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Until the 19th century the Japanese had no words equivalent to what in European languages would correspond to "environment" and "nature". Japanese felt bodily united with "nature", i.e. did not perceive the latter as a separate existence. Therefore, "environment” in the sense of “something which surrounds the human body” was for the Japanese something inconceivable. When a Japanese uses the word “environment” in an European language, he or she is conscious of a "nature" which surrounds the humans, which is subordinate to humans, and in regard of which humans are placed in an haughty position. And only when humans cease being haughty in respect of any single aspect of nature, only then "the environmental problem" in the European sense will advance in the direction of resolving. Keywords: animism, kami, Kiso River, tobusa, the idea of ‘jô
For the past 2000 years or more, the Chinese people have survived and developed through hard work and traditional wisdom. One example of such wisdom is the creation of the Chinese calendar and the system of 24 Jie Qi, which provided guidance and management for agricultural production. Another example is a method of urban development that guaranteed stability and prosperity for the empire. Keywords: traditional wisdom, Chinese calendar, Jie Qi, urban development, canal, water transportation
Many people are convinced there are too many humans on Earth, that food and energy resources are now extremely limited, and that global climatic change—often called global warming—will necessarily have catastrophic consequences. There is also general consensus that productive dialog between civilizations is impossible, that good relationships among people will never happen and that the world's poor will always be crushed by the wealthy. Prophets of doom are numerous in all fields, such as geology, biology, history, demography, economy, and political science. Samuel Huntington is among the most famous of these. Moreover, scientifically uneducated journalists and politicians (Al Gore, for example) spread questionable information through various media. This paper aims to demonstrate that Thomas Malthus was wrong two centuries ago, and is still wrong. Cleverness, imagination and geographic knowledge can create a better environment for more people. Education, social order, and an honest and competent elite can bring about peace. This is the purpose and plan of all traditional world wisdoms and philosophies, secular or religious, at least since those of Confucius and Socrates. The great contrasts in development and optimism observed across the globe may be explained by cultural analysis of societies within their own territories, with respect to their relationships with their environment, social organization, and relations with other societies. Keywords: education, civilizations dialog, food, future of humanity, geographical knowledge
Geographers study our interactions with other living creatures. Here, life can be classed into three categories by the degree of human-creature interaction: wild animals and plants; domestic animals and cultivated plants bred for food; and pets and houseplants, kept for cultural reasons. We have to find ways to live with creatures and maintain earth’s biodiversity. Modern society often promotes the protection of wild animals and plants and wilderness biodiversity, but neglects the diversity of indigenous domestic animals. Some localized domestic animals are faced with extinction. Should we maintain the genetic and cultural diversity of domestic animals? The cultural and biological diversity of farm animals from dry lands is well documented, but little attention has been paid to domestic animals from wet environments; for example, Monsoon Asia. For this reason, I chose to study pig farming in the Bengal delta of Bangladesh. Pig farming in this area uses the natural resources of the delta and local breeds of pigs in a nomadic pastoral farming system. The results of my study illustrate the use and management of farm animals in a complex environment, and increase our understanding of human-farm-animal interaction and the ‘geography of creature cultures’. The study provides lessons for the future of our culture and civilization. Keywords: creature cultures, native domestic animal, pastoralism, pig, feed resources, herd management, Bengal delta
My paper critically examines the ways in which different forms of geographical knowledge production are positioned in relation to place, environment and Indigenous peoples. Drawing on research in the postcolonial context of Latin America, I explore how the social differentiated power relations and the politics of knowledge production play out in how geographers describe and analyse places, landscapes and livelihoods. Keywords: socionatures, decolonisation, environments, geographical discipline, Indigenous knowledge, ethical professionalism, gender
This chapter argues that Ecological novelty, a condition where new species and mixes of species come to form persistent communities with no precedent, holds unavoidable implications for science. It argues that the “Edenic” sciences focusing on these ecologies - conservation biology, invasion biology/ecology, and restoration ecology – though extremely valuable, are inherently political. Though this has always been the case, the rapid changes in environments around us have made the political implications of these sciences harder to ignore or disguise. As such, these fields will necessarily need to evolve an ethical procedure to adjudicate between ecological interventions, rather than depending on restorative or originary criteria. Further, the evolution of these criteria and standards will necessarily be rooted in principles that come to terms with the political implications and character of scientists and scientific practice within broader diverse publics. Finally, scientific education will necessarily need to create a new set of standards for the instruction of ecological science, ones that better accept the role of anthropogenesis in ecological futures, and foster politically reflexive future scientists and citizens. Keywords: Invasive species; environmental ethics; political ecology; India; lantana camara
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake (magnitude 9.0), the largest earthquake in Japanese history, resulted in devastating tsunami damage and the partial destruction of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power station. Extensive seafloor displacement and slip on the shallow plate interface of the Pacific Plate near the Japan Trench axis have been revealed from the land-based GPS network and marine geodetic observation systems. The generation and propagation of the tsunami were also recorded on offshore bottom pressure and GPS wave gauges, prior to its arrival at the coast. Long-term earthquake forecasts, based on the recurrence of past large earthquakes, failed to foresee this giant earthquake. However, in retrospect, the historical record and recent paleoseismological studies indicate that tsunamis with similar characteristics occurred on the Sanriku coast in 1896 and on the Sendai plain in 869. Analysis of the 2011 tsunami waveforms clarifies that the tsunami source was a combination of the 1896-type “tsunami earthquake” and the 869-type earthquake on the deeper plate interface. Keywords: 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Great East Japan Earthquake disaster, tsunami, Sanriku, Jogan
Reconstruction from the Eastern Japan mega earthquake must be done as a post-disaster recovery from the affected region of eastern Japan as rapidly as possible. However, these reconstructions are not done quickly. On the other hand, the damage prevention and preparedness as a pre-disaster recoveries and reconstructions from the next Nankai trough earthquake has to be progressed steadily, because the probability of the earthquake is not low in the next three decades. The Japan has to implement the dual reconstruction scheme of post-disaster recovery in East Japan and pre-disaster recovery in West Japan, The post-disaster recovery must be done in the next five years, as quickly as possible. The pre-disaster recovery must be prepared simultaneously, and begin to reconstruct the Tokyo Metropolitan region and also the Pacific Ocean Cost region included with Nagoya Metropolis and Osaka Metropolis on and on. This Dual Recovery Strategy can reduce the damage of next mega-disaster and can make the resilience of both the Nation and Metropolises stronger. The Eastern Japan, the Tokyo Capital region and the Western Japan can be supported each other against the next mega-disasters. Keywords：East Japan mega earthquake, tsunami, recovery, reconstruction, pre-disaster recovery,
The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred on 11 March 2011. In the following two years, municipal reconstruction plans were established for most of the affected regions. However, the actual process of the reconstruction is very slow. To ensure sustainability in the region, it is essential to identify problems in the existing restoration plans and establish a set of principles that could be shared as common goals within the community. Based on this perspective, this chapter focuses on three points: (1) The characterization of the damaged areas from natural, historical, and social points of views; (2) The assessment of the municipal reconstruction plans to identify safety and sustainability problems; (3) The introduction of resilient infrastructure as a basis of the reconstruction. In this chapter, a hypothesis of resilience is established, based on the concept of environmental, social, and cultural sustainability. Using a case study of the small city of Iwanuma in Miyagi Prefecture, specific examples of the struggles involved in the planning process are shown, and the future of resilient infrastructure planning to achieve sustainability in the region is discussed. Keywords: Great East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, Restoration, Resilient infrastructure
As cancer has been the most common cause of death in Japan since early 1980s, cancer ‘postcode lottery’-the geographic disparity of cancer treatment and survival risks across regions- has become an important aspect of social inequalities in health. The issue has recently attracted both academic and public interest and concern in Japan. We aim to explore the geographic disparity in cancer survival rates by geovisualising and associating them with areal deprivation at a small areal level in Osaka prefecture, the core region of the second largest metropolitan area in the country. Osaka Cancer Registry provided the survival datasets of registered cancer patients as well as their residential information at diagnosis, which were geocoded at a fine level of geographic resolution of about three thousand small areal units called 'Cho-Aza'. We then employed spatial survival models to estimate geographical distributions of cancer survival risks according to specific sites of cancer, and associated them with areal deprivation indices and other geographic factors, such as accessibility to cancer treatment hospitals. With the aid of a geographic information system (GIS), we demonstrated that the geographic disparities in cancer survival reflect socioeconomic inequalities in the region. This implies the importance of addressing socio-geographical inequalities in health to reduce cancer disparities.
Population-based cancer registry monitored cancer incidence, mortality and survival to use cancer control planning and evaluation. Although all of prefectures in Japan have now their own systems of regional cancer registry, the quality of the registration varies among prefectures. The Osaka Cancer Registry (OCR) which started in 1962 has covered one of the largest population in the world with high-quality cancer registration. Recently OCR has electrically recorded the residential neighbourhood address information of cancer cases routinely. It enable us examine spatial clustering tendencies of cancer incidence using GIS at a high geographical resolution. Some cancer registries in the US routinely have already reported the clustering cancer incidence or smoothed map of incidence, mortality and late stage at diagnosis to make their health policy. It is thus expected that such GIS-based methods are applied to the cancer control planning and activities using cancer registry data in Japan. In Osaka, there have been several social concerns about cancer caused by occupational and environmental exposure (e.g. mesothelioma caused by asbestos; bile duct cancer incidence of young worker in printing factory). Applying spatial scan statistics to the geocoded cancer incidence data from OCR, we examine the spatial clusters of high morbidity risk for some specific sites of cancer. Using a GIS, we map the spatial clusters to argue possible environmental exposures or residential concentration of high risk workers. We discuss the benefits and difficulties of routine spatial cluster detection using population-based cancer registry in the cancer control activities.
The related laws of personal information protection were implemented throughout the world after United States enacted Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The act strictly limited the scope of utilizing personal information including the spatial information in public health research. Without the precise spatial information, the aggregated statistical data was applied for the ecologic study. However, the confounders were difficult to control in the group level and the ecologic fallacy might be occurred due to the precision of data. In this study, we applied different geographical masking methods including aggregation, affine transformation, random spatial perturbation, and donut method to shift or mask the cases’ real spatial coordinates. The Kernel method, nearest neighbor analysis, and K function were used for measuring the intensity of the clustering. The K-anonymity was applied for measuring the efficacy of the privacy protection. We expected to find the suitable geographical masks for the different clustering patterns of diseases. The compromise between the privacy and cluster detecting power will be the main concern in this study. The result might be beneficial for the researches in spatial epidemiology, public health and other disciplines such as sociology and public security.
This study aims to produce small-area estimates of health behavioural indices such as smoking rates in Osaka city, Japan, using a spatial microsimulation method. Using the micro data derived from the ‘Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions’ with ’Population Census of Japan’ which provides various marginal totals of population counts at a small areal level, we produce household-level synthetic microdata at the fine spatial resolution. The accuracy of these synthetic microdata is validated by (1) degree-of-fitness of estimated marginal totals to constraining census tables, (2) small variances in such fitting measures on the basis of 100 simulations, and (3) the degree-of-fitness of estimates at a coarser aggregated level. The results show that, except for several areas having highly skewed population distributions, almost all of the small areas in the city achieve high accuracy compared with constraining census tables. We argue how the spatial distributions of health behavioural indices estimated by tabulating synthetic microdata is beneficial for understanding spatial inequalities in health conditions associated with areal and individual deprivations at the small areal unit.
Many studies have reported a significant relationship between neighborhood built environment and walking, particularly in the US and Australia, on the basis of the implicit assumption of newly developed, unwalkable suburbs in comparison to older, walkable communities. Since the geographical background of walkability emerged primarily in the context of Western societies, it may not be applicable to neighborhoods in different settings, including those in Japanese society. The aim of this study is to examine the possible association between neighborhood built environment and the walking habits of elderly people in Japan, with a focus on the development of built-up areas in Kameoka city, Japan. Our sample comprises 13,294 respondents of the 2011 baseline survey of Kameoka’s Study project, a population-based, cross-sectional survey on the health and living conditions of the elderly residing in the city. Using a geographic information system, we created neighborhood indicators of built environment and development age of built-up areas for each respondent’s neighborhood, which is operationalized by buffer regions within 500m and 1,000m radii street-based network distance from the respondent’s residence. Logistic regression is used to analyze the association of the respondents’ daily walking habits with the neighborhood indicators. Our finding generally supports the assumption that the neighborhood built environment influences the walking habits of elderly residents. However, we also found that some historical built-up areas are less walkable compared to recently developed urbanized areas. We discuss the possible explanations and implications of these findings.
Childhood obesity has increased dramatically over the past few decades, even more so in the last few years. This increase has finally reached pandemic levels in the developed world and is ever increasing in the developing world with no sign of it decreasing in the foreseeable future. Current records show that overweight and obesity and its related co morbidities are the fifth leading risk for mortality, globally. Obesity substantially increases the risk of Type II diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers. As a result obesity has become a main concern for public health officials at a global scale. Whilst it is known that obesity in its simplest form is due to increased consumption of food and decreased amounts of physical activity, it has been proposed that it is further increased by environmental factors. The overall aim of this paper is to analyse cross sectional data obtained from the National Child Measurement Programme. The case study area is Wigan, Lancashire in the UK. This will allow for small scale analysis of environmental factors in relation to other indicators that determine obesity levels. Firstly it will enable us to map changing obesity levels at the small area level and then identify any areas that seem to be conforming to or resisting the obesogenic environment they are in. Further analysis will include the UK PE and Sport Survey, a dataset taking all 21,000 schools in the UK and identifying trends in sport participation and uptake for varying age groups and demographic characteristics.
Background: Many studies have reported the association between physical activity and neighborhood environment. However, few studies were conducted using objective assessments of environment and physical activity in Japan. Purpose : To examine the associations between objectively measured environments and physical activity among Japanese. Methods: A cross-sectional mail survey was conducted in four Japanese cities (Tsukuba, Koganei, Shizuoka and Kagoshima). A sample of 4,000 adults (male: 50%), aged from 20 to 69 yrs, was randomly selected from registries of residential addresses. The survey consisted of self-administered questionnaire and additional 7-day accelerometry. Among the 1280 respondents of the questionnaire, 715 (male: 47.1%, 47.5±13.6 yr) participated in the additional accelerometry. Environmental attributes (residential density, intersection density, existence of train stations, convenience stores, parks and exercise facilities) within the half-mile network buffer from each participant residence were assessed by the Geographic Information
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