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Latex 2
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git clone https://github.com/latex3/latex2e.git
svn co https://github.com/latex3/latex2e.git/trunk
svn co https://github.com/latex3/latex2e.git
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LaTeX is free
software under the terms of
the LaTeX Project Public License
(LPPL) . LaTeX is distributed through CTAN
servers or comes as part of many easily installable and
usable TeX
distributions provided by the TeX User Group (TUG) or third
parties. If you run into trouble, visit
the help section .
LaTeX is not a stand-alone typesetting program in itself, but
document preparation software that runs on top
of Donald
E. Knuth 's TeX
typesetting system . TeX distributions usually bundle together
all the parts needed for a working TeX system and they generally
add to this both configuration and maintenance utilities. Nowadays
LaTeX, and many of the packages built on it, form an important
component of any major TeX distribution.
The LaTeX team cannot guarantee that TeX distributions, even
recent ones, contain the most recent version of LaTeX. It may
happen that you need a more recent LaTeX than the one that your
favourite TeX distribution carries, e.g., in order to get a
particular bug fix. In that case you will need to fetch LaTeX from
CTAN and install it on top of your distribution. See below for
details.
If you’re new to TeX and LaTeX or just want an easy installation, get
a full TeX distribution. The TeX Users Group (TUG) has a
list of notable distributions
that are entirely, or least primarily, free software.
Check your Linux distributions software source for a TeX
distribution including LaTeX. You can also
install the current TeX Live distribution
directly---in fact this may be advisable as many Linux distributions only contain
older versions of TeX Live, see
Linux TeX Live package status
for details.
The MacTeX
distribution contains everything you need, including a complete
TeX system with LaTeX itself and editors to write documents.
Check out the MiKTeX
or proTeXt
or TeX Live
distributions; they contain a complete TeX system with LaTeX
itself and editors to write documents.
LaTeX online services
like Papeeria ,
Overleaf ,
ShareLaTeX ,
Datazar ,
and LaTeX base offer the
ability to edit, view and download LaTeX files and resulting
PDFs.
You can obtain LaTeX from CTAN , which is the
primary source of distribution for LaTeX. In order for your downloaded
LaTeX to be of any use, you have to obtain and set up a TeX system
first. You can either install a TeX distribution (see above) or get a
TeX system from CTAN . If
you use a TeX distribution then it will include a version of LaTeX so
this will probably make things easier for you; but you may have a
reason not to do this.
These days the LaTeX development sources are kept in a GitHub
repository (previously we used SVN).
Anyone can access it and download the files, but
submission is restricted to team members. The repository is located at
https://github.com/latex3/latex2e
and from that browser page you may explore the files, clone the
repository or download the files in a .zip archive (roughly 25Mb) by
using the appropriate buttons.
If you are familiar with Git you can also clone the repository using the
command line or your favorite Git fontend tool, e.g.,
which needs about 50Mb of space.
Alternatively, you can do a Subversion checkout from the command line, e.g.,
which will just checkout the current files.
But be aware that a SVN checkout of the form
will download all files including their
history (back to 2009) and amounts to roughly 1.4Gb so that is quite large.
Note: If you had bookmarked the old SVN repository please update that
bookmark to the new GIT repository as we have finally removed it.
Git repositories support distributed development and allow people to
provide change sets that are made available through so called pull
requests , so that the maintainers of a program can “pull the suggested
changes” into the main repository.
While we appreciate contributions, we think that for the core LaTeX
software pull requests are usually not a good approach (unless the
change has be already discussed and agreed upon).
The stability of LaTeX is very important and this means that changes to
the kernel are necessarily very conservative. It also means that a lot
of discussion has to happen before any changes are made. So if you do
decide to post a pull request, please bear this in mind: we do
appreciate ideas, but cannot always integrate them into the kernel and
it is quite likely that we reject updates made in this way.
If you want to discuss a possible contribution before (or instead of)
making a pull request, we suggest you raise the topic first on
the LATEX-L list or drop a
line to the team .
Ulrik Vieth has collected historic versions of LaTeX from LaTeX 2.0
for TeX 1.0 (released on 11 December 1983) onwards. You can find them
at
ftp://ftp.tug.org/historic/macros/latex-saildart/ .
There might even be some earlier versions. All files have been pulled
from the SAILDART archive site at http://z.baumgart.org/ (no longer
online) which was based on archive tapes from SAIL at Stanford.
More historic material can be found at ftp://ftp.tug.org/historic (you may not be able to open this in all browsers — alternatively try https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/historic/ ).
LaTeX is a document preparation system used for the communication and publication of scientific documents. LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License .
The following information is excerpted from "A Document Preparation System:
LaTeX" by Leslie Lamport, 2nd edition and/or "LaTeX2e for authors",
by the LaTeX3 Project Team, June 1994.
LaTex2e was produced in an attempt to reconcile the various, sometimes
incompatble, "flavors" of LaTeX which were developing. Some of these
included the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), SLITeX (for slides),
AASTeX (the American Astronomical Society macros), etc. The major
change to LaTeX2e is the method for trying to make the use of add-on
packages more uniform by the introduction of "classes"
and "packages." Most of the new commands are the "initial" commands,
i.e., those which can appear only before the
\documentclass command.
A few standard LaTeX commands have been modified and a few new commands
added, notably:
In LaTeX2e, documents begin with a \documentclass command. This
replaces the LaTeX 2.09
\documentstyle command. The
\usepackage command has been added and is used in conjunction
with \documentclass .
aTeX2e still understands the old
\documentstyle command; if it is
encountered, LaTex2e enters compatibility
mode in which most 2.09 input files should still be processed properly.
LaTeX 2.09 commands for changing type style, for example, \tt ,
still work similarly in LaTeX2e.
The major difference is that \sc and \sl
can no longer be used in math mode (except when LaTeX2e is in
compatibility mode , see above).
However, a new set of commands
have been added to allow separate (and independent) specification of
These can be combined to form a wide variety of type styles. If a style
you specify is not available on your computer, LaTeX2e produce a warning
message and will substitute a style it thinks is similar.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"LATEX" redirects here. For the polymer, see Latex . For other uses, see Latex (disambiguation) .
Fall 2021 LaTeX release [1]
/ November 2021 ; 10 months ago ( November 2021 )
\documentclass { article } % Starts an article
\usepackage { amsmath } % Imports amsmath
\title { \LaTeX } % Title
\begin { document } % Begins a document
\maketitle
\LaTeX {} is a document preparation system for
the \TeX {} typesetting program. It offers
programmable desktop publishing features and
extensive facilities for automating most
aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing,
including numbering and cross-referencing,
tables and figures, page layout,
bibliographies, and much more. \LaTeX {} was
originally written in 1984 by Leslie Lamport
and has become the dominant method for using
\TeX ; few people write in plain \TeX {} anymore.
The current version is \LaTeXe .
% This is a comment, not shown in final output.
% The following shows typesetting power of LaTeX:
\begin { align }
E _ 0 & = mc ^ 2 \\
E & = \frac { mc ^ 2 }{ \sqrt { 1- \frac { v ^ 2 }{ c ^ 2 }}}
\end { align }
\end { document }
^ "The Fall 2021 LaTeX release is available" .
^ "An introduction to LaTeX" . LaTeX project . Retrieved 18 April 2016 .
^ Jump up to: a b Lamport, Leslie (1986). LATEX : a document preparation system . Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 020115790X . OCLC 12550262 .
^ "What are TeX, LaTeX and friends?" .
^ Jump up to: a b Alexia Gaudeul (June 2007). "Do Open Source Developers Respond to Competition?: The (La)TeX Case Study". Review of Network Economics . 6 (2). doi : 10.2202/1446-9022.1119 . S2CID 201097782 .
^ Markin, Pablo (1 November 2017). "LaTeX, Open Source Software, Facilitates the Adoption of Open Access by Authors, Repositories and Journals" . OpenScience . Retrieved 5 November 2017 .
^ "Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using babel and fontspec" . Retrieved 2022-04-09 .
^ "Chinese" . www.overleaf.com . Retrieved 2020-12-30 .
^ Leslie Lamport (April 23, 2007). "The Writings of Leslie Lamport: LaTeX: A Document Preparation System" . Leslie Lamport's Home Page . Retrieved 2007-04-27 .
^ "LaTeX - A document preparation system" . www.latex-project.org . Retrieved 2019-07-20 .
^ Jump up to: a b Lamport, Leslie (23 August 2018). "My Writings" (PDF) . pp. 48–49 . Retrieved 5 September 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b "The LaTeX3 Project" . www.latex-project.org . Retrieved 2018-12-26 .
^ The design of LaTeX owes something to earlier markup systems such as Scribe .
^ PDF output is common, but TeX can output other formats such as DVI ("Device independent" format). See below for more detail about outputs.
^ "Overleaf" .
^ "Seeveeze" .
^ "LaTeX Base" .
^ "Authorea" .
^ Donald E. Knuth, The TeXbook , Addison–Wesley, Boston, 1986, p. 1.
^ Lamport (1994), p 5
^ O'Connor, Edward. "TeX and LaTeX logo POSHlets" . Archived from the original on 2007-10-11 . Retrieved 2008-04-21 .
^ Taraborelli, Dario. "CSS-driven TeX logos" . Archived from the original on 2017-09-01 . Retrieved 2008-04-21 .
^ Walden, David (2005-07-15). "Travels in TeX Land: A Macro, Three Software Packages, and the Trouble with TeX" . The PracTeX Journal (3) . Retrieved 2008-04-21 .
^ "pdfTeX - TeX Users Group" . www.tug.org . Retrieved 2019-07-20 .
^ "XeTeX - TeX Users Group" . www.tug.org . Retrieved 2019-07-20 .
^ "Latex Instructions" . Elsevier . 2015-05-11 . Retrieved 2021-10-06 .
^ Website http://hevea.inria.fr/
^ According to LICENSE file in the source repository .
^ "CTAN: Package latex2html" . www.ctan.org .
^ "LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" . dlmf.nist.gov . Retrieved 2018-08-18 .
^ "Pandoc - About pandoc" . pandoc.org .
^ Knauff, Markus; Nejasmic, Jelica (December 19, 2019). "An Efficiency Comparison of Document Preparation Systems Used in Academic Research and Development" . PLOS ONE . 9 (12): e115069. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0115069 . PMC 4272305 . PMID 25526083 .
^ Schubotz, Moritz; Wicke, Gabriel (2014). "Mathoid: Robust, Scalable, Fast and Accessible Math Rendering for Wikipedia". Intelligent Computer Mathematics - International Conference . CICM. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8543. Springer. pp. 224–235. arXiv : 1404.6179 . doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-08434-3_17 . ISBN 978-3-319-08433-6 .
^ "KaTeX – The fastest math typesetting library for the web" . katex.org .
^ "The LaTeX project public license" . www.latex-project.org . Retrieved 2019-07-20 .
^ Scavo, Tom. "TeX, LaTeX, and AMS-LaTeX" . Archived from the original on 3 December 1998 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 .
^ Frank Mittelbach, Chris Rowley (January 12, 1999). "The LaTeX3 Project" (PDF) . Retrieved 2007-07-30 .
^ Wright, Joseph. "Why is LaTeX3 taking so long to come out?" . TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange .
^ Fischer, Ulrike. "What's the current state of LaTeX3 (2020)?" . TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange .
^ "LyX | What is LyX?" . www.lyx.org . Retrieved 2019-07-20 .
^ "Welcome to GNU TeXmacs (FSF GNU project)" . www.texmacs.org .
Flynn, Peter (2017) [2002]. Formatting Information: A Beginner's Guide to LaTeX (7th online ed.). Cork: Silmaril. p. 193.
Griffiths, David F.; Highman, David S. (1997). Learning LaTeX . Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ISBN 0-89871-383-8 .
Kopka, Helmut; Daly, Patrick W. (2003). Guide to LaTeX (4th ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0-321-17385-6 .
Lamport, Leslie (1994). LaTeX: A document preparation system: User's guide and reference . illustrations by Duane Bibby (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0-201-52983-1 .
Mittelbach, Frank; Goossens, Michel (2004). The LaTeX Companion (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-36299-6 .
LaTeX at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata
LaTeX ( / ˈ l ɑː t ɛ x / LAH -tekh or / ˈ l eɪ t ɛ x / LAY -tekh , [2] [Note 1] often stylized as L a T e X ) is a software system for document preparation. [3] When writing, the writer uses plain text as opposed to the formatted text found in WYSIWYG word processors like Microsoft Word , LibreOffice Writer and Apple Pages . The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the general structure of a document to stylise text throughout a document (such as bold and italics), and to add citations and cross-references . A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MiKTeX is used to produce an output file (such as PDF or DVI ) suitable for printing or digital distribution .
LaTeX is widely used in academia [4] [5] for the communication and publication of scientific documents in many fields, including mathematics, computer science, engineering, physics, chemistry, economics, linguistics, quantitative psychology, philosophy, and political science. It also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex multilingual materials , such as Sanskrit and Greek . [6] LaTeX uses the TeX typesetting program for formatting its output, and is itself written in the TeX macro language.
LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system, or as an intermediate format. In the latter role, for example, it is sometimes used as part of a pipeline for translating DocBook and other XML -based formats to PDF . The typesetting system offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing of tables and figures, chapter and section headings, graphics, page layout, indexing and bibliographies .
Like TeX, LaTeX started as a writing tool for mathematicians and computer scientists, but even from early in its development, it has also been taken up by scholars who needed to write documents that include complex math expressions or non-Latin scripts, [7] such as Arabic , Devanagari and Chinese . [8]
LaTeX is intended to provide a high-level, descriptive markup language that accesses the power of TeX in an easier way for writers. In essence, TeX handles the layout side, while LaTeX handles the content side for document processing. LaTeX comprises a collection of TeX macros and a program to process LaTeX documents, and because the plain TeX formatting commands are elementary, it provides authors with ready-made commands for formatting and layout requirements such as chapter headings, footnotes, cross-references and bibliographies.
LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International . [9] The current version is LaTeX2e (stylised as L a T e X 2 ε ), released in 1994, but updated in 2020. LaTeX3 ( L a T e X3 ) has been under long-term development since the early 1990s. LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL) . [10]
LaTeX was created in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport , when he was working at SRI . He needed to write TeX macros for his own use, and thought that with a little extra effort he could make a general package usable by others. Peter Gordon, an editor at Addison-Wesley , convinced him to write a LaTeX user's manual for publication (Lamport was initially skeptical that anyone would pay money for it); [11] it came out in 1986 [3] and sold hundreds of thousands of copies. [11] Meanwhile, Lamport released versions of his LaTeX macros in 1984 and 1985. On 21 August 1989, at a TeX Users Group (TUG) meeting at Stanford, Lamport agreed to turn over maintenance and development of LaTeX to Frank Mittelbach. Mittelbach, along with Chris Rowley and Rainer Schöpf, formed the LaTeX3 team; in 1994, they released LaTeX2e, the current standard version. LaTeX3 itself has since been cancelled with version features intended for that version being back-ported to LaTeX 2e since 2018. [12]
LaTeX attempts to follow the design philosophy of separating presentation from content , so that authors can focus on the content of what they are writing without attending simultaneously to its visual appearance. In preparing a LaTeX document, the author specifies the logical structure using simple, familiar concepts such as chapter , section , table , figure , etc., and lets the LaTeX system handle the formatting and layout of these structures. As a result, it encourages the separation of the layout from the content — while still allowing manual typesetting adjustments whenever needed. This concept is similar to the mechanism by which many word processors allow styles to be defined globally for an entire document, or the use of Cascading Style Sheets in styling HTML documents .
The LaTeX system is a markup language that handles typesetting and rendering, [13] and can be arbitrarily extended by using the underlying macro language to develop custom macros such as new environments and commands. Such macros are often collected into packages, which could then be made available to address some specific typesetting needs such as the formatting of complex mathematical expressions or graphics (e.g., the use of the align environment provided by the amsmath package to produce aligned equations).
In order to create a document in LaTeX, you first write a file, say document.tex , using your preferred text editor . Then you give your document.tex file as input to the TeX program (with the LaTeX macros loaded), which prompts
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