L'art du Lesbianisme
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L'art du Lesbianisme
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^ "Maiden-songs", so-called because they were apparently composed for choruses of young girls to sing as part of religious celebrations.
^ I.e. a woman who loves other women.
^ Unlike contemporary European languages, medieval Arabic had terms meaning "lesbian" and "lesbianism": " sihaqa " and " sahq " respectively.
^ Gibson, Michelle A.; Meem, Deborah T.; Alexander, Jonathan (14 February 2013). Finding Out: An Introduction to LGBT Studies . ISBN 9781452235288 .
^ Zuffi 2010 , p. 235.
^ Jump up to: a b Schärf Kluger 2015 , p. 18.
^ Stol 2016 , p. 76.
^ Guidotti, Maria Cristina (a cura di), Le donne dei faraoni: il mondo femminile nell'antico Egitto: Bergamo, Palazzo della Ragione 14 aprile-29 giugno 2003 , 2003, p. 95
^ Manniche 1987 , p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b John J Johnston (2010). "Beyond Isis and Osiris: Alternate Sexualities in Ancient Egypt" . Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. pp. 9–10. Archived from the original on 2010.
^ Dover, Dalton James (1978). Greek Homosexuality . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . p. 171. ISBN 978-0-7156-1111-1 .
^ Dover, Kenneth James (1978). Greek Homosexuality . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . p. 182. ISBN 978-0-7156-1111-1 .
^ Downing, Christine (1994). "Lesbian Mythology". Historical Reflections . 20 (2): 171.
^ Dover, Kenneth James (1978). Greek Homosexuality . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7156-1111-1 .
^ Dover, Kenneth James (1978). Greek Homosexuality . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7156-1111-1 .
^ McEvilly, Thomas (1971). "Sappho, Fragment 94". Phoenix . 25 (1): 2–3.
^ Dover, Kenneth James (1978). Greek Homosexuality . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7156-1111-1 .
^ Asklepiades, The Greek Anthology 5.207
^ Dover, Kenneth James (1978). Greek Homosexuality . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . pp. 172–3. ISBN 978-0-7156-1111-1 .
^ Downing, Christine (1994). "Lesbian Mythology". Historical Reflections . 20 (2): 180.
^ Downing, Christine (1994). "Lesbian Mythology". Historical Reflections . 20 (2): 176.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dover, Kenneth James (1978). Greek Homosexuality . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . p. 173. ISBN 978-0-7156-1111-1 .
^ Downing, Christine (1994). "Lesbian Mythology". Historical Reflections . 20 (2): 192.
^ Downing, Christine (1994). "Lesbian Mythology". Historical Reflections . 20 (2): 193.
^ Dover, Kenneth James (1978). Greek Homosexuality . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . p. 174. ISBN 978-0-7156-1111-1 .
^ Pomeroy, Sarah B. (1995). Goddesses, Whores, Wives, & Slaves . London: Pimlico. p. 55.
^ Coray, Joseph Andrew (2001). Sexual diversity and Catholicism: toward the development of moral theology By Patricia Beattie Jung, Joseph Andrew Coray . ISBN 9780814659397 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 .
^ Hubbard, Thomas K. (12 May 2003). Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a sourcebook of basic documents By Thomas K. Hubbard . ISBN 9780520234307 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 .
^ Wesley Center Online. "Apocalypse of Peter" . The Apocryphal New Testament . Clarendon Press, 1924 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 .
^ "Homosexuality in the Bible" . Skepticsannotatedbible.com . Retrieved 2014-03-23 .
^ Paenitentiale Umbrense , 2.12
^ Bennett, Judith M. (2000). " "Lesbian-like" and the Social History of Lesbianisms". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 9 (1): 5.
^ Boswell, John (1981). Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century . Chicago: University of Chicago Press . pp. 289 –90. ISBN 978-0-226-06711-7 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Crompton, Louis (1981). "The Myth of Lesbian Impunity. Capital Laws from 1270 to 1791" . Journal of Homosexuality . The Haworth Press. 6 (1/2): 11–25. doi : 10.1300/j082v06n01_03 . PMID 7042821 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 .
^ Bennett, Judith M. (2000). " "Lesbian-like" and the Social History of Lesbianisms". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 9 (1): 3.
^ Velasco, Sherry (2011-05-02). Lesbians in Early Modern Spain . Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 978-0-8265-1752-4 .
^ Bennett, Judith M. (2000). " "Lesbian-like" and the Social History of Lesbianisms". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 9 (1): 18–19.
^ Randall, Frederika (19 January 1986). "Divine Visions, Diabolical Obsessions" . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved 5 February 2014 .
^ Greenberg 2008 , p. 278.
^ Jump up to: a b Amer 2009 , p. 217.
^ Amer 2009 , pp. 216–217.
^ Amer 2009 , pp. 218–219.
^ Jump up to: a b Amer 2009 , p. 220.
^ Shereen El-Feki (2013). Sex and the Citadel: Intimate Life in a Changing Arab World . Chatto & Windus. pp. 223–225. ISBN 978-0-7011-8316-5 .
^ Amer 2009 , p. 231.
^ Amer 2009 , p. 232.
^ " Issurei Bi'ah 21:8–9" (in Hebrew) . Retrieved November 26, 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b Craft-Fairchild, Catherine (2006). "Sexual and Textual Indeterminacy: Eighteenth-Century English Representations of Sapphism". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 15 (3): 409. doi : 10.1353/sex.2007.0025 . PMID 19238765 . S2CID 44802282 .
^ Craft-Fairchild, Catherine (2006). "Sexual and Textual Indeterminacy: Eighteenth-Century English Representations of Sapphism". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 15 (3): 413. doi : 10.1353/sex.2007.0025 . PMID 19238765 . S2CID 44802282 .
^ Jump up to: a b Craft-Fairchild, Catherine (2006). "Sexual and Textual Indeterminacy: Eighteenth-Century English Representations of Sapphism". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 15 (3): 408–431. doi : 10.1353/sex.2007.0025 . PMID 19238765 . S2CID 44802282 .
^ Craft-Fairchild, Catherine (2006). "Sexual and Textual Indeterminacy: Eighteenth-Century English Representations of Sapphism". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 15 (3): 418. doi : 10.1353/sex.2007.0025 . PMID 19238765 . S2CID 44802282 .
^ Jump up to: a b Craft-Fairchild, Catherine (2006). "Sexual and Textual Indeterminacy: Eighteenth-Century English Representations of Sapphism". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 15 (3): 415. doi : 10.1353/sex.2007.0025 . PMID 19238765 . S2CID 44802282 .
^ Craft-Fairchild, Catherine (2006). "Sexual and Textual Indeterminacy: Eighteenth-Century English Representations of Sapphism". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 15 (3): 417. doi : 10.1353/sex.2007.0025 . PMID 19238765 . S2CID 44802282 .
^ Craft-Fairchild, Catherine (2006). "Sexual and Textual Indeterminacy: Eighteenth-Century English Representations of Sapphism". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 15 (3): 420. doi : 10.1353/sex.2007.0025 . PMID 19238765 . S2CID 44802282 .
^ Jonathan Swift. Tatler no. 5, 1711
^ Craft-Fairchild, Catherine (2006). "Sexual and Textual Indeterminacy: Eighteenth-Century English Representations of Sapphism". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 15 (3): 420–421. doi : 10.1353/sex.2007.0025 . PMID 19238765 . S2CID 44802282 .
^ Craft-Fairchild, Catherine (2006). "Sexual and Textual Indeterminacy: Eighteenth-Century English Representations of Sapphism". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 22 (3): 413. doi : 10.1353/sex.2007.0025 . PMID 19238765 . S2CID 44802282 .
^ Clarke, Anna (1996). "Anne Lister's Construction of Lesbian Identity". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 7 (1): 26.
^ Dorothy A. Mays Women in early America: struggle, survival, and freedom in a new world , ABC-CLIO, 2004 ISBN 1-85109-429-6 p. 232
^ Whitmore, William Henry (February 1995). The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts: Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, With the Supplements to 1672 : Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of . Fred B. Rothman &. ISBN 0-8377-2053-2 .
^ Foster, Thomas (2007). Long Before Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America. New York University Press.
^ Amendment VIII: Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments . Press-pubs.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
^ Abramson, HA (1980). "The historical and cultural spectra of homosexuality and their relationship to the fear of being a lesbian". The Journal of Asthma Research . 17 (4): 177–88. doi : 10.3109/02770908009105669 . PMID 7021523 .
^ "Timeline of Oppression" . Geneseo.edu. 1969-06-27. Archived from the original on 2013-12-07 . Retrieved 2013-12-03 .
^ Jump up to: a b Kenneth Borris Same-sex desire in the English Renaissance: a sourcebook of texts, 1470–1650 , Routledge, 2004 ISBN 0-8153-3626-8 p. 113
^ Legal case: Norman, Hammon; Plymouth, March 6, 1649 Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . OutHistory (2008-07-15). Retrieved 2010-11-30.
^ Bullough, Vern; Bullough, Bonnie (1977). "Lesbianism in the 1920s and 1930s: A Newfound Study". Signs . 2 (4): 895–904. doi : 10.1086/493419 . PMID 21213641 . S2CID 145652567 .
^ Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll (1975). "The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between Women in Nineteenth-Century America". Signs . 1 (1): 1–29. doi : 10.1086/493203 . JSTOR 3172964 . S2CID 143774652 .
^ Hansen, Karen V (1995). "No Kisses Is Like Youres': An Erotic Friendship between Two African-American Women during the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Gender and History . 7 (2): 153–182. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-0424.1995.tb00019.x .
^ Fuchs, Rachel G; Thompson, Victoria E (2004). Women in Nineteenth-Century Europe . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 47. ISBN 0230802168 .
^ Gardiner, Judith (2016). "Women's Friendships, Feminist Friendships". Feminist Studies. 42: 484–501 – via JSTOR.
^ Nicole G Albert, "De la topographie invisible à l'espace public et littéraire :les lieux de plaisir lesbien dans le Paris de la Belle Époque" Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 2006 /4 (no 53-4)
^ Stéphanie Bee, Montmartre fin de siècle un repaire de lesbiennes, L'Univers, 1 November, 2010
^ Chu, Grace (July 26, 2010). "From the Archives: An interview with lesbian Stonewall veteran Stormé DeLarverie" . AfterEllen.com . Retrieved October 11, 2017 .
^ Yardley, William (May 29, 2014) " Storme DeLarverie, Early Leader in the Gay Rights Movement, Dies at 93 " in The New York Times .
^ National Park Service (2008). "Workforce Diversity: The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562" . US Department of Interior . Retrieved January 21, 2013 .
^ "Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots" . North Jersey Media Group Inc. January 21, 2013. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013 . Retrieved January 21, 2013 .
^ Jeffreys, Sheila. "Love Your Enemy? The Debate Between Heterosexual Feminism and Political Lesbianism" .
^ Bindel, Julie (30 January 2009). "My sexual revolution" . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2012 .
^ Bunch, Charlotte. "Lesbians in Revolt" . The Furies: Lesbian/Feminist Monthly . Retrieved 12 May 2014 .
^ LEWIS, ABRAM J. (2016). ""We Are Certain of Our Own Insanity": Antipsychiatry and the Gay Liberation Movement, 1968–1980". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 25 (1): 83–113. ISSN 1043-4070.
^ "Where are they now: Maureen Colquhoun" . Archived from the original on 2013-12-14.
^ Rich, A . (1980). " Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence ". Signs ; 5, 631–660.
^ Lesbian Sex Wars Archived 2006-03-21 at the Wayback Machine , article by Elise Chenier from GLBTQ encyclopedia.
^ Guy, Laura (2016). "Sex Wars Revisited". Aperture. 225: 54–59 – via JSTOR.
^ Torra, Michael Jose (Summer 1998). "Gay Rights after the Iron Curtain" . The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs . Medford, Massachusetts: The Fletcher School at Tufts University . 22 (2): 73–88. ISSN 1046-1868 . JSTOR 45289040 . OCLC 8897849563 . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .
^ "Tracing the Hungarian LGBT Movement" . Central European University . Budapest, Hungary. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020 . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .
^ Jump up to: a b McLellan, Josie (Autumn 2012). "Glad to be Gay Behind the Wall: Gay and Lesbian Activism in 1970s East Germany" . History Workshop Journal . Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press . 74 (71): 105–130. doi : 10.1093/hwj/dbs017 . ISSN 1363-3554 . JSTOR 23278603 . OCLC 4907756113 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 .
^ Dobler, Jens; Schmidt, Kristine; Nellißen, Kay (20 January 2015). "Sonntags im Club" [Sundays at the Club]. lernen-aus-der-geschichte (in German). Berlin, Germany: Agentur für Bildung – Geschichte, Politik und Medien e.V. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020 . Retrieved 9 June 2022 .
^ Tammer, Teresa (2013). Schwul bis über die Mauer: Die Westkontakte der Ost-Berliner Schwulenbewegung in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren [ Gay over the Wall: The East Berlin Gay Movement's Contacts with the West in the 1970s and 1980s ] (Masterarbeit) (in German). Berlin, Germany: Institut für Geschichtswissenschaften, Humboldt University of Berlin . No. 541240 . Retrieved 9 June 2022 .
^ Renkin, Hadley Z. (2007). "Predecessors and Pilgrims: Lesbian History-making and Belonging in Post-socialist Hungary" (PDF) . In Kuhar, Roman; Takács, Judit (eds.). Beyond the Pink Curtain: Everyday Life of LGBT People in Eastern Europe . Ljubljana, Slovenia: Mirovni inštitut. pp. 269–286. ISBN 978-961-6455-45-9 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2018.
^ Kuruc, Andrej (Summer 2021). "Ildi Juhász: Pre lesby za socializmu v Maďarsku nebol priestor" [Ildi Juhász: There Was No Room for Lesbians under Socialism in Hungary]. Magazin QYS (in Slovak). Bratislava, Slovakia: Nomantinels. pp. 50–54. ISSN 2453-9023 . Retrieved 13 June 2022 .
^ Borgos, Anna, ed. (2016). Secret Years: Sixteen Lesbian Life Stories (PDF) (English language ed.). Budapest, Hungary: Labrisz Books . Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. (Hungarian version ISBN 978-963-08-0856-9 was published in 2011.)
^ Lesbian Avenger Organizing Handbook Retrieved 2009-3-4.
^ "Lesbian Avengers Eat Fire, Too" . Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Editors Janet Baus, Su Friedrich. (1993)
^ Jump up to: a b 1993, Eloise Salholz, Newsweek , "The Power and the Pride."
^ Loveland, Barry, and Malinda Triller Doran. "Out of the Closet and Into the Archives: A Partnership Model for Community-Based Collection and Preservation of LGBTQ History." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 83, no. 3 (2016): 418-24.
^ Moorhead, Laura. "LGBTQ Visibility: In the K-12 Curriculum." The Phi Delta Kappan 100, no. 2 (2018): 22-26.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lesbian history .
Sexual orientations – Medicine, science and sexology
Lesbianism is the sexual and romantic desire between women. There are historically far fewer mentions of lesbianism than male homosexuality , due to many historical writings and records focusing primarily on men.
The Code of Hammurabi ( c. 1700 BC) mentioned a term Sal-zikrum which translates to 'man-woman', in reference to women who were allowed to marry other women, [2] and were able to inherit the same amount as their brothers. [3] Another term Sal-nu-bar referred to women who were allowed to marry, but were forbidden to have children, so they brought other women with them to bear children; however, they could have children of their own, but they have to keep it as a secret, or cast them out as Sargon 's mother did. [3] In addition, an old Assyrian text indicated that two women, who might have been two widows of a dead father, had a betrothal contract for their "daughter". [4]
Homosexuality in ancient Egypt between women is less often recorded, or alluded to, in documents and other artifacts as compared to homosexuality among men, but it does appear in such documents, e.g. in the Dream Book of Carlsberg papyrus XIII: "If a woman dreams that a woman has intercourse with her, she will come to a bad end". [6] [7] Depictions of women during the New Kingdom suggest they enjoyed, in a relaxed and intimate atmosphere, the company of other women who were scantily clad or naked; some cosmetics-related items, which may have been owned and used by women, feature nude and suggestive depictions of women. [7]
The evidence about female homosexuality in the ancient Greek world is limited, with it being hardly mentioned in extant Greek literature. [8] Most surviving sources from the classical period come from Athens, and they are without exception written by men. At least among these Athenian men, the discussion and depiction of female homosexual activity seems to have been taboo. [9] Kenneth Dover suggests that, due to the role played by the phallus in ancient Greek men's conceptions of sexuality, female homosexual love was not explicitly defined as a sexuality or category by the authors of our surviving sources. [10]
Nonetheless, there are a few references to female homosexuality in ancient Greek literature. Two poets from the archaic period, Sappho and Alcman , have been interpreted as writing about female homosexual desire. Alcman wrote hymns known as partheneia , [note 1] which discuss attraction between young women. Though it is ambiguous, historians have considered the attraction in question to be erotic or sexual. [11] At roughly the same time, Sappho's poems discuss her love for both men and women. For instance, in Sappho's Ode to Aphrodite , the poet asks Aphrodite for aid in wooing another woman. It is noticeable that the fragment describes Sappho both giving to and receiving sexual contact from the same partner, in contrast with the rigid active/passive partner dichotomy observed in Greek male homosexual relationships. [12] Only one fragment of Sappho's poetry, Sappho 94 , contains a clear mention of female homosexual acts. [13]
In classical Athens, the idea of homosexual women is briefly mentioned in the Speech of Aristophanes in Plato's Symposium . [14] Later references to female homosexuality in Greek literature include an epigram by A
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Une milf et son gode
Brunette étudiante en plan cul Vintage