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An "environment" is a region of the document within which certain commands are valid, and certain processing is performed by the TeX processor. An environment begins with the begin command, and ends with the end command. Environments can be nested within one another; the begins and ends must match.

This example shows nested environments.

\newenvironment { monoblock } %
{ \ttfamily } %
{}

\begin{monoblock}
some text set in monospace
\end{monoblock}

{ \ttfamily some text set in monospace }

\newenvironment { fontblock } [1] %
{ #1 \selectfont } %
{}

\newenvironment { normaltext } [1][ \itshape ] %
{ #1 } %
{}

\begin{normaltext} [ \ttfamily ]
...
\end{normaltext}

\newenvironment { normaltext } [1][ \itshape ] %
{ #1 } %
{ \typeout { what was #1, again? }

! Illegal parameter number in definition of \endnormaltext .

\newenvironment { normaltext } [1][Intro] %
{ #1 %
\newcommand { \foo }{ #1 }} %
{ \typeout { what was \foo {} , again? }

Frequently Asked Question List for TeX
While TeX makes direct provision for commands, LaTeX adds a
concept of “environment”; environments perform an action on a block
(of something or other) rather than just doing something at one
place in your document.
A totally trivial environment could change the font in use for a chunk
of text, as
which defines a monoblock which may be used as
which will look like:
some text set in monospace
so it is a particularly simple example. A rather complicated
environment is introduced by \begin{document} ; it looks
simple, but needs all sorts of special TeX code to make it work
“transparently”; most environments are more elaborate than
monoblock and much simpler than document .
An environment puts its content inside a TeX group , so that
commands used inside the environment don’t “leak out” — the
monoblock environment, above, restricts its effect to
its own contents (the stuff between the \begin{monoblock}
and \end{monoblock} ), which is just what you need for this
sort of thing.
So that’s “simple” environments; the monoblock , above
doesn’t actually gain us much over
though in fact many useful environments are just as simple (to look
at). Some, such as verbatim , look simple but are
actually very tricky inside.
LaTeX also allows arguments to an environment:
would produce the same effect as the monoblock environment.
Environments may also have optional arguments, in much the same way as
commands:
which will ordinarily set its body in italic, but
will observe its optional argument, and behave the same as the
monoblock we started with.
Note that an environments argument(s) (mandatory or optional) are
not passed to the \end text of the environment — that
is specified as a macro with no arguments, so that
So, if you need to pass an environment argument to the end-code, you
have to wrap it in a macro of its own:

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git clone https://github.com/latex3/latex2e.git

svn co https://github.com/latex3/latex2e.git/trunk

svn co https://github.com/latex3/latex2e.git

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LaTeX is free
software under the terms of
the LaTeX Project Public License
(LPPL) . LaTeX is distributed through CTAN
servers or comes as part of many easily installable and
usable TeX
distributions provided by the TeX User Group (TUG) or third
parties. If you run into trouble, visit
the help section .
LaTeX is not a stand-alone typesetting program in itself, but
document preparation software that runs on top
of Donald
E. Knuth 's TeX
typesetting system . TeX distributions usually bundle together
all the parts needed for a working TeX system and they generally
add to this both configuration and maintenance utilities. Nowadays
LaTeX, and many of the packages built on it, form an important
component of any major TeX distribution.
The LaTeX team cannot guarantee that TeX distributions, even
recent ones, contain the most recent version of LaTeX. It may
happen that you need a more recent LaTeX than the one that your
favourite TeX distribution carries, e.g., in order to get a
particular bug fix. In that case you will need to fetch LaTeX from
CTAN and install it on top of your distribution. See below for
details.
If you’re new to TeX and LaTeX or just want an easy installation, get
a full TeX distribution. The TeX Users Group (TUG) has a
list of notable distributions
that are entirely, or least primarily, free software.
Check your Linux distributions software source for a TeX
distribution including LaTeX. You can also
install the current TeX Live distribution
directly---in fact this may be advisable as many Linux distributions only contain
older versions of TeX Live, see
Linux TeX Live package status
for details.
The MacTeX
distribution contains everything you need, including a complete
TeX system with LaTeX itself and editors to write documents.
Check out the MiKTeX
or proTeXt
or TeX Live
distributions; they contain a complete TeX system with LaTeX
itself and editors to write documents.
LaTeX online services
like Papeeria ,
Overleaf ,
ShareLaTeX ,
Datazar ,
and LaTeX base offer the
ability to edit, view and download LaTeX files and resulting
PDFs.
You can obtain LaTeX from CTAN , which is the
primary source of distribution for LaTeX. In order for your downloaded
LaTeX to be of any use, you have to obtain and set up a TeX system
first. You can either install a TeX distribution (see above) or get a
TeX system from CTAN . If
you use a TeX distribution then it will include a version of LaTeX so
this will probably make things easier for you; but you may have a
reason not to do this.
These days the LaTeX development sources are kept in a GitHub
repository (previously we used SVN).
Anyone can access it and download the files, but
submission is restricted to team members. The repository is located at
https://github.com/latex3/latex2e
and from that browser page you may explore the files, clone the
repository or download the files in a .zip archive (roughly 25Mb) by
using the appropriate buttons.
If you are familiar with Git you can also clone the repository using the
command line or your favorite Git fontend tool, e.g.,
which needs about 50Mb of space.
Alternatively, you can do a Subversion checkout from the command line, e.g.,
which will just checkout the current files.
But be aware that a SVN checkout of the form
will download all files including their
history (back to 2009) and amounts to roughly 1.4Gb so that is quite large.
Note: If you had bookmarked the old SVN repository please update that
bookmark to the new GIT repository as we have finally removed it.
Git repositories support distributed development and allow people to
provide change sets that are made available through so called pull
requests , so that the maintainers of a program can “pull the suggested
changes” into the main repository.
While we appreciate contributions, we think that for the core LaTeX
software pull requests are usually not a good approach (unless the
change has be already discussed and agreed upon).
The stability of LaTeX is very important and this means that changes to
the kernel are necessarily very conservative. It also means that a lot
of discussion has to happen before any changes are made. So if you do
decide to post a pull request, please bear this in mind: we do
appreciate ideas, but cannot always integrate them into the kernel and
it is quite likely that we reject updates made in this way.
If you want to discuss a possible contribution before (or instead of)
making a pull request, we suggest you raise the topic first on
the LATEX-L list or drop a
line to the team .
Ulrik Vieth has collected historic versions of LaTeX from LaTeX 2.0
for TeX 1.0 (released on 11 December 1983) onwards. You can find them
at
ftp://ftp.tug.org/historic/macros/latex-saildart/ .
There might even be some earlier versions. All files have been pulled
from the SAILDART archive site at http://z.baumgart.org/ (no longer
online) which was based on archive tapes from SAIL at Stanford.
More historic material can be found at ftp://ftp.tug.org/historic (you may not be able to open this in all browsers — alternatively try https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/historic/ ).
LaTeX is a document preparation system used for the communication and publication of scientific documents. LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License .

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