LIST OF BATTLES INVOLVING THE
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List of battles involving the Maratha EmpireThis is a list of the battles involving the Maratha Confederacy, and earlier the Maratha Rebellion under Shivaji till its dissolution in 1818.
List of wars involving the Ottoman EmpireThis is a List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire. The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force. This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century. The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery. By the time of Sultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world." The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army. The Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure established by Mehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.
Army of the Mughal EmpireThe army of the Mughal Empire was the force by which the Mughal emperors established their empire in the 16th century and expanded it to its greatest extent at the beginning of the 18th century. Although its origins, like the Mughals themselves, were in the cavalry-based armies of central Asia, its essential form and structure was established by the empire's third emperor, Akbar. The regular forces were mainly recruited and fielded by Mansabdar officers. During the 17th century, the Mughal empire possessed the largest military on earth, with its strength numbering 911,400-4,039,097 infantry and 342,696 cavalry. Alternatively, according to the census by Abul Fazl, the size of the army was roughly about 4.4 million, with less than half a million trained as cavalry;: 89–90 and modern India historians suggest there were 26 million personnel. The Mughals were considered a dominant military force in India, employing their superior engineering to military affairs and logistic mastery. Historians have compared the Mughal army with that of the Roman Empire or the United States Armed Forces in terms of their brute force,: 276 : 158 while in logistical superiority alone, the Mughals were comparable with the British Army during the Victorian Era. Historian Stephen Morillo also noted that Western scholarship generally overlooked the destructive scale of Asian empires such as the Mughals in their military operations, not unlike the Roman Empire. British historian Jeremy Black viewed that the Mughal army's struggles until their decline in the wake of Nader Shah's invasion of India reflected the Asiatic military development in the 17th century. Black's evaluation contrasted other modern military historians who opined that the Asian empires' military during the 17th century was influenced by the Military Revolution in Europe. Other experts such as Irfan Habib and Farhat Hasan noted that Mughal cavalry was practically unmatched in military organization in South Asian conflicts. The superiority of their heavy cavalry discipline and shock charge were a staple of Mughal cavalry. By the period of 16th-17th century, the horses for Mughal empire were imported mostly from the countries of Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Central Asia. Due to their military patronage of gunpowder warfare, Marshall Hodgson and his colleague William H. McNeill considered the Mughals as one of the gunpowder empires. The Mughal army employed heavy cannons, light artillery, grenades, rockets,: 133 and heavy mortar among other weapons. Heavy cannons were very expensive and heavy for transportation, and had to be dragged by elephants and oxen into the battlefield. The Mughal naval forces were named the Amla-e-Nawara. In Dhaka alone, the Mughal naval fleet contained 768 ships with 933 foreigner crews of Portuguese origin and 8,112 artillery personnel in the eastern part. They maintained fleets of warships and transport ships.
Decline of the Mughal EmpireThe decline of the Mughal Empire was a period in Indian history roughly between the early 18th century and mid 19th century during which the Mughal Empire, which once dominated the subcontinent, experienced a sharp decline. Various factors frequently cited to be responsible for the decline include internal conflicts, Rajput, Sikh, Jats and Maratha rebellions, Afghan and Persian invasions and expansion of East India Company influence and power. The period is usually considered to have begun with the death of Bahadur Shah I in 1712 and ended with the deposition of Bahadur Shah II in 1857. A number of provinces became hereditary vassal monarchies who ruled nominally in the name of the emperor. All powers, including the Marathas and British, nominally ruled in the name of the emperor, and the politics of the era was marked by these powers trying to gain a larger influence over the emperor than the other. Several Historians have debated the cause of decline. Irfan Habib argues the excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime causing the empire to collapse. Jeffrey G. Williamson states that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the later half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization which led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up food prices, nominal wages, and textile prices. This led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain. Karen Leonard focuses on the failure of the regime to work with Hindu bankers In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty. Some Historians assert such orthodox policies resulting in decline of Mughal power in the Indian Subcontinent. During the reign of Aurangzeb imposed practices of orthodox Islamic state based on the Fatawa 'Alamgiri. This resulted in the persecution of Shias, Sufis and non-Muslims G. N. Moin Shakir and Sarma Festschrift argue that he often used political opposition as pretext for religious persecution, resulting in revolts of groups of Jats, Marathas, Sikhs, Satnamis and Pashtuns . Other scholars argue that the very prosperity of the Empire inspired the provinces to achieve a high degree of independence, thus weakening the imperial court. Aurangzeb's son, Bahadur Shah I, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. However, after he died in 1712, the Mughal dynasty began to sink into chaos and violent feuds. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne.
List of battles involving the Sikh EmpireThe Sikh Empire (1799 – 1849 CE) was established by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Throughout its history, it fought various adversaries including the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan and the British East India Company.
List of battles involving the Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 by Babur. He defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat, marking the beginning of Mughal dominance. Babur went on to defeat the powerful Rajput confederacy of Rana Sanga in his decisive victory in the Battle of Khanwa, which solidified Mughal rule in India. The empire continued to expand, reaching its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Aurangzeb.
List of wars involving the Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire was an early modern empire that dominated the Indian subcontinent between 1526 and 1857 and fought a series of wars with neighbouring empires and kingdoms. The following is a list of wars involving the Mughal empire:
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