Lactation Pregnant
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Lactation Pregnant
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1 Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214, USA.
Lakshmanan Suresh et al.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod .
2004 Jun .
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1 Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214, USA.
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Pregnancy results in physiologic changes in almost all organ systems in the body mediated mainly by female sex hormones. Physiologic changes of pregnancy influence the dental management of women during pregnancy. Understanding these normal changes is essential for providing quality care for pregnant women. This review article briefly discusses the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, endocrine, and oral physiologic changes that occur during normal gestation. A summary of current scientific knowledge of ionizing radiation is presented. Information about the compatibility, complications, and excretion of the common drugs during pregnancy is provided. Drugs and their usage during breast-feeding are also discussed. Guidelines for the management of a pregnant patient in the dental office are summarized.
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In summer 2017, one of our patients came in for an early ultrasound – she was having some vaginal bleeding and thought she was pregnant. She was right – the sonogram showed she was eight weeks pregnant. The ultrasound showed a small area of hemorrhage near the developing placenta, but the small embryo had a normal heart rate. At the end of the ultrasound, she asked two questions that made me pause. “I’m breastfeeding – did this cause the problem? Can I continue to breastfeed?” While I had some initial thoughts about the advisability of continuing, I asked one of our nurses who is an international board certified lactation consultant to address the patient’s concerns. Current breastfeeding recommendations from the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American Academy of Pediatrics are for exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a baby’s life, then breastfeeding in combination with solid foods up to 12 months. Some women continue to breastfeed or pump-and-feed breastmilk to their children up to 4 years old. But the choice to breastfeed during pregnancy is not one to take lightly. Though it’s perfectly safe for many women and their pregnancies, breastfeeding while pregnant can be risky for some.
While this might seem an unlikely decision to have to make, it’s actually much more common than you might think. Look at the frequency of conception within a year of a delivery in the following three states as a cross-sectional example:
In other words, up to one in five women became pregnant during the time in which at least some breastfeeding is recommended!
There are no hard and fast rules surrounding breastfeeding during pregnancy. However, your Ob/Gyn may advise you to carefully consider breastfeeding if you fall into a higher-risk category.
Women who are experiencing problems in the first trimester or have a history of early miscarriages might want to stop breastfeeding. This could include those who have a history of recurrent pregnancy loss or recent bleeding during pregnancy. If you have had a previous preterm delivery or have experienced preterm labor in your current pregnancy you also should consider weaning your infant. During breastfeeding, the pituitary gland releases the hormone oxytocin, which permits the release of milk in the breasts (milk let down). This same hormone is also known to stimulate uterine contractions. In fact, when we induce labor in the delivery room, we often use a drug called Pitocin, which is a synthetic form of oxytocin. There’s also a test of fetal well-being during late pregnancy that uses nipple stimulation to induce small contractions while we look at the fetal heart rate tracing. In a high-risk pregnancy, the oxytocin release that accompanies nipple stimulation during breastfeeding can increase uterine activity, which could potentially affect the pregnancy. Every woman’s body reacts a little differently to breastfeeding. I can’t quantify what the risk is of continuing to breastfeed in the setting of these complications. But I do know that women who experience a loss or bad outcome frequently ask, “Did I do something to cause this?” – just like my patient did. If a woman chooses to breastfeed during pregnancy and then presents with spotting and ultimately a miscarriage, her first inclination might be to blame herself. But in high-risk pregnancies, it’s often difficult to determine what exactly went wrong, and it could very well be that breastfeeding had absolutely nothing to do with the complications. Still, we understand the desire to make sure your current child receives all the benefits breastfeeding provides. Some moms feel guilty that they’re hurting their babies by not breastfeeding. If you are included in one of the high-risk categories and are passionate about your infant receiving breastmilk during your pregnancy, talk to your Ob/Gyn or maternal fetal medicine specialist (MFM). Our goal is for you and your pregnancy to be as healthy as possible, and we want to support you in making good decisions. You might be able to get donor breastmilk for your child while you’re pregnant, or we can talk about other options to ensure your child’s nutritional needs are met. If you choose to breastfeed during pregnancy, we want you to have a smooth experience. I’ve invited nurses Mandi Longoria and Linda Catterton to share their tips for successful breastfeeding during pregnancy. Both Mandi and Linda are International Board Certified Lactation Consultants, which means they adhere to incredibly high standards in lactation and breastfeeding care worldwide.
Breastfeeding during pregnancy is a personal decision that requires case-by-case strategies to be successful. The only time we ever recommend that a mom not breastfeed during pregnancy is if she has risk factors such as those outlined by Dr. Horsager above. If you aren’t high-risk and you choose to breastfeed during pregnancy, these tips can make it easier on you and your child. The first trimester can be tricky for breastfeeding. Not every woman experiences first-trimester symptoms, but many women have a range of symptoms, including:
To combat breast and nipple tenderness, you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) and use warm compresses on your breasts to ease the pain and swelling. Tenderness usually is temporary, and most women tolerate this period of discomfort. If you’re fatigued from pregnancy and caring for your older child, schedule time to rest when you can. Ask your partner or a friend or family member to help a bit more with household duties or childcare when you need additional rest. You might be tempted to drink coffee or energy drinks to keep up with your responsibilities, but try to abstain. These drinks often are laden with added sugar, and the caffeine can dehydrate you further. For morning sickness, you’ll want to schedule times to eat
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