LILIAN HAWKER
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AscomycotaAscomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (from Ancient Greek ἀσκός (askós) 'sac, wineskin'), a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of Ascomycota are asexual and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewers' and bakers' yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota. Ascomycota is a monophyletic group (containing all of the descendants of a common ancestor). Previously placed in the Basidiomycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or anamorphic) ascomycetes are now identified and classified based on morphological or physiological similarities to ascus-bearing taxa, and by phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences. Ascomycetes are of particular use to humans as sources of medicinally important compounds such as antibiotics, as well as for fermenting bread, alcoholic beverages, and cheese. Examples of ascomycetes include Penicillium species on cheeses and those producing antibiotics for treating bacterial infectious diseases. Many ascomycetes are pathogens, both of animals, including humans, and of plants. Examples of ascomycetes that can cause infections in humans include Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and several tens of species that cause skin infections. The many plant-pathogenic ascomycetes include apple scab, rice blast, the ergot fungi, black knot, and the powdery mildews. The members of the genus Cordyceps are entomopathogenic fungi, meaning that they parasitise and kill insects. Other entomopathogenic ascomycetes have been used successfully in biological pest control, such as Beauveria. Several species of ascomycetes are biological model organisms in laboratory research. Most famously, Neurospora crassa, several species of yeasts, and Aspergillus species are used in many genetics and cell biology studies.
George Charles HawkerSir George Charles Hawker (21 September 1818 – 21 May 1895) was a South Australian settler and politician.
DurianellaDurianella is a genus of atypical, superficially puffball-like bolete. It contains the single species Durianella echinulata, found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.
Hawker (surname)Hawker is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Charles Hawker (1894–1938), member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1929 to 1938 Craig Hawker (born 1964), Australian chemist Dave Hawker (born 1958), English former footballer David Hawker (born 1949) member of the Australian House of Representatives since 1983 Edward Hawker (1782–1860), British Royal Navy admiral Edward William Hawker (1850–1940), politician in colonial South Australia George Charles Hawker (1818–1895), South Australian politician and pastoralist George Stanley Hawker (1894–1979), Australian politician Glenn Hawker (born 1961), former Australian rules footballer Harry Hawker (1889–1921), Australian pioneering aviator, test pilot and founder of Hawker Aviation Hugh Hawker, English Member of Parliament James Hawker (died 1827), (British Army officer) James Hawker (1836–1921), English poacher James Collins Hawker (1821–1901), English-born explorer and settler in Australia Lanoe Hawker (1890–1916), First World War English flying ace awarded the Victoria Cross Lesley Hawker (born 1981), Canadian figure skater Lilian Hawker (1908–1991), British mycologist Lindsay Hawker (1984–2007), British murder victim Lizzy Hawker (born 1976), British long-distance runner Mary Elizabeth Hawker (1848–1908), English writer of novellas and short stories Mike Hawker (politician) (born 1954), American Republican politician Patience Hawker (1900–1994), co-founder of Stawell School for girls in South Australia Pellew Hawker, pen name of Cora Minnett (born 1868), Australian author Phil Hawker (born 1962), English former footballer Robert Hawker (1753–1827), Devonian vicar of the Anglican Church and noted preacher Robert Stephen Hawker (1803–1875), English Anglican clergyman, writer and eccentric, grandson of the above Thomas Hawker (died 1722), English portrait painter Wilfred Hawker (1955–1982), Surinamese sergeant-major executed by the Surinamese government for leading a coup attempt
BrachymeiosisBrachymeiosis was a hypothesized irregularity in the sexual reproduction of ascomycete fungi, a variant of meiosis following an "extra" karyogamy (nuclear fusion) step. The hypothesized process would have transformed four diploid nuclei into eight haploid ones. The current scientific consensus is that brachymeiosis does not occur in any fungi. According to the current understanding, ascomycetes reproduce by forming male and female organs (antheridia/spermatia and ascogonia), transferring haploid nuclei from the antheridium to the ascogonium, and growing a dikaryotic ascus containing both nuclei. Karyogamy then occurs in the ascus to form a diploid nucleus, followed by meiosis and mitosis to form eight haploid nuclei in the ascospores. In 1895, the botanist R.A. Harper reported the observation of a second karyogamy event in the ascogonium prior to ascogeny. This would imply the creation of a tetraploid nucleus in the ascus, rather than a diploid one; in order to produce the observed haploid ascospores, a second meiotic reduction in chromosome count would then be necessary. The second reduction was hypothesized to occur during the second or third mitotic division in the ascus, even though chromosome reduction does not typically occur during mitosis. This supposed form of meiosis was termed “brachymeiosis” in 1908 by H. C. I. Fraser. The existence of brachymeiosis was controversial throughout the first half of the twentieth century, with many conflicting results published. Then, research with improved staining techniques established clearly that only one reductive division occurs in the asci of all examined species, including some which had been believed to undergo brachymeiosis. As a result of these studies, the theories of double fusion and subsequent brachymeiosis were discarded around 1950.
Lilian HawkerLilian Edith Hawker (19 May 1908 – 5 February 1991) was a British mycologist, known for her work on fungal physiology, particularly spore production. She was an expert on British truffles, and also published in the fields of plant physiology and plant pathology. She was also known for her contributions to education in mycology. Most of her career was spent at the botany department of the Imperial College of Science and Technology (1932–45) and the University of Bristol (1945–73), where she held the chair in mycology (1965–73) and was dean of the science faculty (1970–73). She served as president of the British Mycological Society, and was elected an honorary member of that society and of the Mycological Society of America. She published an introduction to fungi and two books on fungal physiology, of which Physiology of Fungi (1950) was among the first to survey the field, and also co-edited two microbiology textbooks.
Walter Cecil MooreWalter Cecil Moore (1900, Frome, Somerset, UK – 18 November 1967) was an English mycologist and phytopathologist. He was the president of the British Mycological Society in 1941 and the president of the Association of Applied Biologists from 1947 to 1948.
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