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"CC-1" redirects here. For other uses, see CC1 (disambiguation) .
For other ships with the same name, see USS Lexington .
Aerial view of Lexington on 14 October 1941

^ Her name was mis-transliterated by the Americans as Ryukaku . [60]

^ The discovery was featured on Drain the Oceans (Season 2, Episode 8: Pacific War Megawrecks). [75]




^ Groom, p. 203

^ "Wreck of Aircraft Carrier USS Lexington Located in Coral Sea After 76 Years" . Paul Allen . 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 June 2021 .

^ "USS Lexington: Lost WW2 aircraft carrier found after 76 years" . BBC News . 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 24 October 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Lexington IV" . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 19 January 2017 .

^ Friedman 1984, pp. 88, 91, 94, 97–99

^ "Lexington Class (CC-1 through CC-6)" . Navy Department, Naval Historical Center. 26 February 2004 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 .

^ "Board for Selling Doomed Warships; Admirals Oppose Sinking at Sea Under Terms of the Five Power Naval Treaty" (PDF) . The New York Times . 2 May 1922. p. 20.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Friedman 1983, p. 390

^ Friedman 1984, p. 471

^ Stern, p. 82

^ Stern, p. 28

^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson & Baker, p. 310

^ Anderson & Baker, p. 311

^ Stern, pp. 113–15

^ Stern, p. 115

^ Anderson & Baker, pp. 310–11

^ Stern, p. 109

^ Jump up to: a b Anderson & Baker, p. 312

^ Stern, p. 58

^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson & Baker, p. 313

^ Friedman 1983, p. 44

^ Jump up to: a b Stern, p. 96

^ Stille 2005, p. 17

^ Jump up to: a b Anderson & Baker, p. 300

^ Jump up to: a b Stern, p. 98

^ Friedman 1983, p. 47

^ Stern, pp. 101–03

^ Berhow, pp. 118–119, 217–219

^ Stern, pp. 98, 103

^ Stern, p. 127

^ Jump up to: a b Anderson & Baker, p. 308

^ Pride, Alfred M. (1986). "Pilots, Man Your Planes". Proceedings . United States Naval Institute . Supplement (April): 28–35.

^ Johnston, pp. 48–50

^ Patterson, pp. 114–15

^ James, p. 244

^ Nofi, pp. 123–24, 132

^ Nofi, pp. 139–46

^ Patterson, pp. 126, 138

^ Johnston, p. 51

^ Herts, pp. 8–9, 13–14

^ Nofi, pp. 166, 169, 178–90, 203, 214

^ Nofi, pp. 223–24

^ Johnston, p. 55

^ Nofi, pp. 231, 235, 241, 247, 259–60, 262

^ Prange, pp. 456, 460

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 9, 16–17, 22–26

^ Lundstrom 2006, pp. 17–18

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 33, 39, 41–44

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 47–51

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 59, 84–87

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 87–95

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 95–98

^ Quoted in Lundstrom 2005, p. 98

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 98–107

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 107–09

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 122–35

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 163–65

^ Lundstrom 2005, p. 167

^ Stille 2009, pp. 46, 48

^ Lundstrom 2005, p. 181

^ Stille 2009, pp. 49, 51

^ Lundstrom 2005, p. 179

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 178, 181–82, 187

^ Stille 2009, p. 52

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 189–91

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 193, 195–96

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 198–206

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 209–18

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 230–43

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 246–57

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 268–77

^ Lundstrom 2005, pp. 278–82

^ Polmar & Genda, pp. 218, 220

^ "Sunken World War II Aircraft Carrier Found by Deep-Sea Expedition" . National Geographic. 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 December 2018 .

^ " " Drain the Oceans" Pacific War Megawrecks (TV Episode 2019)" .

^ "USS Lexington: Lost WW2 aircraft carrier found after 76 years" . BBC News. 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 December 2018 .

^ "Wreck of Aircraft Carrier USS Lexington Located in Coral Sea After 76 Years" . PaulAllen.com. 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 December 2018 .

^ "The ripples of Paul Allen's USS Lexington deep water discovery" . Lexington Minuteman. 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 December 2018 .

^ "Billionaire Paul Allen Finds Lost World War II Carrier USS Lexington" . USNI News. 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 December 2018 .

^ "Workers Name New Lexington" . Waterloo Daily Courier . United Press. 17 June 1942 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 .

^ " Lexington V " . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . NH&HC. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 .


Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in May 1942

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USS Lexington (CV-2) , nicknamed "Lady Lex", [1] was an early aircraft carrier built for the United States Navy . She was the lead ship of the Lexington class ; her only sister ship , Saratoga , was commissioned a month earlier. Originally designed as a battlecruiser , she was converted into one of the Navy's first aircraft carriers during construction to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which essentially terminated all new battleship and battlecruiser construction. The ship entered service in 1928 and was assigned to the Pacific Fleet for her entire career. Lexington and Saratoga were used to develop and refine carrier tactics in a series of annual exercises before World War II . On more than one occasion these included successfully staged surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. The ship's turbo-electric propulsion system allowed her to supplement the electrical supply of Tacoma, Washington , during a drought in late 1929 to early 1930. She also delivered medical personnel and relief supplies to Managua , Nicaragua, after an earthquake in 1931 .

Lexington was at sea when the Pacific War began on 7 December 1941, ferrying fighter aircraft to Midway Island . Her mission was cancelled and she returned to Pearl Harbor a week later. After a few days, she was sent to create a diversion from the force en route to relieve the besieged Wake Island garrison by attacking Japanese installations in the Marshall Islands . The island surrendered before the relief force got close enough, and the mission was cancelled. A planned attack on Wake Island in January 1942 had to be cancelled when a submarine sank the oiler required to supply the fuel for the return trip. Lexington was sent to the Coral Sea the following month to block any Japanese advances into the area. The ship was spotted by Japanese search aircraft while approaching Rabaul , New Britain, but her aircraft shot down most of the Japanese bombers that attacked her. Together with the carrier Yorktown , she successfully attacked Japanese shipping off the east coast of New Guinea in early March.

Lexington was quickly refitted in Pearl Harbor at the end of the month and rendezvoused with Yorktown in the Coral Sea in early May. A few days later the Japanese began Operation Mo , the invasion of Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea, and the two American carriers attempted to stop the invasion forces. They sank the light aircraft carrier Shōhō on 7 May during the Battle of the Coral Sea , but did not encounter the main Japanese force of the carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku until the next day. Aircraft from Lexington and Yorktown badly damaged Shōkaku , but the Japanese aircraft crippled Lexington . A mixture of air and aviation gasoline in her improperly drained aircraft fueling trunk lines (which ran from the keel tanks to her hangar deck) ignited, causing a series of explosions and fires that could not be controlled. Lexington was scuttled by an American destroyer during the evening of 8 May to prevent her capture. The wreck of Lexington was located on 4 March 2018 by R/V Petrel , which was part of an expedition funded by Paul Allen . [2] The ship is about 430 nautical miles (800 km) off the northeastern coast of Australia in the Coral Sea . [3]

Lexington was the fourth US Navy ship named after the 1775 Battle of Lexington , the first battle of the Revolutionary War . [4] She was originally authorized in 1916 as a Lexington -class battlecruiser, but construction was delayed so that higher-priority anti-submarine vessels and merchant ships, needed to ensure the safe passage of personnel and materiel to Europe during Germany's U-boat campaign , could be built. After the war the ship was extensively redesigned, partially as a result of British experience. [5] Given the hull number of CC-1, Lexington was laid down on 8 January 1921 by Fore River Shipbuilding Company of Quincy, Massachusetts . [4]

Before the Washington Naval Conference concluded, the ship's construction was suspended in February 1922, [6] when she was 24.2 percent complete. [7] She was re-designated and re-authorized as an aircraft carrier on 1 July 1922. [4] Her displacement was reduced by a total of 4,000 long tons (4,100 t), achieved mainly by the elimination of her main armament of eight 16-inch (406 mm) guns in four twin turrets (including their heavy turret mounts, their armor, and other equipment). [8] [9] The main armor belt was retained, but was reduced in height to save weight. [10] The general line of the hull remained unaltered, as did the torpedo protection system, because they had already been built, and it would have been too expensive to alter them. [11]

The ship had an overall length of 888 feet (270.7 m), a beam of 106 feet (32.3 m), and a draft of 30 feet 5 inches (9.3 m) at deep load . Lexington had a standard displacement of 36,000 long tons (36,578 t) and 43,056 long tons (43,747 t) at deep load. At that displacement, she had a metacentric height of 7.31 feet (2.2 m). [8]

Christened by Helen Rebecca Roosevelt, the wife of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy , Theodore Douglas Robinson , Lexington was launched on 3 October 1925. She was commissioned on 14 December 1927 with Captain Albert Marshall in command. [4] By 1942, the ship had a crew of 100 officers and 1,840 enlisted men and an aviation group totaling 141 officers and 710 enlisted men. [8]

The ship's flight deck was 866 feet 2 inches (264.01 m) long and had a maximum width of 105 feet 11 inches (32.28 m). [8] When built, her hangar "was the largest single enclosed space afloat on any ship" [12] and had an area of 33,528 square feet (3,114.9 m 2 ). It was 424 feet (129.2 m) long and 68 feet (20.7 m) wide. Its minimum height was 21 feet (6.4 m), and it was divided by a single fire curtain just forward of the aft aircraft elevator . Aircraft repair shops, 108 feet (32.9 m) long, were aft of the hangar, and below them was a storage space for disassembled aircraft, 128 feet (39.0 m) long. Lexington was fitted with two hydraulically powered elevators on her centerline. The forward elevator's dimensions were 30 by 60 feet (9.1 m × 18.3 m) and it had a capacity of 16,000 pounds (7,300 kg). The aft elevator had a capacity of only 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) and measured 30 by 36 feet (9.1 m × 11.0 m). [12] Avgas was stored in eight compartments of the torpedo protection system, and their capacity has been quoted as either 132,264 US gallons (500,670 l; 110,133 imp gal) or 163,000 US gallons (620,000 l; 136,000 imp gal). [13]

Lexington was initially fitted with electrically operated arresting gear designed by Carl Norden that used both fore-and-aft and transverse wires. The longitudinal wires were intended to prevent aircraft from being blown over the side of the ship while the transverse wires slowed them to a stop. This system was authorized to be replaced by the hydraulically operated Mk 2 system, without longitudinal wires, on 11 August 1931. Four improved Mk 3 units were added in 1934, giving the ship a total of eight arresting wires and four barriers intended to prevent aircraft from crashing into parked aircraft on the ship's bow. After the forward flight deck was widened in 1936, an additional eight wires were added there to allow aircraft to land over the bow if the landing area at the stern was damaged. [14] The ship was built with a 155-foot (47.2 m), flywheel -powered, F Mk II aircraft catapult , also designed by Norden, on the starboard side of the bow. [8] [12] This catapult was strong enough to launch a 10,000-pound (4,500 kg) aircraft at a speed of 48 knots (89 km/h; 55 mph). It was intended to launch seaplanes , but was rarely used; a 1931 report tallied only five launches of practice loads since the ship had been commissioned. It was removed during the ship's 1936 refit. [15]

Lexington was designed to carry 78 aircraft, including 36 bombers , [16] but these numbers increased once the Navy adopted the practice of tying up spare aircraft in the unused spaces at the top of the hangar. [17] In 1936, her air group consisted of 18 Grumman F2F -1 and 18 Boeing F4B -4 fighters, plus an additional nine F2Fs in reserve. Offensive punch was provided by 20 Vought SBU Corsair dive bombers with 10 spare aircraft and 18 Great Lakes BG torpedo bombers with nine spares. Miscellaneous aircraft included two Grumman JF Duck amphibians , plus one in reserve, and three active and one spare Vought O2U Corsair observation aircraft. This amounted to 79 aircraft, plus 30 spares. [8]

The Lexington -class carriers used turbo-electric propulsion; each of the four propeller shafts was driven by two 22,500- shaft-horsepower (16,800 kW) electric motors . They were powered by four General Electric turbo generators rated at 35,200 kilowatts (47,200 hp ). Steam for the generators was provided by sixteen Yarrow boilers , each in its own individual compartment. [18] Six 750-kilowatt (1,010 hp) electric generators were installed in the upper levels of the two main turbine compartments to provide power to meet the ship's hotel load (minimum electrical) requirements. [19]

The ship was designed to reach 33.25 knots (61.58 km/h; 38.26 mph), [8] but Lexington achieved 34.59 knots (64.06 km/h; 39.81 mph) from 202,973 shp (151,357 kW) during sea trials in 1928. [18] She carried a maximum of 6,688 long tons (6,795 t) of fuel oil , but only 5,400 long tons (5,500 t) of that was usable, as the rest had to be retained as ballast in the port fuel tanks to offset the weight of the island and main guns. [20] Designed for a range of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), [8] the ship demonstrated a range of 9,910 nmi (18,350 km; 11,400 mi) at a speed of 10.7 knots (19.8 km/h; 12.3 mph) with 4,540 long tons (4,610 t) of oil. [20]

The Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair was not convinced when the class was being designed that aircraft could effectively substitute as armament for a warship, especially at night or in bad weather that would prevent air operations. [21] Thus the carriers' design included a substantial gun battery of eight 55- caliber Mk 9 eight-inch guns in four twin gun turrets . These turrets were mounted above the flight deck on the starboard side, two before the superstructure , and two behind the funnel, numbered I to IV from bow to stern. [22] In theory the guns could fire to both sides, but it is probable that if they were fired to port (across the deck) the blast would have damaged the flight deck. [23] They could be depressed to −5° and elevated to +41°. [24]

The ship's heavy antiaircraft (AA) armament consisted of twelve 25-caliber Mk 10 five-inch guns which were mounted on single mounts, three each fitted on sponsons on each side of the bow and stern. [25] No light AA guns were initially mounted on Lexington , but two sextuple .30-caliber (7.62 mm) machine gun mounts were installed in 1929. [26] They were unsuccessful, and they were replaced by two .50-caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns by 1931, one each on the roof of the superfiring eight-inch turrets. During a refit in 1935, platforms mounting four .50-caliber machine guns were installed on each corner of the ship, and an additional platform was installed that wrapped around the funnel. Six machine guns were mounted on each side of this last platform. In October 1940, four 50-caliber Mk 10 three-inch AA guns were installed in the corner platforms; they replaced two of the .50-caliber machine guns which were remounted on the tops of the eight-inch gun turrets. Another three-inch gun was added on the roof of the deckhouse between the funnel and the island. These guns were just interim weapons until the quadruple 1.1-inch gun mount could be mounted, which was done in August 1941. [27]

In March 1942, Lexington ' s eight-inch turrets were removed at Pearl Harbor and replaced by seven quadruple 1.1-inch gun mounts. The eight-inch guns and turrets were reused as coast defense weapons on Oahu. [28] In addition 22 Oerlikon 20 mm cannon were installed, six in a new platform at the base of the funnel, 12 in the positions formerly occupied by the ship's boats in the sides of the hull, two at the stern, and a pair on the aft control top . When the ship was sunk in May 1942, her armament consisted of 12 five-inch, 12 quadruple 1.1-inch, 22 Oerlikon cannon, and at least two dozen .50-caliber machine guns. [29]

Each eight-inch turret had a Mk 30 rangefinder at the rear of the turret for local control, but they were normally controlled by two Mk 18 fire-control directors , one each on the fore and aft spotting tops. [22] A 20-foot (6.1 m) rangefinder was fitted on top of the pilothouse to provide range information for the directors. [24] Each group of three five-inch guns was controlled by a Mk 19 director, two of which were mounted on each side of the spotting tops. [25] Lexington received a RCA CXAM-1 radar in June 1941 during a brief refit in Pearl Harbor. The antenna was mounted on the forward lip of the funnel with its control room directly below the aerial, replacing the secondary conning station formerly mounted there. [30]

The waterline belt of the Lexington -class ships tapered 7–5 inches (178–127 mm) in thickness from top to bottom and angled 11° outwards at the top. It covered the middle 530 feet (161.5 m) of the ships. Forward, the belt ended in a bulkhead that also tapered from seven to five inches in thickness. Aft, it terminated at a seven-inch bulkhead. This belt had a height of 9 feet 4 inches (2.8 m). The thir
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