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The former is led by Giovanny Rojas, a. To get their hands on this money, the two groups have directly intervened in every stage of the gold mining production chain, from hiring peasant or indigenous workers to mine the gold in shifts that can last up to 12 hours, to collecting extortion payments in exchange for bringing backhoes into mining sites, and even imposing extra fees for bringing in the mercury and fuel required to operate small dredges and motors used in rivers and on land. These are rafts that can go unnoticed by authorities: some could be mistaken for small fishing boats belonging to locals. One of them is extortion. First in line is informal or ancestral miners. In field interviews conducted for this report, during which members of the Border Commandos were present, multiple ancestral miners insisted that they were not obliged to pay a fee to such groups. In order to work in the mines, they must give the illegal group 10 sticks of gold a month. One of the groups Border Commandos started charging us for the luxury of working. They ask us for a proportion of what we mine, but it tends to be a gram. We have to go, even if it means losing some of our gold to pay them and to get our food. That is why barter has become the basis of their economy, as it has been for ancestral communities for centuries. But in the barter economy, one trader will always end up accumulating the gold, and given the lack of sales points in the more remote municipalities, that trader is the illegal armed group, which acquires those grams of gold at a price well below their official value. The second link in the illegal gold chain are the machinery and vessel owners and operators. State Intelligence reports indicate that one of these artesanal rafts can suck up to 35 grams of gold from the riverbeds per day, which equates to 12, grams of gold extracted from these rivers per year, or 12 kilos and grams of the precious metal. General Moncada has reported that military operations conducted in have resulted in the destruction of 20 artisanal barges, which represents a yearly loss for the two illegal armed groups of 7. The operation was performed by troops from the 27th Engineers Batallion and the Counter Drug Trafficking and Transnational Threats Command, with support from the Colombian National Navy and the police. Their strategy is to sell the gold not in Colombia but abroad, where it fetches a better price and where they have longstanding contacts. Local residents say that there is a lot of gold to be mined, although this bonanza is not reflected in the reports of the Colombian Mining Information System. The latest reports show that 2, grams of gold were mined legally in Putumayo in The most recent report from Amazonas is from , and shows grams. According to local leaders, this phenomen is occuring because illegal mining is winning the race against State controls. In addition, they must pay 30 pesos per liter of milk produced daily less than a dollar. Warehouses and distributors, drugstores, supermarkets, neighborhood stores, clothing stores, restaurants, and the like are also obliged to contribute. In Putumayo, illicit crop farming has become a complementary activity to illegal mining. They indicate that Putumayo went from having 28, hectares planted in to 48, hectares in Josefina Almanza spent six days looking for a calf that went missing from her corral. The peasant woman searched many corrals and pastures until she tired of looking. On his way home, the miner had found the calf drowned in one of the flooded pits left by the backhoes that had been used to look for gold for six months. The pit had been abandoned as a result of pressure from the Border Commandos to pay an unsustainable extortion fee. Next to them lie rusted remnants of machinery that miners once used in their quest to mine gold. Huge pits flank the landscape like wounds. These are the scars left by the large illegal-mining machinery in the rainforests of Putumayo and other municipalities in the Colombian Amazon, where the gold rush has unleashed unchecked and uncontrolled environmental damage. These human pressures accelerate the process of deforestation, which drives environmental imbalance and socio-environmental conflicts. Reports of deforestation and logging by those engaging in illegal mining have set off alarm bells. However, unofficial information suggests that the rate started to rise again in The department of Amazonas, however, saw an increase: from 1, hectares deforested to 1, hectares. In Putumayo a method for tackling illegal mining and deforestation was created five years. It was called the Environment Bubble and was intended to educate and raise awareness about the consequences of environmental damage caused by unregulated practices such as mining. Whoever does do it would be exposed to large fines that, in many cases, a humble farmer could not afford. But the environmental damage that most worries General Moncada, commander of the 26th Jungle Brigade, is that being wrought by mercury. The image looks like something out of a horror movie: a dump truck unloading 18 lifeless bodies in a field as if they were stones. The dead ended up exposed to the sun, decomposing out in the open because neither the dissidents, the drug traffickers nor ex-guerrillas allowed anyone to pick up the bodies. After this, the offensives got worse and the confrontations more constant, leaving people on all sides dead and the civilian population defenseless in the midst of the bullets. Sometimes we have to sleep under our beds to avoid bullets. In order to take control of drug-trafficking routes, coca-growing territories, and illegal mining revenues, the Border Commandos Second Marquetalia unit and the Carolina Ramirez front Central State unit declared a war that has left only blood, death and pain. In alone, 60 people who had nothing to do with the armed conflict lost their lives; some played important social leadership roles. One of the crimes that most shocked the communities was that of Mrs. Her crime? Both illegal organizations have resorted to old war practices that affect the civilian population, leaving aside all respect for human rights and international humanitarian law. One of these is the recruitment of minors. Many are seduced by the promise of salaries that sometimes go unpaid, and young people, whose opportunities are cut short almost as soon as they finish high school, are easily tempted and end up joining the ranks of one of the two illegal armed groups. Added to this is the planting of antipersonnel mines that affect indigenous and peasant communities, who cannot go to and from their plots of land for fear of finding these explosive devices, as happened last May 7 to Miguel Pantoja, an resident of La Floresta, in the municipality of Puerto Caicedo, Putumayo. The farmer was on his way to work when he stepped on a mine located meters from the community school. But it is not only violent actions that are part of the daily life of the communities that live under pressure from these violent organizations. The social control exercised by both illegal groups has gone to the extreme of demanding documentation from people to enter and leave the territories. They even issue permits for the entry of people from outside the villages and prohibit movement along rivers or roads between six in the evening and five in the morning. This war has even moved to the Colombian borders and has affected at least 35 indigenous Secoya, Kichwa and Huitoto communities living in both Peru and Ecuador. They have been banned from moving between the two countries, Mongabay reported. The war has become so entrenched in these towns in and around Putumayo that their inhabitants seem to have become accustomed to it. On lonely nights they prefer to take shelter early on and watch from their windows the boots of the men who resurrected a war they thought they would never see again. Gold and coca: the curse fuelling war in the Putumayo rainforests. Hacemos un llamado a toda la sociedad Grupos armados ilegales obtienen jugosas ganancias del oro ilegal.

Psychedelic Drugs, Art, Music, and Other Drugs: An Interview with Finn McKenna

La Chorrera buy cocaine

There is a view in certain circles that Indigenous peoples in isolated areas live a largely wholesome and simple life, at one with nature, in stark contrast to us folk in more digitally connected, fast-paced societies — a version of the noble savage idea. Isolated reserve: There are no roads into La Chorrera but the airline Satena flies there. Arriving by river is also an option, but a complicated one. This is true in some instances and areas. There are still tribes in existence that continue to shun Western civilisation. Yet, many indigenous, even those who still live on their native lands far away from the original centres of colonisation of the country in which they now find themselves, have adopted high-income-nation habits — be that for better or for worse. One might think that the situation would be rather different on a secluded indigenous reserve, an area where the original natives — Who is an original native? Both the settlement and area of La Chorrera, which the locals call the true heart of the Amazon, is one such reserve. In terms of its autonomy from Colombia, well there is no state police presence. Filling that void, nominally in any case, is the indigenous guard. The Colombian military does have a base nearby but the soldiers rarely get involved in local affairs even if, at times, their intervention might be welcome. Most homesteads also have their own poultry, the odd few farm pigs while the ever-retreating wild animals in the surrounding jungle are occasionally hunted, with el blanco whiteman guns, of course. The tobacco plant, too, plays a big part in the culture, chiefly in the form of a paste called ambil , almost exclusively taken by men. In La Chorrera, coca is ground down — together with a palm tree leaf to soften the bitterness — to a fine powder and consumed in the mouth. The idea is to slowly transform the powder — which has a powdered-milk texture — into a paste in the mouth before ingesting it gradually. This pick-me-upper coca powder is called mambe and its consumption is again a male preserve. Elders say this has led to an increase in insecurity. Yes, people there could have been trying to lure me into a false sense of security but I never sensed anything untoward — and nothing untoward happened. One La Chorrera elder even told me that a commander in a nearby guerrilla group is planning a social cleansing of the area and already has a list of those who are considered a burden. How true that is, I guess time will tell. Home comforts: One of the over houses the Colombian government is building and gifting to La Chorrera. The main annoyance I encountered was those who like a beer or six — beer being another product very much not of the region. The various winged pests of this jungle outpost were less of a nuisance than these opportunist extortionists. But no. More research is required. For the record, the greater La Chorrera area is composed, in the main, of four traditional tribes: the aforementioned Bora and Uitoto, together with the Muinane and Okaina. Mentioning tribes might bring one back to this idea of scantily clad Amazon natives. The reserve may like to see and even sell itself as autonomous but the clothing — like the beer, many food items, internet plus free WiFi from the national government, smartphones, televisions, motorbikes, and even the timber for new state-gifted houses — very much comes from outside. Football shirts are particularly popular for the men, as is football in general for all. Indeed, football brings the community together more regularly than any traditional event. Even at a traditional dance that I had the serendipitous pleasure of attending in the Santa Rosa settlement, a four-hour boat ride upriver from La Chorrera, there was nothing native about the attire. Theirs was a two-day journey, mixing boat travel with long walks. The chuck-it-anywhere approach goes against the narrative that care and respect for the natural environment is one of their chief concerns. The same goes for the practice of bathing and cleaning clothes in the river with modern soaps and detergents. Also at play is the mildly aggressive this-is-our-land attitude of a small number of La Chorrera natives. Well worth checking out. Also, Jorge who runs the tienda by the main dock is a very helpful gentleman and a member of the executive committee. I mention these because they run businesses in the settlement but there are other friendly locals who are only too willing to help for no ulterior motive. En ese camino, disponemos de total libertad para eliminar los contenidos que:. 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La Chorrera buy cocaine