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Sport & recreation in Cornelius, North Carolina
11148 Treynorth Dr Ste A (7,707.49 km)
28031 Cornelius, NC, US
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1,093,600 acre-feet (1,348,900,000 m³)
Lake Norman of Catawba, Davidson, Cornelius, Westport
Lake Norman, created between 1959 and 1964[1] as part of the construction of the Cowans Ford Dam by Duke Energy, is the largest man-made body of fresh water in North Carolina.
Lake Norman is fed by the Catawba River, and drains into Mountain Island Lake to the south. It was named after former Duke Power president Norman Atwater Cocke. Lake Norman is sometimes referred to as the "inland sea" of North Carolina; it offers 520 miles (840 km) of shoreline and a surface area of more than 50 square miles (130 km2). Full pond at Lake Norman is 760 feet (230 m) above mean sea level. Interstate 77 and North Carolina Highway 150 cross Lake Norman at different points.[citation needed]
Lake Norman provides electricity to the Piedmont region of the Carolinas. It powers the generators at the hydroelectric station at Cowans Ford Dam, is used by the coal-fired Marshall Steam Station, and by McGuire Nuclear Station to cool the reactors whilst generating the steam that drives their turbines. The lake supplies water to Lincoln County, Catawba County, Iredell County, Charlotte, and other towns in Mecklenburg County, particularly Cornelius, Davidson and Huntersville.[citation needed]
Lake Norman, as with most of the rest of North Carolina, has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koppen Climate Classification), featuring warm-to-hot summers and cold-to-mild winters. There is no “dry season” and rainfall is highly variable year-round. Lake Norman gets a mean annual precipitation of about 43.1 inches per year over an average of 75 precipitation days, with approximately 41.1 of those inches being comprised by rain and the other 2 inches being comprised by snow. Wind speeds are, on average, highest in February, while they are at their lowest in August.
Lake Norman borders four counties in North Carolina (Catawba, Iredell, Mecklenburg, and Lincoln) and is present in both the Southern Piedmont and Central Piedmont climate divisions. July is normally the warmest month in these two climate divisions, with an average daily maximum temperature of 90 °F (32.2 °C) and an average daily minimum of 70 °F (21.1 °C). January is normally the coolest month, with an average daily maximum of 51 °F (10.6 °C) and an average daily minimum of 29 °F (–1.7 °C). The all-time maximum of 107 °F (41.7 °C) was recorded in 1954, while the all-time minimum of -5 °F (–20.6 °C) was recorded in 1985.[2]
Lake Norman is a man-made lake that stretches 33.6 miles long, 9 miles wide, and covers 520 miles in shore line length. Its average depth is 33.5 feet, but at some points it drops down to 110 feet. The lake is mainly constructed of interfingered igneous and metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rock means that the rock was changed by heat, pressure or chemical action while embedded below the earth's surface. There are two kinds of metamorphic rocks which are foliated and non-foliated. These rocks differ in their structure, appearance, texture, and the way in which they were formed.[4] Foliated rocks have a banded or striped appearance and can split into separate rock fragments. They are formed when unequal pressure is exerted on different sides of a rock. On the other hand, non-foliated rocks have a more solid appearance consisting of a collection of small particles and no layers.[5] These rocks are created when they are exposed to direct pressure.[6]
The lake also consists of various clay and plastic soils. These mechanically engineered soils are maintained and constructed with artificial enforcing, which adds a stabilization factor, and solidifies the lake so it won't break down and wear away. Clay soil specifically is a soil which contains a high percentage of particles that becomes sticky when wet, and therefore holds together better.[7]
In terms of location, there are two belts that Lake Norman is placed on, and they are the Charlotte belt and the Inner Piedmont belt.[8] The Charlotte belt is made up of igneous rock aging 300 to 500 million years old. Igneous rocks are used in construction, hence why the lake was built on top of them. The Inner Piedmont belt is the most metamorphosed belt, and contains deformed metamorphosized volcanic and sedimentary rocks approximately 500 to 700 million years old. The lake is also connected to the Catawba river and flows directly to it. The Catawba river is made of inceptisols soil, which is mostly found in mountains or floodplains. The soil is made of brown forest soil deposits and includes a wide variety of dissimilar soil characteristics. In North Carolina, inceptisols soil cover almost the whole state, except areas around the east coast.
Although Lake Norman itself was man made and created between 1959 and 1964, the land that it is located on surfaced in the Paleozoic era during the Devonian period and the Cambrian period. During the Devonian period, the land masses of North America and Europe collided which caused large granite intrusions that made the Appalachian Mountains rise. Sediment was also distributed to lowlands and shallow water masses during this time.[9] In the Cambrian period, land masses were moving again. It began with the single super continent Pannotia breaking up into smaller parts. This resulted in the creation of more mountains and shallow seas on new continents. By the time the period was ending however, another super continent was being formed, which is referred to as Pangea.[9]
The main cause of erosion issues on Lake Norman is the density of residential neighborhoods located so closely to the shorelines of the lake.[10] Since Lake Norman is well known for its recreational activities, it attracts a large number of tourists each year; therefore, there is a continuously high demand for real estate on Lake Norman. Storm water runoff plays the largest role in erosion issues solely due to the compact neighborhoods.
When Davidson College was in the process of purchasing property along Lake Norman and finalizing plans for its lake campus, many assessments were conducted to analyze the quality of the land and quality of dams feeding into the lake. Initially a report completed in 1990 by Dr. Joe A. Edmisten, an ecological consultant, concluded that there was evidence of erosion in Wetland #1 of the report due to the level of urbanization in the area.[11] In addition, in the preliminary examination of the dam on Concord Road in 1990, researchers found that it was necessary to implement “two erosion control basins at the primary drainage points” on the Davidson property to avoid future erosion issues.[12] All erosion efforts on and around the Davidson's property were noted in two reports, one in March 1992 and the other in June 1992, that they were going to be maintained by the “Mecklenburg County Guidelines and Specifications for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control."[13]
Currently, there are also regulations enforced by the state of North Carolina to prevent erosion issues and preserve the lake itself as well as the land surrounding it. A regulation established on June 30, 2001 states that there must be a 50-foot buffer zone between the lake and new housing where vegetation is required to be preserved.[14] Older neighborhoods that were already in place at the time the regulation was created were grandfathered into to the previous 30-foot buffer zone regulation.[15] Officials from the North Carolina Division of Water Quality state that “vegetation stabilizes river banks, prevents soil from eroding into water and filters storm water runoff.”[15]
Although Duke Energy claims to the contrary, coal ash contamination from the power company continues to be a major concern to residents around the lake. In spite of Duke Energy's efforts to obscure their own findings by issuing a 20,000 page report in 2018, data confirms that "levels of radium in groundwater far exceed EPA drinking water standards," and "could clearly harm those who use this water for drinking."[16]
Though there are few recent documented reports containing data about the current water quality of Lake Norman, data from previous years can help estimate the current specifics of the water quality. “Duke Energy [also] routinely monitors the water quality of Lake Norman as a requirement of the NPDES permit from the McGuire Nuclear Station,” and there have been “no obvious short-term or long-term impacts of the nuclear station” where data samples were taken.[17] Periodically reports from Duke Energy will be released updating the public on status of the quality of both water from the lake and groundwater sources.[18] However, there are two public water quality reports from different sources that were conducted in 2007 that help paint a picture of what the water quality of the lake was like in the past and what it is currently like.
The first sample series conducted in 2007 included a variety of sample collections from different areas of the lake. In a sample series where five different lakes along the Catawba Chain were analyzed and compared, researchers noted that “Lake Norman [had] some of the best water quality of the five lakes sampled within the chain."[10] In the report, nine samples of water were taken at eight stations within the lake, and none of the samples violated any of the local water quality standards.[15] Specifically, the report found each of the following when analyzing the samples:
Overall, this report concluded that the water quality of Lake Norman was normal.[citation needed]
A second report conducted in 2007 found similar results as the previous report. In this one, Lake Norman was monitored by Division of Water Quality staff once a month from May to September. The mean Secchi depths of this report ranged from 1.8 to 2.6 meters, which indicates good water quality.[17] Specifics on the water quality itself from the report include the following:
The similarities between the two reports indicate consistent and reliable data analysis on Lake Norman. These reports, along with routine updates from Duke Energy help researchers to continue to document and monitor the water quality of Lake Norman in the future.[citation needed]
Duke Energy also has a permit to dump wastewater into an upstream section of the river as long as the water the company extracts from the lake is of the same quality as the water being dumped into the lake.[19] Duke Energy has been making some improvements when it comes to the amount of wastewater being distributed into the lake. However, 500,000 gallons of sewage was dumped into the lake, according to a report by the Catawba Riverkeeper Foundation in May 2004.[20] Efforts were taken to ensure that the overall water quality of the lake does not decline as a direct cause of wastewater entering the lake.[citation needed]
North Carolina's Piedmont is a region of high biodiversity, and Lake Norman is important for its diversity of birds, fish, mammals and plants. Lake Norman is the largest body of water in the Catawba River Watershed and the largest lake in North Carolina. Lake Norman's shoreline has a length of 520 miles and an area of more than 50 square miles. Lake Norman's surrounding ecology includes Mesic mixed hardwood forest, dry oak-hickory forest, dry-mesic oak-hickory forest, piedmont bottomland forest and Piedmont Alluvial forest.[21]
Fish populations are an important ecological actor in Lake Norman. Recreational sportfishing has supplanted subsistence and commercial fishing as the main mode of fishing on the lake. Many of the fish were artificially introduced by fishing clubs and organizations. The fish population is quite diverse, including but not limited to:
The Striped Bass is Lake Norman's most popular fish.[citation needed] Stripers tend to dwell in the lake's shallow shoreline during the spring and in deeper waters during the summer.[22] There has been a change in bass to form hybrid species as a result of artificial stocking practices.[23] The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) introduced the striped bass in 1969 because they were once the dominant open water fish in Lake Norman. However, the striped bass population declined quickly, prompting the NCWRC to discontinue the stocking program in 2012.[24]
The basin is also home to a large variety of animal residents, many of them unique and rare to the Piedmont area and thrive off of the resources provided by Lake Norman. The list includes but is not limited to:
Specifically, there are many mammal species that have inhabited the Piedmont region for a long period of time before Lake Norman was created. The mammals that inhabit the Lake Norman area include
There is also a population of reptiles and amphibians that have found resource-filled and safe dwelling locations around the Lake Norman ecosystem. Many of the reptiles and amphibians inhabit the perimeter of Lake Norman. These include
Most of the snakes found around the perimeter of Lake Norman are harmless and seldom seen. However, one must be aware of the presence of the venomous copperhead, which can severely harm a human with a single bite[25] Birds and waterfowl are also important ecological actors that contribute to the overall health and balance of the Lake Norman ecosystem. Of a total of 115 bird species, 54 species are neotropical migrants and 27 were transients to the North Carolina piedmont. The Catawba River is a suitable migratory corridor for a variety of these birds. There are also 19 species of shorebirds have also been recorded at dwelling around the Catawba River.[21]
Below is a list of all the birds that can be found in the greater Lake Norman area (including waterfowl)[26]
Many native plants found around Lake Norman are also common in other parts of North Carolina, such as trees and flowering plants.
Many different trees are found in and around Lake Norman. Species of the genus Baccharis L. are typically found in warm and subtropical regions of the United States. One such species of this genus, Silverling, reaches tree size and is native to North Carolina. It is most common in marshes and areas with moist soil. Another species of plant typically found in areas with moist soil and riverbanks is known hornbeam or ironwood. Belonging to the genus Carpinus L. and native to North Carolina, it is a type of beech tree known for its heavy and hard wood, resulting in the name ironwood. Another tree native to North Carolina and found in and around Lake Norman is the Yellow-poplar or Tulip-poplar, which is commonly found in forests with moist soil and floodplains. Also found in and around Lake Norman is Sassafras, often located in temperate climates and native North Carolina.
Many flowering plants are also found around the lake, including Indian mallow. Also found in the vicinity of the lake is Baneberry, a part of the Ranunculacease (Buttercup) family. Another flowering plant found around the lake is White Snakeroot (ageratina altissima). It is a perennial herb and is poisonous, containing tremetol, a type of toxic alcohol. In addition Stork's Bill or Heronsbill is also found around Lake Norman and serves as food for some small mammals.
Lake Norman and the surrounding shoreline serves as a habitat for a diverse array of plants and wildlife, as well as place for a myriad of human activities. Maintaining this habitat to simultaneously preserve endangered species, keep invasive species at bay, and maintain health and safety standards for the people that live, work, and recreate on the lake is an arduous undertaking. The management of the lake is complicated by the presence of multiple stakeholders in the lake's management, often with conflicting interests and priorities.[20] Duke Energy, which owns most of the land underneath Lake Norman, as well as the land up to 232 m above the lake with exception to those platted under other ownership. Certain lake bed portions are owned by families that settled on the banks of the Catawba River prior to the flooding of Norman. Those families allowed Duke Energy to flood their properties yet the lake bed still remains property of these families while the water above the lake bed in managed by Duke Energy. {REF: Catawba County Register of Deeds/Catawba County GIS - Parcel IDs: 462802750614 & 461604739313§} Duke is in charge of management of the lake itself as well as any property, such as lake walls, docks, and beaches, that enter into this zone.[20] The land that falls under the jurisdiction of Duke Energy, is subject to the ordinances of the Federal Energy Regulatory Committee, while the land surrounding the lake, both publicly and privately owned, is subject to the ordinances of the State of North Carolina and the county in which the land falls (Catawba County, Iredell County, Lincoln County, or Mecklenburg County).[20] Additionally, the Lake Norman Marine Commission and the NC Wildlife Resources Commission, as well as many NGOs and environmental organizations, play roles in the regulation and management of the lake.[27] Environmental duties are divided between these different stakeholders, but some fall under split jurisdiction. Water quality, for example, is monitored and managed by both Duke Energy and the State of North Carolina.[20] Other partnerships are voluntary; Duke Energy, for example, partners with many wildlife organizations to minimize the impact of human activities on the environment.[28]
The management of the invasive plant Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) has been a particularly challenging undertaking for these stakeholders.[20] Hydrilla, native to India, was introduced to the United States in the 1950s, and was first seen in Lake Norman in 2001. Hydrilla was likely transported to Lake Norman on the beds and motor blades of boats transported from infected lakes.[20] Hydrilla crowds out native species, impedes irrigation, and clogs boat motors.[29] When Hydrilla first takes hold, there is an initial upsurge in fish populations as bait fish, which form a vital link in the food chain, flourish in Hydrilla, but as the infestation grows too thick, it chokes out other plants and fish, who get caught in the weeds, and cannot swim.[20] Hydrilla also has a harmful impact on bird populations. Hydrilla contains a harmful bacterium that acts as a neurotoxin for some birds. In Lake Norman, these bacteria cause sickness in coot, who eat the Hydrilla, as well as in eagles, who eat coot.[30] The Lake Norman Marine Commission seeks to keep the Hydrilla population in Lake Norman at bay by introducing grass carp that feed on the aquatic plants.[30]
Other environmental management projects on Lake Norman focus their efforts on helping endangered species. Notably, the Lake Norman Wildlife Conservationists (LNWC), with donations from Duke Energy's Habitat Enhancement Program, began a program in 2014 to promote nesting sites and preserve habitat for Great Blue Herons and Osprey.[31] Since then, LNWC and Duke Energy have put up five nesting platforms throughout the lake each year. Additionally, Duke Energy has protected Heron Island, an island in Lake Norman, as well as several other islands throughout the lake as a place for Great Blue Heron to raise their young.[32]
Long before the Catawba River was dammed in 1963 to create Lake Norman, the river and surrounding area was home to the Catawba tribe of North Carolina. Now with a reservation in Rock Hill, SC, this Indian Nation lived along the Catawba River for the pa
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