Latex Centering

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A frequently seen mistake is to use \begin{center} … \end{center} inside a figure or table environment. This center environment can cause additional vertical space. If you want to avoid that just use \centering instead like in this example:
The additional space of the center environment is caused by a trivlist environment. Its defined by latex.ltx:
As you can see \center calls \centering too. By directly using \centering you could omit that trivlist.
Inside normal text \begin{center} … \end{center} is useful of course to center and to generate vertical space between the centered text and the surrounding text.
Concerning \centering it’s advisable to limit its scope by grouping. Inside a figure or table environment it’s already limited, but inside normal text you should use curly braces or \begingroup\centering … \endgroup:
As you can see I set an empty line before closing the centered group. If I do not end the paragraph by a paragraph break or the line by \\ then the following text outside the group will be centered too. \centering is also defined by latex.ltx:
It’s using \leftskip and \rightskip to flush left and right.
This topic was discussed in the LaTeX Community Forum , on mrunix.de and on ubuntuusers.de .
13. June 2008 by stefan

Categories: Figures and Tables |
9 comments
> … then the following text outside the group will be centered too.
Is this a bug? Why does it do this?
No, it’s just because center is a switch: you switch on centered typesetting. Unless it’s turned off again (switched to left-aligned, say), LaTeX will continue centering. Everything’s fine there. The scope is a paragraph, as determined by the TeX engine.
Well, we *could* claim that it is not a bug, but in fact it is. I see/understand no reason why the code could not be cleaned up sufficiently so that we don’t need to use “tricks” like carriage returns as unwitting flags.
Latex is so powerful, but if it makes no attempt to become more user-friendly, a more flexible and powerful version of something like Markdown will come along, and Latex will become irrelevant.
First, I want congratulate to you for your excellent site.
My question is not about “center vs. centering”, but about the plugin that do you use for write latex code in your page.
I look forward you can answer my question.
I am trying the given code to center image but its not working.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[trim=0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm, clip=true,width=\linewidth]{twsd.jpg}
\caption{Types of WSD}
\label{fig:my_2}
\end{figure}
and showing a warning:
`h’ float specifier changed to `ht’.
output of the above code: here is the output image
At starting i was using compiler latex and it was working correctly. But now am using xelatex, and the images alignment changed automatically. Please suggest me some way to center the images.
graphics horizontal-alignment xetex
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\begin { figure }[ ht ]
\ centering
\ includegraphics {filename } %
\ caption { text } %
\end { figure }
\ def \center { \trivlist \ centering \ item \relax }
\ def \endcenter { \endtrivlist }
\ def \ centering { %
\ let \\ \@centercr
\rightskip \@flushglue \leftskip \@flushglue
\parindent \z @ \parfillskip \z @skip }

\usepackage [document] { ragged2e }

\documentclass { article }
\usepackage [document] { ragged2e }

\begin { document }
\section { Heading on Level 1 (section) }
Hello, here is some text without a meaning. This text should show what a printed text will look like at this place. If you read this text, you will get no information. Really? Is there no information? Is there a difference between this text and some nonsense like not at all! A blind text like this gives you information about the selected font, how the letters are written and an impression of the look.
\end { document }

\documentclass { article }
\usepackage [english] { babel }
\usepackage { ragged2e }
\usepackage { blindtext }

\begin { document }
\setlength { \hsize }{ 0.9 \hsize } % emphasize effects

\subsection* { Left-aligned example with
\texttt { \string\raggedright } \\ (standard \LaTeX {} command) }
\raggedright\blindtext [2] \par

\subsection* { Left-aligned example with \texttt { \string\RaggedRight } \\ ( \texttt { ragged2e } command) }
\RaggedRight\blindtext [2] \par
\end { document }

\documentclass { article }
\usepackage [english] { babel }
\usepackage { ragged2e }
\usepackage { blindtext }
\begin { document }
\setlength { \hsize }{ 0.9 \hsize } % emphasize effects

\subsection* { \texttt { flushleft } environment: (standard \LaTeX {} ) }

\begin { flushleft }
\blindtext [1]
\end { flushleft }

\subsection* { \texttt { FlushLeft } environment: ( \texttt { ragged2e } ) }

\begin { FlushLeft }
\blindtext [1]
\end { FlushLeft }

\end { document }

\documentclass { article }
\usepackage [english] { babel }
\usepackage { ragged2e }
\usepackage { blindtext }
\begin { document }
\setlength { \hsize }{ 0.9 \hsize } % emphasize effects

\subsection* { \texttt { flushright } environment: (standard \LaTeX {} ) }

\begin { flushright }
\blindtext [1]
\end { flushright }

\subsection* { \texttt { FlushRight } environment: ( \texttt { ragged2e } ) }

\begin { FlushRight }
\blindtext [1]
\end { FlushRight }

\end { document }

\documentclass { article }
\usepackage [english] { babel }
\usepackage { ragged2e }
\usepackage { blindtext }
\begin { document }
\setlength { \hsize }{ 0.9 \hsize } % emphasize effects

\subsection* { \texttt { center } environment: (standard \LaTeX {} ) }

\begin { center }
\blindtext [1]
\end { center }

\subsection* { \texttt { Center } environment: ( \texttt { ragged2e } ) }
\begin { Center }
\blindtext [1]
\end { Center }
\end { document }

\documentclass { article }
\usepackage [english] { babel }
\usepackage { ragged2e }
\usepackage { blindtext }
\begin { document }
\setlength { \hsize }{ 0.9 \hsize } % emphasize effects

\Centering
\blindtext [1]

\vspace { 5mm }
\justifying
\blindtext [1]
\end { document }

By default, LaTeX typesets text as fully-justified, but occasionally left-aligned or "ragged right" text (for right-to-left languages) may be more appropriate—such as text within narrow columns. This article explains how to change text alignment for parts, or all, of your document using LaTeX's built-in features and the package ragged2e .

LaTeX does have built-in commands for changing the typeset alignment of text:

together with corresponding environments:

However, the ragged2e package provides some refinements which improve upon these standard LaTeX commands and environments.

To start with, here is an example using the ragged2e package and its [document] option to typeset the entire document text as ragged-right (left-aligned). The sample code adds the line

This example produces the following output:

The LaTeX command \raggedright sometimes produces results that appear to look "too ragged". The package ragged2e tackles this problem by allowing hyphenation when a line is too short, generating a more uniformly ragged text-edge. The following example shows ragged-right text produced via the LaTeX command \raggedright and, for comparison, the same text typeset using the \RaggedRight command provided by ragged2e :

As discussed in the ragged2e package documentation , ragged2e provides alternative commands and environments for modifying text alignment and we'll take a look at some of these.

The default LaTeX environment for producing ragged-right text is flushleft . The equivalent in ragged2e is called FlushLeft (note capitalization). The following example compares the output of those environments:

The default LaTeX environment for producing ragged-left (right-aligned) text is flushright . The equivalent in ragged2e is called FlushRight (note capitalization). The following example compares the output of those environments:

The default LaTeX environment for producing centred text is center . The equivalent in ragged2e is called Center (note capitalization). The following example compares the output of those environments:

The package ragged2e provides the command \justifying which you can use as shown in the example below:

Summary of environments and commands for text alignment


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