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Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. For full functionality of ResearchGate it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. Drug forum Drug Forum Publisher: Institute for the Study of Drug Misuse. The data used in the calculation may not be exhaustive. Publications in this journal. Concept and use of psychoactive drugs among university students in Sao Paulo area. Surveyed 2, Brazilian university students concerning their knowledge and use of psychoactive drugs on their own initiative. Data from 1, usable questionnaires break down the use as a tranquilizers About two-thirds of the Ss who used marihuana or stimulants did so before the age of 19 yrs. This fact seems to indicate greater availability and larger advertisement in high schools and lower level of contamination in the universities. It is noted that the data refer exclusively to university students and must not be extrapolated to other social groups. Drug-related mortality in the United States, Used vital certificates as source documents to arrive at an estimate of 5, drug-related deaths in the US in compared to an estimate of 9, drug-related deaths in It is stressed that vital statistics data should be used only as 'benchmark' in determining number of drug-related deaths. A new method of reducing drug abuse. Discusses the effectiveness of transcendental meditation in preventing drug abuse. Data on the physiological and psychological effects of meditation and the effects of meditation on drug use are presented. The potential use of transcendental meditation in treating drug abuse and in maintaining drug-free states is considered. It is concluded that transcendental meditation is a simple, natural technique which produces a state of deep rest and neurological alertness, resulting in a release of anxiety and tension. Because such release is often the goal of drug use, meditation may be an effective means of reducing drug abuse or preventing readdiction. A human development model for defining the problem and devising solutions. Argues that drug abuse is frequently the result of deficits in the human development process and drug abuse is one of a number of behavior patterns with which the individual attempts to fill an 'emotional vacuum'. Various environmental factors contribute to this deficient development process and, it is suggested that effective drug abuse prevention must involve the improvement of environment. A distinction is made between primary prevention, secondary prevention early treatment, and rehabilitation. Under the heading of 'primary prevention' 7 distinct levels of intervention are defined on which the goals of drug abuse prevention may be set. True primary prevention requires a clear analysis of the social environment factors contributing to the problem and planning prevention programs in the light of the levels outlined. Primary prevention involves institutional change of which reducing drug abuse is only one result. Follow-up of adolescent drug abusers and nonusers previously hospitalized in an inpatient psychiatric facility. Other findings indicate that both groups had improved on psychosocial dimensions since hospitalization but that the nonusers had improved more so. Group work with addicts and therapists: Observations in a drug addiction clinic. Conflicts and tensions between patients and therapists are discussed, and an attempt is made to show the contribution that group and individual work with staff members can make to the clarification and possible solution of these conflicts. Posits that drug addiction may be viewed as a reaction to achievement anxiety. An important outcome of this emphasis emerges in the form of anxiety due to uncertainty of achieving the goals, because the latter are not tangibly related to an awareness of resources. Within this framework, people do not wish to be bothered with any goal-obstructing process. They tend to be so goal-obsessed that a quick elimination of the obstacle becomes a goal itself. That is where drugs come in. Cultural aspects of this view e. Criminal history of narcotic addicts. Interviewed 1, narcotic addicts concerning illegal activities and arrests. Involvement in criminal activity prior to 1st use of drugs including alcohol was minimal. However, the Ss had been extensively involved in income-producing criminal acts during their lifetimes, and the range of illegal behavior broadened following drug use. The relationship between drug use and crime was not simple or unidirectional. Some addicts were involved in criminal activities prior to their use of drugs, while others apparently turned to crime to obtain funds to purchase drugs. Locus of control, sensation seeking, and drug and alcohol use in college students. Bernard Segal Peter F. An analysis of variance ANOVA to test for differences between I-E and sex across 4 categories multiple drug use, marihuana only, alcohol only, and nonuse revealed that the 4 groups differed only with respect to I-E. A discriminant analysis, which was replicated and cross-validaed in Studies 3 and 4, showed that those who were multiple drug users, alcohol only users, and nonusers of either, differed significantly with respect to I-E and SSS scores. Accurate prediction of group membership for male drug users and nonusers and for female nonusers was statistically significant. Findings from the total study series indicate that I-E and SSS are significant personality variables related to choice of drug use. Examined individual subjective experience regarding the effects of a variety of drugs on sexual habits i. Questionnaires were administered randomly to 47 heroin users and 48 nonusers. The 59 males and 36 females consisted of 76 Caucasians, 9 Blacks, 7 Latinos, and 3 Asians. Results show that cocaine, marihuana, certain psychedelics, amphetamines in small dosages , heroin, and alcohol were noted to possess particular aphrodisiac qualities. In addition, certain drugs decreased 2 areas of sexual activity—basic desire and particularly in the male potency. These drugs included barbiturates, methaqualone, heroin, and large doses of amphetamines or alcohol. The finding that heroin and alcohol were described both as sexual stimulants and sexual depressants is discussed. Walter Erich Penk R Robinowitz. Drug abusers seeking treatment in a hospital-based therapeutic community TC were assessed for their real and ideal views of the psychosocial aspects of their treatment environment. Compared with a national reference group of 21 community-based programs, the local TC staff, the local psychiatric inpatient staff, and patients, drug users saw their treatment milieu as lower in measures of program involvement and higher in spontaneity, personal problem orientation, and staff control. Multiple discriminant function analysis indicated that drug users desired a treatment environment that simultaneously allows open expression of feeling and control. These 2 apparently contradictory environmental dimensions define the dilemma in drug treatment: Scaling the sequence of drug using behaviours: A test of the stepping-stone hypothesis. Tested the hypothesis that the use of certain psychoactive drugs inevitably leads to the use of others, with special attention to the marihuana-heroin sequence. The method of scoring the answers is described in detail. For 5 drugs the sequence of use was fairly uniform: There was very little order of use among the other 5: These and other findings indicate that the road to heroin is paved with many drugs, of which marihuana is only one. However, it is felt that the 'stepping-stone' hypothesis warrants further testing. A method to improve service delivery in an outpatient drug treatment center. Panyard K Wolf Lonnie Snowden. Treatment boards composed of a psychologist, paraprofessional counselor, vocational rehabilitation counselor, social worker, alcoholism specialist, and nurse or physician were established as a means of training ex-addict paraprofessional counselors and improving the delivery of services to patients. Modeled after psychiatric staffings, the boards provide an arena for paraprofessionals to observe how professionals in a variety of disciplines approach patient problems; they also force personnel to commit themselves to provide specific services and maintain close contact with all patients. General agreement has been found for the impression that the clinic has become a dynamic and effective treatment center rather than merely a methadone dispensary. Drug use on campus: Prevalence and social characteristics of collegiate drug users on campuses of the University of Illinois. Randomly selected a stratified cluster sample of 77 classes from the 5 colleges common to 2 campuses, resulting in a total of 1, completed drug questionnaires secured from students in class and from absentees via the mails. The overall refusal rate was Data on prevalence, correlated use of 12 classes of drugs e. Drug overdose and the emergency room: Some methodological considerations relating to follow-up care. A review of the literature reveals that little has been done in a systematic way to study the effectiveness of referral to aftercare for drug overdose problems in the emergency room. The present study presents a model devised to accomplish this and reports initial findings from a brief implementation of this program at a university medical center. Central to this activity was the placement of a research liaison person in the emergency room who communicated with the emergency room clerk, the head nurse, and in turn the entire emergency room staff. In addition to providing resource information at the emergency room, the liaison person also provided nonmoralistic human contact with the drug overdose patient and offered transportation to the aftercare agency. A randomized study of 4 intervention procedures which stressed increasing personal contact with the patient is reported. Results from 56 drug overdose patients are presented and ways in which this type of systematic intervention might be used in the future are discussed. It was found that increased utilization of follow-up care facilities did occur with positive personal contact and the availability of transportation to aftercare resources. Two cities, two programs, one public, one private. Compares a private methadone program in Chicago with a public one in Miami. The differences in populations served, methods of operation, philosophy, and other factors are considered. Drug free therapeutic community: Describes a drug-free therapeutic community at Brentwood VA Hospital, California and presents 6-mo follow-up data on 50 drug-dependent veterans who were treated there over a 1-yr period. Family therapy for the drug user: Conceptual and practical considerations. A large majority of programs offering drug treatment are using some form of family therapy. In a clinical research setting, D. Davis has found that the drug using behavior is serving a central function in regulating daily interactions between the drug user and significant others. Shapiro notes that the basic premise in family theory is that all psychological disorders have an interpersonal context that tends to perpetuate the dysfunctions. The task of the family therapist in treating drug abusers is to evaluate the nature of the relationships in a family in order to elucidate the interpersonal significance of the problems and then effect changes in the relationships in order to modify the problems. Stanton considers a model of addiction that supposes that the interpersonal system or family into which the individual is born has some investment in placing and keeping the individual in a particular role. The model provides understanding of the cyclic nature of addiction detoxification and readdiction. An effective treatment program, therefore, must deal with the systems that serve to maintain the addiction, break the cycle, and provide the family with the experience of functioning without a drug-dependent member. Interviewed 25 male and 25 female yr. While most of the drugs tended to decrease sexual inhibitions, only marihuana appeared to consistently enhance pleasure. The amphetamines and cocaine appeared to be aphrodisiacs. While findings are considered representative of the psychopharmacological sexual response of this particular group, the personal and social factors are noted which might create differences in comparisons with other samples. Relaxation techniques in drug related crises: Craig Dreilinger Louis C. Describes procedures used by a crisis center intervention team in assisting a young male experiencing a bad LSD trip. A modified version of deep muscular relaxation was applied in the drug related crisis situation. School rehabilitation through drug prevention programs. The failure of many 'scare' and information-oriented education programs is discussed; these one-dimensional programs may often increase drug use rather than retard it. The SPARK program, which is based on peer support and pressure, involves small group discussion sessions and group and individual counseling. To accomplish its goals, the SPARK program relies on 3 modalities-a Drug Education Specialist, a professional counselor who deals with personal problems before they develop into drug problems, a student corps trained in sensitivity and reality therapy and group leadership techniques, and a team of psychologists or social workers, guidance counselors, teachers, and neighborhood workers who staff intervention and prevention centers in various schools. The roles of these individuals are discussed, along with the advantages of a multifaceted approach to drug education. Questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of currently enrolled full time students at a small highly selective liberal arts college located in the Pacific Northwest. The data collected show that the college drug distribution system is dominated by men. They generally introduce women to drugs whether alcohol, marijuana, or other recreational drugs and supply them with their drugs on a continuing basis, usually without financial remuneration. In many cases, women were found to be engaging in sexual relations with their drug supplier. Most males admitted having used drugs at least once to make their partners more sexually willing or responsive. These findings suggest that male students have added illegal drugs to their repertoire of interpersonal mechanisms for the control of relationships with women. Genetics and drug abuse: This report describes some basic information about human genetics with particular attention to the effects of drugs of abuse on human chromosomes. Relevant findings are presented about human chromosomes from both somatic and reproductive cells as well as a summary of the evidence about the kinds, frequencies and implications of the observed cytogenetic damage due to drugs of abuse. The limitations and directions of present research investigations are provided. Drug abuse in China: The American drug scene continues unabated, with solutions nowhere in sight. Some other cultural groups have overcome at least parts of the problems associated with drug misuse. This paper examines the widespread abuse of opiates in China in historical perspective. Political, economic and social changes in China have affected drug abuse patterns and accordingly provide insight on reasons for the elimination of opiate use. Further, light is shed on why the contemporary use of opiates is continued elsewhere, and on some of the social and cultural influences on the American drug scene. To deal effectively with the abuse of drugs in the United States, lessons can be learned from cross-cultural evidence. Engaging the narcotic addict in treatment. McKain V D Patch. The effectiveness of formerly addicted and nonaddicted counselors on client functioning. Barry S Brown R. The functioning of fifty two addict clients assigned to twenty nine nonaddict counselors was compared to the functioning of eighty four addict clients assigned to thirty ex addict counselors. Over a twelve month period no differences were found between groups in terms of retention in program, use of illicit drugs, employment or rates of arrest. Prior use of heroin did not appear either to enhance or detract from counselor performance. The findings are discussed in terms of apparent differences in the criteria used to judge the employability of nonaddict as compared with ex addict counselor candidates. A counselor training model is suggested. Heroin addiction in the city of Washington. The arrest history of narcotic addicts prior to admission: It was found among a number of addict cohorts admitted to DACC that there were sizeable increases in both arrest rates and percentage of persons arrested in the year prior to admission to treatment. A much lower arrest rate was observed for these same groups a year after program admission. The effects of this phenomenon for treatment evaluation are discussed. Attitudes toward alcoholism among a group of rehabilitation counselors: Six rehabilitation counselors who were employed in an in patient alcoholism rehabilitation program were administered the Marcus Alcoholism questionnaire. When the counselors responses to the questionnaire were compared to the norm group, the counselors seemed to view the alcoholic in a positive and therapeutic light. Further evidence from the Marcus instrument seemed to suggest that the counselors accepted the disease concept of alcoholism. Generalizability of the results is discussed. Chemical identity versus alleged identity. Some comparisons of black and white college students. Galchus Dr Ken Galchus. Most of the research relating to the characteristics of drug-using college students has concentrated on students from large, predominately white colleges and universities. In the past, the lack of attention paid to black students by researchers in this area was probably due to the relatively small number of blacks enrolled at most colleges and universities. The purpose of this paper is to present some preliminary findings relating both to the characteristics of black and white college students and to the degree of drug use among members of each group. Employment patterns of methadone maintenance clients. Analysis of the employment patterns of methadone maintenance clients has indicated that the majority were not employed at time of program admission. At time of evaluation, 70 percent of the sample were employed; 88 percent of these clients had previous work histories and brought marketable skills with them to the treatment setting. It was also found that more than half the clients without a work history were employed at evaluation. Counseling with methadone clients: A review of recent research. A community based prison program for drug offenders. Community based rehabilitation programs for drug offenders are rarely found in jails, correctional centers and prisons. Such programs can be developed and can be beneficial for selected inmates. In addition to assistance for residents, projects can also benefit members and institutions of the community by involving them in meaningful tasks of rehabilitation. Sex-crazed dope fiends - Myths or realities? Detoxification of methadone maintenance patients: A C Pugliese A. A dialoque on drugs. A note on the notion of social drinking. The idea that most people are able to control their use of alcohol and that alcoholics and problem drinkers cannot, is a widely held notion. However, ability and competence can only be demonstrated when there is a significant risk for problems. Survey data demonstrates that there is no evidence that large numbers of people drink sufficiently to expose themselves to significant risks for problems. In fact, most American adults are exposed to rather limited levels of alcohol. Jf Maddux Lk Mcdonald.

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