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Купить онлайн закладку Олеамид — Википедия: мефедрон, амфетамин, спайс, кокаин, мдма, героин, марихуана
A polyamide is a macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds. Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins , such as wool and silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis yielding materials such as nylons , aramids , and sodium poly aspartate. Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive applications, carpets and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. Polymers of amino acids are known as polypeptides or proteins. According to the composition of their main chain, synthetic polyamides are classified as follows:. All polyamides are made by the formation of an amide function to link two molecules of monomer together. Both these kinds of precursors give a homopolymer. Polyamides are easily copolymerized, and thus many mixtures of monomers are possible which can in turn lead to many copolymers. Additionally many nylon polymers are miscible with one another allowing the creation of blends. Production of polymers requires the repeated joining of two groups to form an amide linkage. In this case this specifically involves amide bonds, and the two groups involved are an amine group, and a terminal carbonyl component of a functional group. These react to produce a carbon-nitrogen bond, creating a singular amide linkage. This process involves the elimination of other atoms previously part of the functional groups. The carbonyl-component may be part of either a carboxylic acid group or the more reactive acyl halide derivative. The amine group and the carboxylic acid group can be on the same monomer, or the polymer can be constituted of two different bifunctional monomers, one with two amine groups, the other with two carboxylic acid or acid chloride groups. The condensation reaction is used to synthetically produce nylon polymers in industry. Nylons must specifically include a straight chain aliphatic monomer. The amide link is produced from an amine group alternatively known as an amino group , and a carboxylic acid group. The hydroxyl from the carboxylic acid combines with a hydrogen from the amine, and gives rise to water, the elimination byproduct that is the namesake of the reaction. As an example of condensation reactions, consider that in living organisms, Amino acids are condensed with one another by an enzyme to form amide linkages known as peptides. The resulting polyamides are known as proteins or polypeptides. In the diagram below, consider the amino-acids as single aliphatic monomers reacting with identical molecules to form a polyamide, focusing on solely the amine and acid groups. Ignore the substituent R groups — under the assumption the difference between the R groups are negligible:. Kevlar , the more reactive acyl chloride is used as a monomer. The polymerization reaction with the amine group eliminates hydrogen chloride. The acid chloride route can be used as a laboratory synthesis to avoid heating and obtain an almost instantaneous reaction. In the diagram below, Aramid is made from two different monomers which continuously alternate to form the polymer. Aramid is an aromatic polyamide:. Polyamides can also be synthesized from dinitriles using acid catalysis via an application of the Ritter reaction. This method is applicable for preparation of nylon 1,6 from adiponitrile , formaldehyde and water. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The reaction of 1,4-phenyl-diamine para-phenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride to produce Aramid. Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science and Technology. The 'nylon rope trick ' '. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 19 April The Reaction of Nitriles with Formaldehyde1'. Journal of the American Chemical Society. Journal of Polymer Research. Thermoplastic Duroplast Corrugated plastic Polymeric foam High performance plastics. Polymer additive Colorants Plasticizer Stabilizer for polymers Biodegradable additives. Health issues of plastics and polyhalogenated compounds PHCs. Plastic pollution Great Pacific garbage patch Persistent organic pollutant Dioxins List of environmental health hazards. Plastic pollution Great Pacific garbage patch Persistent organic pollutant Dioxins List of environmental health hazards Plastic recycling Biodegradable plastic. Glass Carbon Tenax Basalt Metallic. Retrieved from ' https: Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 27 October , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Nylon PA 6 and PA
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