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LaTeX symbols have either names (denoted by backslash) or special characters. They are organized into seven classes based on their role in a mathematical expression. This is not a comprehensive list. Refer to the external references at the end of this article for more information.

Letters are rendered in italic font; numbers are upright / roman. \ imath and \ jmath make "dotless" i and j, which are useful in conjunction with hats and accents .

Lower case Greek letters are rendered in italic font; upper case Greek letters are rendered in upright/Roman.

  \ Gamma
  \ Delta
  \ Lambda
  \ Phi
  \ Pi
  \ Psi
  \ Sigma
  \ Theta

  \ alpha
  \ beta
  \ gamma
  \ delta
  \ epsilon
  \ zeta
  \ eta
  \ theta

  \ iota
  \ kappa
  \ lambda
  \ mu
  \ nu
  \ xi
  \ pi
  \ rho

  \ sigma
  \ tau
  \ upsilon
  \ phi
  \ chi
  \ psi
  \ omega

  \ digamma
  \ varepsilon
  \ varkappa
  \ varphi
  \ varpi
  \ varrho
  \ varsigma
  \ vartheta

  \ aleph
  \ beth
  \ daleth
  \ gimel

  \ complement
  \ ell
  \ eth
  \ hbar

  \ hslash
  \ mho
  \ partial
  \ wp
The following characters don't have any spacing associated with them. That is, they are simple symbols, in class 0.

  \ #
  \ angle
  \ backprime
  \ bigstar
  \ blacklozenge
  \ blacksquare
  \ blacktriangle
  \ blacktriangledown
  \ bot

  \ clubsuit
  \ diagdown
  \ diagup
  \ diamondsuit
  \ emptyset
  \ exists
  \ flat
  \ forall
  \ heartsuit

  \ infty
  \ lozenge
  \ measuredangle
  \ nabla
  \ natural
  \ neg or \ lnot
  \ nexists
  \ prime
  \ S

  \ sharp
  \ spadesuit
  \ sphericalangle
  \ square
  \ surd
  \ top
  \ triangle
  \ triangledown
  \ varnothing
There is also a command \& which is not supported by Wikia's LaTeX parser.

Symbols that go above, below, or in the corners of other symbols.

Note 1: dotless i and j (symbols \imath and \jmath ) can be used to leave room for whatever hat you want them to wear.

Note 2: \sideset takes two required parameters, left side and right side, and must be followed by a sum class math operator that normally takes subscripts and superscripts below and above the symbol.

  \ overleftarrow{xxx}
  \ overrightarrow{xxx}
  \ overleftrightarrow{xxx}
  \ xleftarrow[under]{over}
  \ xrightarrow[under]{over}
The following commands are not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser:

Bold face: \ boldsymbol and \mathbf make bold face symbols, and \ pmb makes very bold face symbols. However, \mathbf cannot be applied to Greek symbols, for instance. The AMS "short guide" (see references) contains a cryptic comment, "generally speaking, it is ill-advised to apply \boldsymbol to more than one symbol at a time." Best not to discover why!

\boldsymbol{\pi} \mathbf{A}_{\boldsymbol{0} }

The \pmb command is not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser.

Simple symbols (class 0) are rendered without any space between them. Operators (class 1) are rendered with spaces. Spacing symbols change the amount of spacing, either by adding more space or taking spaces away. Space is measured in math units , or mu. 18mu equals 1em.

NOTE: commands \thinspace , \medspace , \thickspace , \negthinspace , \negmedspace , \negthickspace , \mspace , and \: are not impemented here at wikia.org!

Spaces of exactly the size of some rendered text can be obtained using the \ phantom , command, and its cousins, \ hphantom and \ vphantom . They are not implemented here at wikia.org!

These prefix operators accumulate the things they're prefixed to. "Extensible" means they have variable size to accommodate their operands, and their limits can appear below and above the operator.

  \ int
  \ oint
  \ bigcap
  \ bigcup

  \ bigodot
  \ bigoplus
  \ bigotimes
  \ bigsqcup
The \smallint command is not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser.

If your favorite operator, say, "foo", isn't listed, then you won't be able to use \foo(x) in your LaTeX equation. But don't fret. You can get the same result with \ operatorname {foo}(x). If your made-up operator needs displayed limits, as in \lim or \max , then use \operatorname*{foo} , as in the example in the following table.

  \ arccos
  \ arcsin
  \ arctan
  \ arg
  \ cos
  \ cosh
  \ cot
  \ coth
  \ csc
  \ deg

  \ det
  \ dim
  \ exp
  \ gcd
  \ hom
  \ inf
  \ injlim
  \ ker
  \ lg
  \ lim

  \ liminf
  \ limsup
  \ ln
  \ log
  \ max
  \ min
  \ Pr
  \ projlim
  \ sec
  \ sin

  \ sinh
  \ sup
  \ tan
  \ tanh
  \ varinjlim
  \ varprojlim
  \ varliminf
  \ varlimsup
  \ operatorname{foo}_0^1

The command \operatorname* is not supported by the wikia's LaTeX parser.

  *
  +
  -
  \ amalg
  \ ast
  \ barwedge
  \ bigcirc
  \ bigtriangledown
  \ bigtriangleup
  \ boxdot
  \ boxminus
  \ boxplus
  \ boxtimes
  \ bullet
  \ cap

  \ Cap or \ doublecap
  \ cdot
  \ centerdot
  \ circ
  \ circledast
  \ circledcirc
  \ circleddash
  \ cup
  \ Cup or \ doublecup
  \ curlyvee
  \ curlywedge
  \ dagger
  \ ddagger
  \ diamond
  \ div

  \ divideontimes
  \ dotplus
  \ doublebarwedge
  \ gtrdot
  \ intercal
  \ leftthreetimes
  \ lessdot
  \ ltimes
  \ mp
  \ odot
  \ ominus
  \ oplus
  \ oslash
  \ otimes
  \ pm

  \ rightthreetimes
  \ rtimes
  \ setminus
  \ smallsetminus
  \ sqcap
  \ sqcup
  \ star
  \ times
  \ triangleleft
  \ triangleright
  \ uplus
  \ vee or \ lor
  \ veebar
  \ wedge or \ land
  \ wr

  <
  =
  >
  \ approx
  \ approxeq
  \ asymp
  \ backsim
  \ backsimeq
  \ bumpeq
  \ Bumpeq
  \ circeq
  \ cong
  \ curlyeqprec
  \ curlyeqsucc
  \ doteq
  \ doteqdot or \ Doteq
  \ eqcirc
  \ eqsim
  \ eqslantgtr
  \ eqslantless
  \ equiv
  \ fallingdotseq
  \ geq or \ ge

  \ geqq
  \ geqslant
  \ gg
  \ ggg or \ gggtr
  \ gnapprox
  \ gneq
  \ gneqq
  \ gnsim
  \ gtrapprox
  \ gtreqless
  \ gtreqqless
  \ gtrless
  \ gtrsim
  \ gvertneqq
  \ leq or \ le
  \ leqq
  \ leqslant
  \ lessapprox
  \ lesseqgtr
  \ lesseqqgtr
  \ lessgtr
  \ lesssim
  \ ll

  \ lll or \ llless
  \ lnapprox
  \ lneq
  \ lneqq
  \ lnsim
  \ lvertneqq
  \ ncong
  \ neq or \ ne
  \ ngeq
  \ ngeqq
  \ ngeqslant
  \ ngtr
  \ nleq
  \ nleqq
  \ nleqslant
  \ nless
  \ nprec
  \ npreceq
  \ nsim
  \ nsucc
  \ nsucceq
  \ prec
  \ precapprox

  \ preccurlyeq
  \ preceq
  \ precnapprox
  \ precneqq
  \ precnsim
  \ precsim
  \ risingdotseq
  \ sim
  \ simeq
  \ succ
  \ succapprox
  \ succcurlyeq
  \ succeq
  \ succnapprox
  \ succneqq
  \ succnsim
  \ succsim
  \ thickapprox
  \ thicksim
  \ triangleq

  \ circlearrowleft
  \ circlearrowright
  \ curvearrowleft
  \ curvearrowright
  \ downdownarrows
  \ downharpoonleft
  \ downharpoonright
  \ hookleftarrow
  \ hookrightarrow
  \ leftarrow or \ gets
  \ Leftarrow
  \ leftarrowtail
  \ leftharpoondown
  \ leftharpoonup
  \ leftleftarrows
  \ leftrightarrow
  \ Leftrightarrow
  \ leftrightarrows
  \ leftrightharpoons
  \ leftrightsquigarrow
  \ Lleftarrow

  \ longleftarrow
  \ Longleftarrow
  \ longleftrightarrow
  \ Longleftrightarrow
  \ longmapsto
  \ longrightarrow
  \ Longrightarrow or
          \ implies
  \ looparrowleft
  \ looparrowright
  \ Lsh
  \ mapsto
  \ multimap
  \ nLeftarrow
  \ nLeftrightarrow
  \ nRightarrow
  \ nearrow
  \ nleftarrow
  \ nleftrightarrow
  \ nrightarrow
  \ nwarrow

  \ rightarrow or \ to
  \ Rightarrow
  \ rightarrowtail
  \ rightharpoondown
  \ rightharpoonup
  \ rightleftarrows
  \ rightleftharpoons
  \ rightrightarrows
  \ rightsquigarrow
  \ Rrightarrow
  \ Rsh
  \ searrow
  \ swarrow
  \ twoheadleftarrow
  \ twoheadrightarrow
  \ upharpoonleft
  \ upharpoonright or
     \ restriction
  \ upuparrows

  \ backepsilon
  \ because
  \ between
  \ blacktriangleleft
  \ blacktriangleright
  \ bowtie
  \ dashv
  \ frown
  \ in
  \ mid
  \ models
  \ ni or \ owns
  \ nmid
  \ notin
  \ nparallel
  \ nshortmid
  \ nshortparallel
  \ nsubseteq

  \ nsubseteqq
  \ nsupseteq
  \ nsupseteqq
  \ ntriangleleft
  \ ntrianglelefteq
  \ ntriangleright
  \ ntrianglerighteq
  \ nvdash
  \ nVdash
  \ nvDash
  \ nVDash
  \ parallel
  \ perp
  \ pitchfork
  \ propto
  \ shortmid
  \ shortparallel
  \ smallfrown

  \ smallsmile
  \ smile
  \ sqsubset
  \ sqsubseteq
  \ sqsupset
  \ sqsupseteq
  \ subset
  \ Subset
  \ subseteq
  \ subseteqq
  \ subsetneq
  \ subsetneqq
  \ supset
  \ Supset
  \ supseteq
  \ supseteqq
  \ supsetneq
  \ supsetneqq

  \ therefore
  \ trianglelefteq
  \ trianglerighteq
  \ varpropto
  \ varsubsetneq
  \ varsubsetneqq
  \ varsupsetneq
  \ varsupsetneqq
  \ vartriangle
  \ vartriangleleft
  \ vartriangleright
  \ vdash
  \ Vdash
  \ vDash
  \ Vvdash

   ( )
   [ ]
   \ lbrace \ rbrace
   \ lVert \ rVert

   \ langle \ rangle
   \ lceil \ rceil
   \ lfloor \ rfloor

The following commands are not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser:

  \ vert or |
  \ Vert or \ |
  /
  \ backslash
The following commands are not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser:

The following commands are not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

\imath \ quad \jmath \quad \hat{\jmath}

\mathbf{A}_\mathbf{\infty} \mathbf{+} \mathbf{\pi} \mathbf{A}_\mathbf{0}

Blackboard bold (no lowercase) is used to represent standard sets of numbers, e.g. complex numbers, quaternions, natural numbers, octonians, rationals, reals, sedenions, integers.

Blackboard bold (no lowercase) is used to represent standard sets of numbers, e.g. complex numbers, quaternions, natural numbers, octonians, rationals, reals, sedenions, integers.

Calligraphic letters (no lowercase)

Calligraphic letters (no lowercase)

Simple symbols (class 0) have no spaces around them

Operators (class 1) have thin spaces around them

a \ : b \mspace{4mu} c \ medspace d

a \ ; b \mspace{5mu} c \ thickspace d

thicker 6mu space provided by backslash followed by blank

a \ qquad b \mspace{36mu} c \qquad d

a \ ! b \mspace{-3mu} c \ negthinspace d

negative thin -3mu space. See \ int for a suggested use.

a \ negmedspace b \mspace{-4mu} c \negmedspace d

a \ negthickspace b \mspace{-5mu} c \negthickspace d

space as wide and high as integral and three X’s

space as wide and high as integral and three X’s; height 0

space of width 0, as high as integral and three X’s

Here \hspace { 5em } is some blank space.
Here \hspace { 5em } is some blank space.
You can also use negative dimensions \hspace { -1cm } ---------.
A bunch of zeroes? 666 \hspace { -.5 cm } 999.
\begin{document} Here\hspace{5em}is some blank space. Here \hspace{5em}is some blank space. You can also use negative dimensions\hspace{-1cm}---------. A bunch of zeroes? 666\hspace{-.5cm}999. \end{document}
Manipulating horizontal spacing in LaTeX.
If I want to use a \vspace { 3ex } spacing inside a paragraph, it will only be inserted at the end of the line.
\begin{document} If I want to use a \vspace{3ex} spacing inside a paragraph, it will only be inserted at the end of the line. \vspace{1cm} Inside the code this line comes \vspace{-5ex} before this one. \end{document}
How the vertical spacing behaves when used inside a paragraph.
% horizontal stretchable space in LaTeX
\hfill Centred content. \hspace * { \fill }
\begin{document} Look at how it \hfill stretches. Two \hfill of \hfill them. \hfill Centred content. \hspace*{\fill} \end{document}
Playing with horizontal stretchable space
% horizontal stretchable space in LaTeX
\begin{document} \hrulefill Look at how it \dotfill stretches. Two \hfill of \hfill them. \dotfill Centred content\dotfill \hrulefill \end{document}
% Create and customize length commands
\addtolength { \mylength }{ -.2 cm }
% Create and customize length commands

\newlength{\mylength}
\setlength{\mylength}{2cm}
\addtolength{\mylength}{-.2cm}
You can find books about literature, maths, history, etc.\ and they are all free
\begin{document} You can find books about literature, maths, history, etc.\ and they are all free \end{document}
\int_ { - \infty } ^ { \infty } e^ { -x^ 2 } \,dx
\binom { m }{ n } = \cfrac { m! }{ n! \, ( m-n ) ! } , \quad
\cfrac { 11 ! }{ 6 ! \, 2 ! } , \quad
\usepackage { lipsum } % for dummy text
\lipsum [ 1 ] % one and a half spaced
How different interlinear spacing looks when using the setspace package.

© 2022 Copyright LaTeX-Tutorial.com
This tutorial will deal with LaTeX spacing:
In LaTeX, horizontal space is produced using the \hspace{} command . This command gets passed as a mandatory argument a valid TeX dimension ( positive or negative ) and introduces the horizontal space determined by that dimension.
You can think of it as inserting a completely blank word so that spaces before and after it will produce an extra space accounting for the interword space.
Note again that the dimension inserted can also be negative . In the following example you can see how you can use this fact to produce some fancy results:
It is important to note that TeX removes space from the beginning or end of each line of output text, except at the beginning and end of a paragraph .
This includes also space added with \hspace !
If you want to prevent this behavior, the \hspace* command is provided; it does the same as \hspace except that the space it produces is never removed, even when it comes at the beginning or end of a line.
The analogous of the \hspace command for vertical spacing is, of course, called \vspace . You will almost always use this command between paragraphs; however, take into account that, when used within a paragraph, the vertical space is added after the line in which the \vspace appears, not in the place you put it.
Compiling this code yields the following result:
Inserting infinitely stretchable space is useful for positioning text inside our document. Without going into technical details, and expressing it in plain words, this kind of space stretches as much as it can, so that every other content is pushed aside .
Here is an example of how the horizontal stretchable space works :
This code produces the following output:
Look at the last command in the example, it looks different. In its essence, is the same as the previous commands, because \hfill is defined by LaTeX to be \hspace{\fill} .
In the last case, since the space was at the end of the line, if we had used simply \hfill it would have been removed, obtaining left-aligned text. We prevented this behavior by using \hfill*
The \vfill command is used analogously to position text in the page. It is also true that \vfill is equivalent to \vspace{\fill} , so if you want to insert the space at the end of the page you will have to use \vspace*{\fill} so that it isn’t removed by TeX.
As a curious fact, the command \dotfill acts just like \hfill , but it produces dots instead of spaces. \hrulefill works the same way, but produces a horizontal line (which in TeX jargon is called a rule, and thus the name).
Here is a modified version of the above code:
Although you don’t tell LaTeX explicitly how wide the text should be, or how many lines a page should have, the system has some predefined lengths that determine most of the spacing of the page . These length parameters look like commands (that is, start with a \), but should be changed using special parameters for lengths, and ha
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