Latex Double

Latex Double

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TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. It only takes a minute to sign up.
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What does double backslash in LaTeX mean ? (please see example below)
some line have \\ while other line don't, which makes me confused.
The \\ is context-dependent macro in LaTeX. It means that it is internally redefined in various situations and various LaTeX environments. By default it is \hfil\break and this can be used inside the paragraphs in order to "destroy" the normal paragraph formatting. Many LaTeX users use these destroyed paragraphs because they don't know that normal end of paragraph does the similar result.
The typical mistake of novice users is the usage of \\ at the end of the paragraph. Then we have \hfil\break\unskip\nobreak\hskip\parfillskip at the end of the paragraph and the \break consumes all followed removable items including \hskip\parfillskip . The bad paragraph is produced with the warning message "Underfull hbox (badness 10000)".
But novice users don't read the log nor terminal messages, unfortunately.
The \\ is redefined as \cr primitive in tables. The \cr primitive isn't mentioned in common LaTeX manuals and LaTeX users are confused when TeX error message "Extra alignment tab has been changed to \cr " occurs.
The \\ is redefined by \par in centering environments etc.
The \\ macro is source of many confusions for LaTeX novice users.
Plain TeX does not define \\ . This control sequence is reserved for user definitions.
Note curious example in our question: http:\\www.chinatex.org . I never seen such URL. Maybe you have meant http://www.chinatex.org .
(I did not write it, original author unlisted)
But it also backs up my own experience: it is a linebreak. You can insert it either in body text as such.
Alternately, if you have a LaTeX table or math matrix, for example, you can also use it to mark the end of the row of data, and the data afterward will start to form the next row.
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LaTeX symbols have either names (denoted by backslash) or special characters. They are organized into seven classes based on their role in a mathematical expression. This is not a comprehensive list. Refer to the external references at the end of this article for more information.

Letters are rendered in italic font; numbers are upright / roman. \ imath and \ jmath make "dotless" i and j, which are useful in conjunction with hats and accents .

Lower case Greek letters are rendered in italic font; upper case Greek letters are rendered in upright/Roman.

  \ Gamma
  \ Delta
  \ Lambda
  \ Phi
  \ Pi
  \ Psi
  \ Sigma
  \ Theta

  \ alpha
  \ beta
  \ gamma
  \ delta
  \ epsilon
  \ zeta
  \ eta
  \ theta

  \ iota
  \ kappa
  \ lambda
  \ mu
  \ nu
  \ xi
  \ pi
  \ rho

  \ sigma
  \ tau
  \ upsilon
  \ phi
  \ chi
  \ psi
  \ omega

  \ digamma
  \ varepsilon
  \ varkappa
  \ varphi
  \ varpi
  \ varrho
  \ varsigma
  \ vartheta

  \ aleph
  \ beth
  \ daleth
  \ gimel

  \ complement
  \ ell
  \ eth
  \ hbar

  \ hslash
  \ mho
  \ partial
  \ wp
The following characters don't have any spacing associated with them. That is, they are simple symbols, in class 0.

  \ #
  \ angle
  \ backprime
  \ bigstar
  \ blacklozenge
  \ blacksquare
  \ blacktriangle
  \ blacktriangledown
  \ bot

  \ clubsuit
  \ diagdown
  \ diagup
  \ diamondsuit
  \ emptyset
  \ exists
  \ flat
  \ forall
  \ heartsuit

  \ infty
  \ lozenge
  \ measuredangle
  \ nabla
  \ natural
  \ neg or \ lnot
  \ nexists
  \ prime
  \ S

  \ sharp
  \ spadesuit
  \ sphericalangle
  \ square
  \ surd
  \ top
  \ triangle
  \ triangledown
  \ varnothing
There is also a command \& which is not supported by Wikia's LaTeX parser.

Symbols that go above, below, or in the corners of other symbols.

Note 1: dotless i and j (symbols \imath and \jmath ) can be used to leave room for whatever hat you want them to wear.

Note 2: \sideset takes two required parameters, left side and right side, and must be followed by a sum class math operator that normally takes subscripts and superscripts below and above the symbol.

  \ overleftarrow{xxx}
  \ overrightarrow{xxx}
  \ overleftrightarrow{xxx}
  \ xleftarrow[under]{over}
  \ xrightarrow[under]{over}
The following commands are not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser:

Bold face: \ boldsymbol and \mathbf make bold face symbols, and \ pmb makes very bold face symbols. However, \mathbf cannot be applied to Greek symbols, for instance. The AMS "short guide" (see references) contains a cryptic comment, "generally speaking, it is ill-advised to apply \boldsymbol to more than one symbol at a time." Best not to discover why!

\boldsymbol{\pi} \mathbf{A}_{\boldsymbol{0} }

The \pmb command is not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser.

Simple symbols (class 0) are rendered without any space between them. Operators (class 1) are rendered with spaces. Spacing symbols change the amount of spacing, either by adding more space or taking spaces away. Space is measured in math units , or mu. 18mu equals 1em.

NOTE: commands \thinspace , \medspace , \thickspace , \negthinspace , \negmedspace , \negthickspace , \mspace , and \: are not impemented here at wikia.org!

Spaces of exactly the size of some rendered text can be obtained using the \ phantom , command, and its cousins, \ hphantom and \ vphantom . They are not implemented here at wikia.org!

These prefix operators accumulate the things they're prefixed to. "Extensible" means they have variable size to accommodate their operands, and their limits can appear below and above the operator.

  \ int
  \ oint
  \ bigcap
  \ bigcup

  \ bigodot
  \ bigoplus
  \ bigotimes
  \ bigsqcup
The \smallint command is not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser.

If your favorite operator, say, "foo", isn't listed, then you won't be able to use \foo(x) in your LaTeX equation. But don't fret. You can get the same result with \ operatorname {foo}(x). If your made-up operator needs displayed limits, as in \lim or \max , then use \operatorname*{foo} , as in the example in the following table.

  \ arccos
  \ arcsin
  \ arctan
  \ arg
  \ cos
  \ cosh
  \ cot
  \ coth
  \ csc
  \ deg

  \ det
  \ dim
  \ exp
  \ gcd
  \ hom
  \ inf
  \ injlim
  \ ker
  \ lg
  \ lim

  \ liminf
  \ limsup
  \ ln
  \ log
  \ max
  \ min
  \ Pr
  \ projlim
  \ sec
  \ sin

  \ sinh
  \ sup
  \ tan
  \ tanh
  \ varinjlim
  \ varprojlim
  \ varliminf
  \ varlimsup
  \ operatorname{foo}_0^1

The command \operatorname* is not supported by the wikia's LaTeX parser.

  *
  +
  -
  \ amalg
  \ ast
  \ barwedge
  \ bigcirc
  \ bigtriangledown
  \ bigtriangleup
  \ boxdot
  \ boxminus
  \ boxplus
  \ boxtimes
  \ bullet
  \ cap

  \ Cap or \ doublecap
  \ cdot
  \ centerdot
  \ circ
  \ circledast
  \ circledcirc
  \ circleddash
  \ cup
  \ Cup or \ doublecup
  \ curlyvee
  \ curlywedge
  \ dagger
  \ ddagger
  \ diamond
  \ div

  \ divideontimes
  \ dotplus
  \ doublebarwedge
  \ gtrdot
  \ intercal
  \ leftthreetimes
  \ lessdot
  \ ltimes
  \ mp
  \ odot
  \ ominus
  \ oplus
  \ oslash
  \ otimes
  \ pm

  \ rightthreetimes
  \ rtimes
  \ setminus
  \ smallsetminus
  \ sqcap
  \ sqcup
  \ star
  \ times
  \ triangleleft
  \ triangleright
  \ uplus
  \ vee or \ lor
  \ veebar
  \ wedge or \ land
  \ wr

  <
  =
  >
  \ approx
  \ approxeq
  \ asymp
  \ backsim
  \ backsimeq
  \ bumpeq
  \ Bumpeq
  \ circeq
  \ cong
  \ curlyeqprec
  \ curlyeqsucc
  \ doteq
  \ doteqdot or \ Doteq
  \ eqcirc
  \ eqsim
  \ eqslantgtr
  \ eqslantless
  \ equiv
  \ fallingdotseq
  \ geq or \ ge

  \ geqq
  \ geqslant
  \ gg
  \ ggg or \ gggtr
  \ gnapprox
  \ gneq
  \ gneqq
  \ gnsim
  \ gtrapprox
  \ gtreqless
  \ gtreqqless
  \ gtrless
  \ gtrsim
  \ gvertneqq
  \ leq or \ le
  \ leqq
  \ leqslant
  \ lessapprox
  \ lesseqgtr
  \ lesseqqgtr
  \ lessgtr
  \ lesssim
  \ ll

  \ lll or \ llless
  \ lnapprox
  \ lneq
  \ lneqq
  \ lnsim
  \ lvertneqq
  \ ncong
  \ neq or \ ne
  \ ngeq
  \ ngeqq
  \ ngeqslant
  \ ngtr
  \ nleq
  \ nleqq
  \ nleqslant
  \ nless
  \ nprec
  \ npreceq
  \ nsim
  \ nsucc
  \ nsucceq
  \ prec
  \ precapprox

  \ preccurlyeq
  \ preceq
  \ precnapprox
  \ precneqq
  \ precnsim
  \ precsim
  \ risingdotseq
  \ sim
  \ simeq
  \ succ
  \ succapprox
  \ succcurlyeq
  \ succeq
  \ succnapprox
  \ succneqq
  \ succnsim
  \ succsim
  \ thickapprox
  \ thicksim
  \ triangleq

  \ circlearrowleft
  \ circlearrowright
  \ curvearrowleft
  \ curvearrowright
  \ downdownarrows
  \ downharpoonleft
  \ downharpoonright
  \ hookleftarrow
  \ hookrightarrow
  \ leftarrow or \ gets
  \ Leftarrow
  \ leftarrowtail
  \ leftharpoondown
  \ leftharpoonup
  \ leftleftarrows
  \ leftrightarrow
  \ Leftrightarrow
  \ leftrightarrows
  \ leftrightharpoons
  \ leftrightsquigarrow
  \ Lleftarrow

  \ longleftarrow
  \ Longleftarrow
  \ longleftrightarrow
  \ Longleftrightarrow
  \ longmapsto
  \ longrightarrow
  \ Longrightarrow or
          \ implies
  \ looparrowleft
  \ looparrowright
  \ Lsh
  \ mapsto
  \ multimap
  \ nLeftarrow
  \ nLeftrightarrow
  \ nRightarrow
  \ nearrow
  \ nleftarrow
  \ nleftrightarrow
  \ nrightarrow
  \ nwarrow

  \ rightarrow or \ to
  \ Rightarrow
  \ rightarrowtail
  \ rightharpoondown
  \ rightharpoonup
  \ rightleftarrows
  \ rightleftharpoons
  \ rightrightarrows
  \ rightsquigarrow
  \ Rrightarrow
  \ Rsh
  \ searrow
  \ swarrow
  \ twoheadleftarrow
  \ twoheadrightarrow
  \ upharpoonleft
  \ upharpoonright or
     \ restriction
  \ upuparrows

  \ backepsilon
  \ because
  \ between
  \ blacktriangleleft
  \ blacktriangleright
  \ bowtie
  \ dashv
  \ frown
  \ in
  \ mid
  \ models
  \ ni or \ owns
  \ nmid
  \ notin
  \ nparallel
  \ nshortmid
  \ nshortparallel
  \ nsubseteq

  \ nsubseteqq
  \ nsupseteq
  \ nsupseteqq
  \ ntriangleleft
  \ ntrianglelefteq
  \ ntriangleright
  \ ntrianglerighteq
  \ nvdash
  \ nVdash
  \ nvDash
  \ nVDash
  \ parallel
  \ perp
  \ pitchfork
  \ propto
  \ shortmid
  \ shortparallel
  \ smallfrown

  \ smallsmile
  \ smile
  \ sqsubset
  \ sqsubseteq
  \ sqsupset
  \ sqsupseteq
  \ subset
  \ Subset
  \ subseteq
  \ subseteqq
  \ subsetneq
  \ subsetneqq
  \ supset
  \ Supset
  \ supseteq
  \ supseteqq
  \ supsetneq
  \ supsetneqq

  \ therefore
  \ trianglelefteq
  \ triangler
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