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This page contains references to core documentation about LaTeX written by the
LaTeX team . Articles on specific topics, talks,
etc. can be found on
the publication page indexed
by topic.
In addition pointer to
documentation in other languages (usually developed and maintained by user groups)
is given. To find documentation that is
available elsewhere on the net, visit the links
page . Also, there's a whole page
dedicated to books on LaTeX and related
topics .
If you know about a good resource of TeX and related documentation not listed here or on
the links page ,
please contact us .
A short introduction to LaTeX (with some focus on the differences
between the old LaTeX 2.09 and current standard LaTeX2e) is given in
the following document:
This is augmented by the following document that describes newer features (started 2020):
For more extensive introductory documentation take a look at the links to
contributed documentation that have their own page.
More advanced documentation about core LaTeX, which is available via the net includes:
The LaTeX3 programming layer (which is part of the LaTeX format) is documented in
The hook management introduced in 2020 is largely intended for package developers. However, most of the available hooks can also be useful for document authors. The documentation is currently split across several documents:
The new mark mechanism introduced in 2022 offers arbitrary many independent marks and resolves the issues with LaTeX legacy marks (available through \markbox and \markright ). The old mechanism remains available so that classes using it continue to work without any updates.
Specifically targeting the typesetting of mathematics is:
Yukitoshi FUJIMURA kindly translated two of the above documents to the Japanese language. These are
He also provided a translation of “Short Math Guide for LaTeX” distributed and maintained
by the American Mathematical Society (AMS):
Changes made to the LaTeX kernel or to core packages maintained by the
LaTeX team are discussed in some detail in the
LaTeX News Newsletters
that come as part of each release.
A document with all available issues bundled together in their historical order is
ltnews.pdf .
The full documentation of the source code with all commands and their
implementation can be obtained by processing source2e.tex
distributed as part of the LaTeX2e distribution. A compiled version (from the current release)
with a list of all major changes and an index of all commands and
their usage within the kernel is
As a companion document Martin Scharrer compiled a useful reference
list with links back into the 2e source document if both are stored in
the same directory:
For the implementation of the standard classes article , report ,
and book there also exists a document that contains the complete sources
with commentary:
In 2015 we introduced a roll-back/roll-forward functionality by which
it becomes possible to reset the kernel code (though not external
packages at this stage) to the behavior that it had on a particular
date. This can be useful when processing older documents. It is
documented here:
There is a lot of documentation in languages other than English. Lists of books and other resources in other languages are maintained by TeX user groups in the respective countries. The following are known to us:
List of books on LaTeX in English, French, German, and Spanish.
Links to contributed documentation, tutorials, videos, communities, etc.
Get LaTeX for Linux, Mac OS X, Windows and Online.
LaTeX is a document preparation system used for the communication and publication of scientific documents. LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License .

\begin{document} Hello World! \end{document}

© 2022 Copyright LaTeX-Tutorial.com
Creating documents with LaTeX is simple and fun. In contrast to Word, you start off with a plain text file (.tex file) which contains LaTeX code and the actual content (i.e. text). LaTeX uses control statements, which define how your content should be formatted. Before you can see what the final result looks like, the LaTeX compiler will take your .tex file and compile it into a .pdf file. A basic example document can be created with the following code:
Once you translated this code into a PDF document, you will find the text:
along with the page number at the bottom, which is added automatically when using the article class.
Let us now take a closer look at how the magic happens. As you can see, you will find a few statements beginning with a backslash \ in the code example above. This tells LaTeX that this is not actual text, that you want to see printed in your document, but instead is an instruction or command for the LaTeX compiler. All commands share the following structure: \commandname{option} . The first part indicates the name of the command and the second part in braces sets an option for this command. The options vary from command to command and you will learn some of them later on in this tutorial.
Most of the time, the commands are pretty self-explanatory: \documentclass{article} and what’s even greater, you don’t have to remember all of them, because you can later just copy and paste them from previous documents. Now let’s take a little closer look at the command \documentclass{article} The command is obviously named documentclass and it does exactly that, it sets the document class (to article).
LaTeX uses document classes, to influence the overall layout of your document. For instance, there’s one class to layout articles, one class to layout books (called book) and many more, which we probably don’t need. In my tutorials, I will always use the class article . Feel free to play around and try different document classes anyway and see what happens!
This second example differs slightly from the first one, since this command involves a \begin and \end statement. In fact this is not a command, but defines an environment. An environment is simply an area of your document where certain typesetting rules apply. It is possible (and usually necessary) to have multiple environments in a document, but it is imperative the document environment is the topmost environment. The following code shows how environments can be used:
There are numerous choices for environments and you will most likely need them as soon as you introduce large parts of mathematics or figures to your document. While it is possible to define your own environments, it is very likely that the environment you desire already exists. LaTeX already comes with a few predefined environments and even more come in so called packages, which are subject to another lesson later on.
Let’s try out a few more commands to make our document more interesting:
Obviously the statements \title, \date and \author are not within the the document environment, so they will not directly show up in our document. The area before our main document is called preamble . In this specific example we use it to set up the values for the \maketitle command for later use in our document. This command will automagically create a titlepage for us. The \newpage command speaks for itself.
If we now compile again, we will see a nicely formatted title page, but we can spot a page number at the bottom of our title page. What if we decide, that actually, we don’t want to have that page number showing up there. We can remove it, by telling LaTeX to hide the page number for our first page. This can be done by adding the \pagenumbering{gobble} command and then changing it back to \pagenumbering{arabic} on the next page numbers like so:
That’s it. You’ve successfully created your first LaTeX document. The following lessons will cover how to structure your document and we will then proceed to make use of many features of LaTeX.
LaTeX-Tutorial provides step-by-step lessons to learn how to use LaTeX in no time. It allows you to start creating beautiful documents for your reports, books and papers through easy and simple tutorials.

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LaTeX documents are often used in publishing. These tips, guides, and more will tell you everything you need to start making use of LaTeX.
If you've spent any time in academia or the academic publishing world, you've probably heard of LaTeX (pronounced "LAY-tech").
But what, exactly, is LaTeX? What are some of its uses? And how can you learn to use it?
We'll walk you through the basics to help you get started. Then we'll show you where to find great LaTeX tutorials and resources and point you toward some free LaTeX software.
Put simply, LaTeX is a typesetting and document preparation system that "includes features designed for the production of technical and scientific documentation."
For most people, it means that you can use LaTeX to create documents with text and formatting that would be difficult in a standard word processor.
Let's use the quadratic equation as an example. Here's what I typed in LaTeX:
Getting that equation to display nicely in Microsoft Word would be a pain. In LaTeX, it just took me a couple lines of text. But LaTeX can do a whole lot more than mathematical equations. It can handle non-Roman alphabets, tables of contents, lists, bibliographies, references, and even formulaic drawing.
If you're writing with LaTeX, you usually don't have to worry too much about typesetting. You'll probably use it more for equations and the like. But by tagging the items in your document (sections, figures, titles, and so on), you give an editor or publisher the ability to apply styles and formats to the entire document at once.
"LaTeX 2e defines 'structured' files in which the various elements (title, authors, headings, etc.) are easily identified. This is crucial for the future, when we may need to migrate tens of thousands of articles into new formats. AMS journals are already posted on line, with full bibliographic data in HTML."
Formatting and typesetting with LaTeX is a bit like using HTML and CSS . If you correctly tag everything with HTML, all you need to do is make one or two changes in CSS to apply them across your entire HTML document.
LaTeX documents obviously have advantages for mathematicians and anyone else who uses equations in their writing. The systems is commonly used for documents in physics, statistics, computer science, engineering, and other fields that need to write down a lot of equations.
But it's also used by linguists, economists, philosophers, children's book authors, anthropologists, theologians... and just about anyone else you can think of.
That's not to say that it's for everyone, though.
If you want something that you can learn and use right away, LaTeX may not be for you. It's a markup language , and it will take time to learn more than the basics. You'll have to do a lot of research on how to solve specific problems.
That said, after you've learned it, it'll save you a lot of time. Automatically generated tables of contents and bibliographies alone will save you hours. And if you design documents, you'll be amazed at how much easier it is in LaTeX than Word or LibreOffice .
LaTeX is based on the TeX document formatting system, which has been around since 1978. Some version of LaTeX will likely stick around for a long time, so it's a great format to store documents in.
Taking a look at LaTeX basics can be intimidating. It looks like learning a new coding language . But there aren't as many commands to learn (at least at first).
Let's take a look at a quick example to start. I'll use LaTeX Base , a free online LaTeX editor. I recommend using it while you're learning.
To open the document, I'll declare a document class:
There are many LateX document classes , but article is a common one.
After that, I'll add the document title, the author's name, and a date:
Now, you'll notice that none of this information is currently displayed in my document (the preview is on the right side of the screen):
That's because this information is considered part of the preamble , which doesn't appear in the LaTeX document.
Want to make it show up in the document? It's easy. Just use the following line:
Note that \maketitle must be between the document's beginning and ending to work.
Within the body of the document, you can type plain text to insert it:
And for a bulleted list, use the following syntax:
Here's what it looks like in the editor:
To create a numbered list, use enumerate instead of itemize .
Let's add a section heading to make sure readers know that this is the introduction:
I've added a numbered section heading. LaTeX will automatically insert sections into a table of contents, if we want one.
As you can see, using LaTeX is straightforward---if you know the markup you need. That's where tutorials and documentation come in.
For the most part, learning to use LaTeX is all about finding the right information when you need it. You can start with plain text, then look up what you need for a section or sub-section heading.
Then you can find the information on how to insert a figure. Or a footnote. Or an entire bibliography. The best way to learn it is one step at a time.
To that end, here are some LaTeX resources that will help you out.
One of the best introductions to LaTeX for beginners is Learn LaTeX in 30 Minutes by ShareLaTeX, an online LaTeX editor.
It goes over some of the basics that we covered above, as well as intermediate topics like mathematical equations, text formatting, comments, and figure captions.
Andy Roberts has a series of articles on LaTeX that will walk you through everything from the most basic setup all the way through figures and captions. It's not clear if he regularly updates this, but it appears to be up-to-date at the time of this writing.
Overleaf, another free online LaTeX editor, also has a good LaTeX tutorial that will teach you the basics. They call it an "interactive" tutorial, but it's really just a sequence of slides. That being said, it's a comprehensive introduction to a lot of the commands you might want to try with LaTeX.
Whether you decide to use the above LaTeX tutorials or not, you're going to need to reference documentation at some point.
LaTeX, an aptly titled book on Wikibooks , is a great place to start. It's a comprehensive guide to the LaTeX system that includes everything from tables of contents to indices. Errors and warnings, algorithms, theorems, advanced mathematics, and anything else you could possibly want in LaTeX are included.
And because it's on Wikibooks, it's super easy to search.
The official documentation from latex-project.org is another good resource, though it's not exactly user-friendly. The documentation is split up into different documents meant for different people in the writing, editing, and typesetting processes.
The Not So Short Guide to LaTeX 2e is exactly what it sounds like: a (very long) guide to LaTeX. And while you could use it as a tutorial, as it does cover all of the basics, the massive size of this guide makes it better as a reference.
Finally, the guides section of ShareLaTeX is another good option. The resources there are somewhere between tutorials and references, and are great for when you have questions.
LaTeX isn't a standalone piece of software. It runs on top of an older system called TeX. Many pieces of TeX software support LaTeX.
The official LaTeX project page recommends the following:
There are also a number of LaTeX online editors that you can use without downloading any software:
With the resources, tools, tutorials, and tips above, you can get started with LaTeX right away. It takes a while to get used to it, but once you do, you'll be creating and formatting documents much more efficiently. You could continue making professional documents in Word , but why would you after you've seen what LaTeX can do?
Dann is a content strategy and marketing consultant who helps companies generate demand and leads. He also blogs about strategy and content marketing at dannalbright . com .
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Written by Admin in Document classes
\chapter { First and only appendix }
\chapter { Other titles in this collection }
\begin{document} \maketitle \frontmatter \chapter{Dedication} \chapter{Copyright} \chapter{Acknowledgements} \tableofcontents \listoffigures \listoftables \mainmatter \part{The first part} \chapter{Chapter one} \chapter{Chapter two} \part{Last part} \chapter{Chapter three} \appendix \chapter{First and only appendix} \backmatter \chapter{Bibliography} \chapter{Other titles in this collection} \end{document} \begin{document}\maketitle\frontmatter\chapter{Dedication}\chapter{Copyright}\chapter{Acknowledgements}\tableofcontents\listoffigures\listoftables\mainmatter\part{The first part}\chapter{Chapter one}\chapter{Chapter two}\part{Last part}\chapter{Chapter three}\appendix\chapter{First and only appendix}\backmatter\chapter{Bibliography}\chapter{Other titles in this collection}\end{document}
Figure 1: The table of contents of a standard book structure.
% Example of a letter document class
\address { 1234 Fake Avenue\\ Wonderland, 12555 }
\signature { Dr.~Something\\ Head of Department }
{ Dr.~Anything \\ University of Nowhere\\ 66 Sesame Street\\ Wonderland, 45888 }
I write you a letter, and this is the body of the
\closing { I look forward to your reply, }
\begin{document} \begin{letter} {Dr.~Anything \\ University of Nowhere\\ 66 Sesame Street\\ Wonderland, 45888} \opening{Appreciated Anything,} I write you a letter, and this is the body of the letter. \closing{I look forward to your reply,} \end{letter} \end{document} \begin{document}\begin{letter}{Dr.~Anything \\ University of Nowhere\\ 66 Sesame Street\\ Wonderland, 45888}\opening{Appreciated Anything,}I write you a letter, and this is the body of theletter.\clo
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