La revolución de la glucosa

Notas

Página 34 de 35

Notas

[1] Ron Sender et al., «Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body», PLoS Biology, 14, n.º 8, 2016, e1002533. <<

[2] Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, «Increasing disparities in unhealthy food advertising targeted to Hispanic and Black youth», enero de 2019, recuperado el 30 de agosto de 2021, disponible en <https://media.ruddcenter.uconn.edu/PDFs/TargetedMarketingReport2019.pdf>. <<

[3] Robert Lustig, Metabolical: The Lure and the Lies of Processed Food, Nutrition, and Modern Medicine, Nueva York, Harper Wave, 2021. <<

[4] Lustig, Metabolical, op. cit. <<

[5] Joana Araújo et al., «Prevalence of optimal metabolic health in American adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2016», Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 17, n.º 1, 2019, págs. 46-52. <<

[6] Benjamin Bikman, Why We Get Sick: The Hidden Epidemic at the Root of Most Chronic Disease and How to Fight It, Nueva York, BenBella, 2020 (trad. cast.: ¿Por qué enfermamos? Descubre y aprende a combatir la epidemia oculta tras las enfermedades crónicas, Madrid, Edaf, 2021). <<

[7] Lustig, Metabolical, op. cit. <<

[1] Michael Multhaup et al., «The science behind 23andMe’s Type 2 Diabetes report»), 2019, recuperado el 30 de agosto de 2021, disponible en <https://permalinks.23andme.com/pdf/23_19-Type2Diabetes_March2019.pdf>. <<

[2] Mark Hearris et al., «Regulation of muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise: implications for endurance performance and training adaptations», Nutrients, 10, n.º 3, 2018, pág. 298. <<

[3] Heather Hall et al., «Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation», PLoS Biology, 16, n.º 7, 2018, e2005143, disponible en <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30040822/>. <<

[4] Técnicamente no en la sangre, sino en el fluido entre células. Están estrechamente relacionados. <<

[1] Araújo et al., «Prevalence of optimal metabolic health», art. cit. <<

[2] Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, «Assessing your Weight», CDC, 17 de septiembre de 2020, recuperado el 30 de agosto de 2021, <https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/index.html>. <<

[1] Gregory MacNeill et al., «Starch as a source, starch as a sink: the bifunctional role of starch in carbon allocation», Journal of Experimental Botany, 68, n.º 16, 2017, págs. 4433-4453, disponible en <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28981786/>. <<

[2] También se llaman enlaces beta-1,4-glicosídicos. <<

[3] M. D. Oesten et al., Castellion, «Sweetness relative to sucrose (table)», en The World of Chemistry: Essentials (4.ª ed.), Belmont, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2007. <<

[1] «El cuerpo utiliza doscientos gramos de glucosa a diario. La glucosa tiene una masa molar de ciento ochenta gramos por mol. Cada día, el cuerpo utiliza 0,1111 moles de glucosa. Un mol tiene 6,02214076 × 1023 moléculas en su interior. Así que el cuerpo utiliza 6.6912675e + 23 moléculas de glucosa cada día. Un día tiene 86.400 segundos; 7,7445226e + 18 moléculas por segundo», Jeremy M. Berg, Biochemistry (5.ª ed.), Nueva York, W. H. Freeman, 2002, sección 30.2. <<

[2] Unos 5.000 trillones (5 × 1021 granitos de arena en el mundo. Jason Marshall, «How many grains of sand are on earth’s beaches?», Quick and Dirty Tips, 2016, recuperado el 30 de agosto de 2021, <https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/math/how-many-grains-of-sand-are-on-earth-s-beaches?page=all>. <<

[3] Liangliang Ju et al., «New insights into the origin and evolution of α-amylase genes in green plants», Scientific Reports, 9, n.º 1, 2019, págs. 1-12, disponible en <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30894656/>. <<

[4] Cholsoon Jang et al., «The small intestine converts dietary fructose into glucose and organic acids», Cell Metabolism, 27, n.º 2, 2018, págs. 351-361, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6032988/#SD1>. <<

[5] IUPAC, Comm, y IUPAC-IUB Comm, «Tentative rules for carbohydrate nomenclature, part 1, 1969», Biochemistry, 10, n.º 21, 1971, págs. 3983-4004, disponible en <https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bi00797a028>. <<

[6] Mindy Weisberger, «Unknown Group of Ancient Humans Once Lived in Siberia, New Evidence Reveals», Live Science, 2019, recuperado el 30 de agosto de 2021, <https://www.livescience.com/65654-dna-ice-age-teeth-siberia.html>. <<

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[8] Peter Ungar, Evolution’s Bite: A Story of Teeth, Diet, and Human Origins, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2017. <<

[1] Nora Volkow et al., «The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction», Cell, 162, n.º 4, 2015, págs. 712-725, disponible en <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26276628/>. <<

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[3] Lustig, Metabolical, op. cit. <<

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[5] Robert Lustig, The Hacking of the American Mind: The Science behind the Corporate Takeover of our Bodies and Brains, Nueva York, Penguin, 2017. <<

[1] ADA, «Understanding A1C: Diagnosis», Diabetes, recuperado el 30 de agosto de 2019, <https://www.diabetes.org/a1c/diagnosis>. <<

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[1] Sender et al., «Revised estimates for the number», art. cit. <<

[2] Martin Picard et al., «Mitochondrial allostatic load puts the “gluc” back in glucocorticoids», Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10, n.º 5, 2014, págs. 303-310, disponible en <https://www.uclahealth.org/reversibility-network/workfiles/resources/publications/picard-endocrinol.pdf>. <<

[3] Biplab Giri et al., «Chronic hyperglycemia mediated physiological alteration and metabolic distortion leads to organ dysfunction, infection, cancer progression and other pathophysiological consequences: an update on glucose toxicity», Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, n.º 107, 2018, págs. 306-328, disponible en <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332218322406#fig0005>. <<

[4] Picard et al., «Mitochondrial allostatic», art. cit. <<

[5] Robert H. Lustig, «Fructose: it’s “alcohol without the buzz”», Advances in Nutrition, 4, n.º 2, 2013, págs. 226-235, disponible en <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649103/>. <<

[6] Joseph Evans et al., «Are oxidative stress activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction?», Diabetes, 52, n.º 1, 2003, págs. 1-8, disponible en <https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/52/1/1.short>. <<

[7] Jaime Uribarri et al., «Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet», Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100, n.º 6, 2010, págs. 911-916, disponible en <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3704564/>. <<

[8] D. G. Dyer et al., «The Maillard reaction in vivo», Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft, 30, n.º 1, 1991, págs. 29-45, disponible en <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21298410_The_Maillard_reaction_in_vivo>. <<

[9] Chan-Sik Kim et al., «The role of glycation in the pathogenesis of aging and its prevention through herbal products and physical exercise», Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry, 21, n.º 3, 2017, pág. 55, disponible en <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643203>. <<

[10] Masamitsu Ichihashi et al., «Glycation stress and photo-aging in skin», Anti-Aging Medicine, 8, n.º 3, 2011, págs. 23-29, disponible en <https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jaam/8/3/8_3_23/_article/-char/ja/>; Ashok Katta et al., «Glycation of lens crystalline protein in the pathogenesis of various forms of cataract», Biomedical Research, 20, n.º 2, 2009, págs. 119-121, disponible en <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashok-Katta-3/publication/233419577_Glycation_of_lens_crystalline_protein_​in_the_pathogenesis_of_various_forms_of_cataract/links/02e7e531342066c955000000/​Glycation-of-lens-crystalline-protein-​in-the-pathogenesis-of-various-forms-of-cataract.pdf>. <<

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[12] Chan-Sik Kim et al., «The role of glycation», art. cit. <<

[13] Alejandro Gugliucci, «Formation of fructose-mediated advanced glycation end products and their roles in metabolic and inflammatory diseases», Advances in Nutrition, 8, n.º 1, 2017, págs. 54-62, disponible en <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5227984/>. <<

[14] Roma Pahwa et al., «Chronic inflammation», StatPearls, 2018, disponible en <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/>. <<

[15] Ibidem. <<

[16] Berg, Jeremy M., «The bonds are also alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond», en Biochemistry (5.ª ed.), Nueva York, W. H. Freeman and Co., 1995. <<

[17] David H Wasserman, «Four grams of glucose», American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 296, n.º 1, 2009, E11-E21, disponible en <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636990/>. <<

[18] Biochemistry, op. cit., sección 30.2, disponible en <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22436/#:~:text=The​%20brain%20lacks%20fuel%20stores,body%20in%20the%20resting%20state>. <<

[19] Wasserman, «Four grams of glucose», art. cit. <<

[20] Stryer, «Fatty acid metabolism», en Biochemistry, op. cit., págs. 603-628. <<

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[22] Bettina Geidl-Flueck et al., «Fructose-and sucrose-but not glucose-sweetened beverages promote hepatic de novo lipogenesis: A randomized controlled trial», Journal of Hepatology, 75, n.º 1, 2021, págs. 46-54, disponible en <https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(21)00161-6/fulltext#%20>. <<

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[24] Bikman, Why We Get Sick, op. cit. <<

[25] Stryer, en Biochemistry, op. cit., págs. 773-774. <<

[26] Natasha Wiebe et al., «Temporal associations among body mass index, fasting insulin, and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis», JAMA Network Open, 4, n.º 3, 2021, págs. e211263-e211263, disponible en <https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2777423>. <<

[1] Picard et al., «Mitochondrial allostatic», art. cit. <<

[2] Paula Chandler-Laney et al., «Return of hunger following a relatively high carbohydrate breakfast is associated with earlier recorded glucose peak and nadir», Appetite, n.º 80, 2014, págs. 236-241, disponible en <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195666314002049>. <<

[3] Bikman, Why We Get Sick, op. cit. <<

[4] Kathleen Page et al., «Circulating glucose levels modulate neural control of desire for high-calorie foods in humans», Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121, n.º 10, 2011, págs. 4161-4169, disponible en <https://www.jci.org/articles/view/57873>. <<

[5] Tanja Taivassalo et al., «The spectrum of exercise tolerance in mitochondrial myopathies: a study of 40 patients», Brain, 126, n.º 2, 2003, págs. 413-423, disponible en <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12538407/>. <<

[6] Picard et al., «Mitochondrial allostatic», art. cit. <<

[7] Ibidem. <<

[8] Kara L. Breymeyer et al., «Subjective mood and energy levels of healthy weight and overweight/obese healthy adults on high-and low-glycemic load experimental diets», Appetite, n.º 107, 2016, págs. 253-259, disponible en <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27507131/>. <<

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[19] Gangwisch et al., «High glycemic index», art. cit. <<

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[21] Ibidem. <<

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[23] Ibidem. <<

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[27] Pahwa et al., «Chronic inflammation», art. cit. <<

[28] Ibidem. <<

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[35] Lustig, Metabolical, op. cit. <<

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[39] Ibidem. <<

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