display math mode:
You can use any of these "delimiters" to typeset your math in inline mode:
They all work and the choice is a matter of taste, so let's see some examples.
Use one of these constructions to typeset maths in display mode:
Display math mode has two versions which produce numbered or unnumbered equations. Let's look at a basic example:
The following example uses the equation* environment which is provided by the amsmath package—see the amsmath article for more information.
Below is a table with some common maths symbols. For a more complete list see the List of Greek letters and math symbols :
Different classes of mathematical symbols are characterized by different formatting (for example, variables are italicized, but operators are not) and different spacing .
The mathematics mode in LaTeX is very flexible and powerful, there is much more that can be done with it:
Have you checked our knowledge base ?
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\alpha \beta \gamma \rho \sigma \delta \epsilon
×
{\displaystyle \times }
⊗
{\displaystyle \otimes }
⊕
{\displaystyle \oplus }
∪
{\displaystyle \cup }
∩
{\displaystyle \cap }
< > \subset \supset \subseteq \supseteq
<
>⊂
⊃
⊆
⊇
{\displaystyle <\ >\subset \ \supset \ \subseteq \ \supseteq }
∫
∮
∑
∏
{\displaystyle \int \ \oint \ \sum \ \prod }
\documentclass { article }
\begin { document }
The well known Pythagorean theorem \( x^ 2 + y^ 2 = z^ 2 \) was
proved to be invalid for other exponents.
Meaning the next equation has no integer solutions:
\[ x^n + y^n = z^n \]
\end { document }
\documentclass { article }
\begin { document }
\noindent Standard \LaTeX {} practice is to write inline math by enclosing it between \verb | \( ... \) |:
\begin { quote }
In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated
by the equation \( E = mc^ 2 \) , discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
\end { quote }
\noindent Instead if writing (enclosing) inline math between \verb | \( ... \) | you can use \texttt { \$ ... \$ } to achieve the same result:
\begin { quote }
In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated
by the equation $ E = mc^ 2 $ , discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
\end { quote }
\noindent Or, you can use \verb | \begin { math } ... \end { math } |:
\begin { quote }
In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated
by the equation \begin { math } E=mc ^ 2 \end { math } , discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
\end { quote }
\end { document }
\documentclass { article }
\begin { document }
The mass-energy equivalence is described by the famous equation
\[ E = mc^ 2 \]
discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
In natural units ( $ c $ = 1), the formula expresses the identity
\begin { equation }
E=m
\end { equation }
\end { document }
\documentclass { article }
\usepackage { amsmath } % for the equation* environment
\begin { document }
This is a simple math expression \( \sqrt {x^ 2 + 1 } \) inside text.
And this is also the same:
\begin { math }
\sqrt { x ^ 2+1 }
\end { math }
but by using another command.
This is a simple math expression without numbering
\[ \sqrt {x^ 2 + 1 } \]
separated from text.
This is also the same:
\begin { displaymath }
\sqrt { x ^ 2+1 }
\end { displaymath }
\ldots and this:
\begin { equation* }
\sqrt { x ^ 2+1 }
\end { equation* }
\end { document }
We only use cookies for essential purposes and to improve your experience on our site. You can find out more in our cookie policy .
Essential cookies only Accept all cookies
LaTeX's features for typesetting mathematics make it a compelling choice for writing technical documents. This article shows the most basic commands needed to get started with writing maths using LaTeX.
Writing basic equations in LaTeX is straightforward, for example:
As you see, the way the equations are displayed depends on the delimiter, in this case \[...\] and \(...\) .
L a T e X allows two writing modes for mathematical expressions: the inline math mode and display math mode:
You can use any of these "delimiters" to typeset your math in inline mode:
They all work and the choice is a matter of taste, so let's see some examples.
Use one of these constructions to typeset maths in display mode:
Display math mode has two versions which produce numbered or unnumbered equations. Let's look at a basic example:
The following example uses the equation* environment which is provided by the amsmath package—see the amsmath article for more information.
Below is a table with some common maths symbols. For a more complete list see the List of Greek letters and math symbols :
Different classes of mathematical symbols are characterized by different formatting (for example, variables are italicized, but operators are not) and different spacing .
The mathematics mode in LaTeX is very flexible and powerful, there is much more that can be done with it:
Have you checked our knowledge base ?
Message sent! Ou
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