Ladies Night
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Ladies Night
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^ Hollander v. Swindells-Donovan , 2010 WL 844588 (E.D.N.Y. 2010).
^ Hollander v. Copacabana Nightclub , 580 F.Supp.2d 335 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).
^ Comiskey v. JFTJ Corp. , 989 F.2d 1007 (8th Cir. 1983).
^ U.S. v. Covey Gas & Oil , 171 F.2d 213 (10th Cir. 1949).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Koire v Metro Car Wash , 707 P.2d 195 (CA 1985).
^ Angelucci v. Century Supper Club , 158 P.3d 718 (CA 2007).
^ Jump up to: a b Eric D. Hone and Franchesca Van Buren, "Is the Death Knell Ringing for Ladies' Nights?" Nevada Lawyer (March 2009).
^ Starkman v. Mann Theatres Corp. , 227 Cal.App.3d 1491 (1991).
^ Cohn v. Corinthian Colleges, Inc. , 169 Cal.App.4th 523 (2008).
^ Dock Club, Inc. v. Illinois Liquor Control Commission , 404 N.E.2d 1050 (Ill. App. 1980).
^ John E. Theuman, "Exclusion of one sex from admission to or enjoyment of equal privileges in places of accommodation or entertainment as actionable sex discrimination under state law" 38 A.L.R.4th 339 (1985).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Peppin v. Woodside Delicatessen , 506 A.2d 263 (MD App. 1986).
^ In re On-Sale Liquor License, Class B. , 763 N.W.2d 359 (Minn. App. 2009).
^ "Human rights officials: Ladies' nights discriminatory" . Minnesota Public Radio . 2010-06-11 . Retrieved 2012-10-02 .
^ Benston, Liz (2008-11-10). "Ruling on gyms to have big effect on nightclubs, too – Las Vegas Sun Newspaper" . lasvegassun.com . Retrieved 2019-11-06 .
^ Wickham, DeWayne (7 June 2004). " 'Ladies Night' ban in N.J. sends the wrong message" . USA Today . Retrieved 3 January 2016 .
^ "Administrative Action Findings, Determination and Order" . www.state.nj.us . State of New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety . Retrieved 3 January 2016 .
^ Abosh v. New York Yankees, Inc. (1972) No. CPS-25284, Appeal No. 1194.
^ "Pa. Liquor Control Bd. v. DOBRINOFF ET AL., 80 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 453 – Pa: Commonwealth Court 1984 – Google Scholar" .
^ See Liquor Control Board Advisory Opinion of July 9, 2009 Archived March 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g MacLean v. First Northwest Industries of America, Inc. , 635 P.2d 683 (WA 1981).
^ Jump up to: a b Novak v. Madison Motel Associates , 525 N.W.2d 123 (Wis. App. 1994).
^ Rubenstein, Holly (4 December 2012). "Oh yes it's ladies' night and the feeling's wrong" . The Independent . Retrieved 26 January 2015 .
^ "Hong Kong bar operators angry at 'ladies' night' discrimination ruling" . South China Morning Post . April 15, 2016.
A ladies' night is a promotional event , often at a bar or nightclub , where female patrons pay less than male patrons for the cover charge or drinks . In the United States, state courts in California , Maryland , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin have ruled that ladies' night discounts are unlawful gender-based price discrimination under state or local statutes. However, courts in Illinois , Minnesota , and Washington have rejected a variety of challenges to such discounts.
Claims against ladies' nights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution have failed under the state action doctrine . [1] Similar actions have failed under the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (42 U.S.C. § 1983). [2] [3] Ladies' nights may have federal tax implications, though. [4] Federal claims were also involved in the unsuccessful challenge in Washington ( see below ).
The California Supreme Court has ruled that ladies' days at a car wash and ladies' nights at a nightclub violate California's Unruh Civil Rights Act in Koire v Metro Car Wash (1985) [5] and Angelucci v. Century Supper Club (2007). [6] The Unruh Act provides: "All persons within the jurisdiction of this state are free and equal, and no matter what their sex [...] are entitled to the full and equal accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges, or services in all business establishments of every kind whatsoever [...]." [5] The court considered the statutory defense that the promotions serve "substantial business and social purposes", but concluded that merely being profitable is not a sufficient defense. [5] The court accused the Wisconsin Supreme Court of "sexual stereotyping" for upholding a similar practice. [5]
Koire held that: "Public policy in California strongly supports eradication of discrimination based on sex. The Unruh Act expressly prohibits sex discrimination by business enterprises." [5] Koire concluded:
Subsequent to the decision, California passed the Gender Tax Repeal Act of 1995, which specifically prohibits differential pricing based solely on a customer's gender. [7] In Angelucci, the California Supreme Court ruled that discrimination victims did not have to ask the offending business to be treated equally in order to have standing to file an Unruh Act or Gender Tax Repeal Act claim.
Courts have not found violations on the Unruh Act with discounts for which any customer could theoretically qualify for. [8] The California Supreme Court opined:
The Koire precedent has not been extended to strike down Mother's Day promotions. [9] Koire was one of the precedents cited in the lower court (but not the state Supreme Court) in In re Marriage Cases
Ladies' nights in Illinois have been upheld under the anti-discrimination provision of the Dram Shop Act . [10] The court determined that the discount was intended to encourage women to attend the bar in greater numbers, rather than to discourage attendance by males. [11]
Montgomery County's human relations law has been interpreted to not only prohibit ladies' nights, but also a "Skirt and Gown Night" where a customer is given a 50% discount for wearing a skirt or gown. [12] The court noted that: "Against this superficially humorous backdrop, we must decide whether this seemingly innocuous business practice constitutes unlawful discrimination within the meaning of a county ordinance." [12] The Montgomery County Code, Human Relations Law, § 27-9, prohibited:
The Maryland's appellate court's review was far from de novo and the court emphasized that:
The court also stressed the peculiarity and strictness of the municipal ordinance it was interpreting:
Attempts by municipal governments to prevent ladies' nights have been struck down as ultra vires . [13] In June 2010 the Minnesota Department of Human Rights said bars are discriminating against males by holding "ladies' night" promotions, but said it will not seek out bars that have a "ladies night." [14]
In 2008, the Nevada Equal Rights Commission ruled in favor of a man who claimed a local gym offering free memberships to women was discriminatory. [15] The ruling is thought to have had wide ramifications for ladies' night promotions across the state.
Although the question has not been litigated in Nevada courts, two Nevada attorneys advise: "for the time being, businesses should exercise caution in utilizing gender-based pricing scheme promotions. While the ability of a plaintiff to succeed on such a claim in district court remains unknown, NERC has the ability to pursue such claims on the administrative level. Therefore, businesses should engage in a cost-benefit analysis, keeping in mind that they might have to spend time and resources defending a sex discrimination charge in front of NERC or elsewhere." [7]
In 2004, the director of New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety Division of Civil rights ruled that ladies' night promotions constituted unlawful discrimination in violation of the state's Law Against Discrimination. [16] [17]
The New York State Human Rights Appeal Board disapproved of a New York Yankees "Ladies Day" promotion, which originated in 1876 as being "in a modern technological society where women and men are to be on equal footing as a matter of public policy." [18] [ clarification needed ]
Such promotions violate the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act as unlawful gender discrimination where male patrons are charged an entrance fee or a greater charge for drinks and female patrons are not charged an identical entrance fee or the same charge for drinks as male patrons. In Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board v. Dobrinoff , the Commonwealth Court specifically found that where a female patron was exempt from a cover charge, a go-go bar engaged in unlawful gender discrimination. [19] The Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board has stated as recently as 2009 that it will issue citations against establishments which charge patrons differing amounts based on gender. [20]
Ladies' nights have been found not to violate state anti-discrimination law, or the federal constitution, by the Washington Supreme Court , even if held at a stadium owned by a city. [21] The Washington Supreme Court concluded that "the respondent has shown no discrimination against men as a class and no damage to himself. As a consequence he has no right of action under the state Law Against Discrimination. " [21] In part, the court emphasized in its ruling evidence presented in the trial court that "women do not manifest the same interest in basketball that men do," and that the discount was only one of many discounts and promotions, the others available regardless of gender. [21] Finally, the majority noted that "to decide important constitutional questions upon a complaint as sterile as this would be apt to erode public respect for the Equal Rights Amendment and deter rather than promote the serious goals for which it was adopted." [21]
The dissenting justices emphasized their broader interpretation of the applicable prohibition and the potential for such promotions to reinforce stereotypes. [21] One dissenting justice proposed that the complainant be allowed no damages, but only that the practice be enjoined. [21] The dissent concluded:
The Wisconsin Supreme Court has held that such promotions violate the state's public accommodation law. [22] The court noted that the text and legislative history of the statute permitted no distinction between sex, race, and other forms of discrimination. [22]
Although ladies' nights are prohibited by the Equality and Human Rights Commission in the United Kingdom as unlawful discrimination, some clubs reportedly flout the ban. [23]
Ladies' nights were deemed unlawful by the Hong Kong District Court . [24]
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Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group
Ladies Night · Kool & The Gang
Ladies' Night
℗ 1979 The Island Def Jam Music Group
Released on: 1979-05-13
Producer: Eumir Deodato
Producer, Co- Producer: Kool & The Gang
Composer Lyricist: J.T. Taylor
Composer Lyricist: Dennis Ronald Thomas
Composer Lyricist: Earl Toon
Composer Lyricist: Claydes Smith
Composer Lyricist: Meekaaeel Muhammed
Composer Lyricist: Ronald Nathan Bell
Composer Lyricist: Robert Bell
Composer Lyricist: George Brown
Auto-generated by YouTube.
9,2 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 5 Jahren
36 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 10 Jahren
8,2 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 5 Jahren
4,4 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 3 Jahren
2,9 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 4 Jahren
8,3 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 6 Jahren
Falls die Wiedergabe nicht in Kürze beginnt, empfehlen wir dir, das Gerät neu zu starten.
Videos, die du dir ansiehst, werden möglicherweise zum TV-Wiedergabeverlauf hinzugefügt und können sich damit auf deine TV-Empfehlungen auswirken. Melde dich auf einem Computer in YouTube an, um das zu vermeiden.
Bei dem Versuch, Informationen zum Teilen abzurufen, ist ein Fehler aufgetreten. Versuche es bitte später noch einmal.
0:39 / 6:25 • Vollständiges Video ansehen Live
Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group
Ladies Night · Kool & The Gang
Ladies' Night
℗ 1979 The Island Def Jam Music Group
Released on: 1979-05-13
Producer: Eumir Deodato
Producer, Co- Producer: Kool & The Gang
Composer Lyricist: J.T. Taylor
Composer Lyricist: Dennis Ronald Thomas
Composer Lyricist: Earl Toon
Composer Lyricist: Claydes Smith
Composer Lyricist: Meekaaeel Muhammed
Composer Lyricist: Ronald Nathan Bell
Composer Lyricist: Robert Bell
Composer Lyricist: George Brown
Auto-generated by YouTube.
9,2 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 5 Jahren
36 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 10 Jahren
8,2 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 5 Jahren
4,4 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 3 Jahren
2,9 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 4 Jahren
8,3 Mio. Aufrufe
vor 6 Jahren
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