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Tourist facilities are concentrated in two areas: Grant Grove , home to General Grant the second largest tree in the world, measured by trunk volume and Cedar Grove , located in the heart of Kings Canyon. General Grant National Park was initially created to protect a small area of giant sequoias from logging. Environmental groups, park visitors and many local politicians wanted to see the area preserved; however, development interests wanted to build hydroelectric dams in the canyon. Even after President Franklin D. Roosevelt expanded the park in , the fight continued until , when the Cedar Grove and Tehipite Valley dam sites were finally annexed into the park. As visitation rose post— World War II , further debate took place over whether the park should be developed as a tourist resort, or retained as a more natural environment restricted to simpler recreation such as hiking and camping. Ultimately, the preservation lobby prevailed and today, the park has only limited services and lodgings despite its size. Due to this and the lack of road access to most of the park, Kings Canyon remains the least visited of the major Sierra parks, with just under , visitors in \\\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\\] compared to 1. Kings Canyon National Park, located on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the east of the San Joaquin Valley , is divided into two distinct sections. Although most of the park is forested, much of the eastern section consists of alpine regions above the tree line. Usually snow free only from late June until late October, the high country is accessible solely via foot and horse trails. The Sierran crest forms the eastern boundary of the park, from Mount Goethe in the north, down to Junction Peak , at the boundary with Sequoia National Park. There are several prominent subranges of the Sierra within and around the park. In the northwest section of the park are other very steep and rugged ranges such as the Goddard Divide, LeConte Divide and Black Divide, all of which are dotted with high mountain lakes and separated by deep chasms. Most of the mountains and canyons, as in other parts of the Sierra Nevada, are formed in igneous intrusive rocks such as granite , diorite and monzonite , formed at least million years ago due to subduction along the North American — Pacific Plate boundary. However, the Sierra itself is a young mountain range, no more than 10 million years old. The present shape of the high country was largely sculpted by glaciations during successive Ice Ages over the last 2. Ice Age glaciations did not extend all the way to the confluence of the Middle and South Forks; consequently, the canyons downstream of Cedar Grove and Tehipite are typical V-shaped river gorges, in contrast to the U-shaped valleys upstream. The glacial valleys are characterized by flat floors and exposed granite cliffs and domes many thousands of feet high, similar in form to the more famous Yosemite Valley to the north, and in fact the term 'yosemite' was used in the 19th century by John Muir to describe these valleys before they were widely known by their own names. In the vast Sierra wilderness far to the southward of the famous Yosemite Valley, there is a yet grander valley of the same kind. The stupendous rocks of purplish gray granite that form the walls are from to feet in height, while the depth of the valley is considerably more than a mile. The bottom of the valley Over thousands of years, cliff collapses have built up large talus piles or scree slopes at their bases along almost every glacial valley in the park. Zumwalt Meadow, one of the few large areas of flat land in the park, was formed by the accumulation of sediment behind the terminal moraine of a retreating glacier. In Kings Canyon there are in fact four such moraines, which the Kings River cascades over, forming whitewater rapids, in an area where it otherwise winds calmly across meadows. The series of moraines one behind the other are termed 'nested moraines', each created during a different glacial period by glaciers of varying length. A number of major Sierra rivers have their origins in the park. The eastern boundary follows the Sierra Crest, which to the east is drained by the Owens River , part of the Great Basin watershed. Part of the western boundary follows the divide between the Middle and North Forks of the Kings River. The forks of the Kings River converge in the Sequoia National Forest, a few miles outside the western boundary of the park, to form the main stem of the river. We paused a moment at the colossal doorway where Tehipite, shimmering through spaces of summer sunshine, in peaceful grandeur compelled our reverential gaze Both the Kings and San Joaquin Rivers flow west into the arid San Joaquin Valley ; however, while the San Joaquin eventually empties into San Francisco Bay , the Kings ends in the terminal sink of Tulare Lake , which — before its waters were diverted for irrigation — was one of the largest freshwater lakes in the western United States. Runoff drops significantly by late July or August in wet years , and rivers are usually a trickle by autumn. At lower elevations the park touches the fairly dry Sierra foothill zone which mostly consists of chaparral , brush and shrubs. Oaks, sycamores, willows and various hardwoods are often found along streams and springs at lower elevations. At middle elevations, most of the park consists of montane mixed-conifer forests: Further up, approaching the subalpine zone , red fir and lodgepole pine are found in increasing numbers; whitebark pine , mountain hemlock and foxtail pine dominate in areas approaching the tree line. Although its sister park to the south, Sequoia, is better known for its giant sequoias , Kings Canyon also has large stands of sequoias — including General Grant , the second largest tree on Earth, in the middle of General Grant Grove. Many of the sequoia groves destroyed by logging, such as the Big Stump Grove, have begun to regenerate, a process that will take many hundreds of years. The forests provide habitat to many mammal species such as mule deer, Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep , mountain lions and black bears, and a diversity of bird and reptile species. Grizzly bears originally roamed the park as well, but were hunted to extinction by the early s. In the high alpine country, plant communities are mostly meadows, herbs and shrubs with some scattered groves of foxtail pine and stunted whitebark pine. Trees often create krummholtz formations, or a stunted, deformed growth pattern characterized by branches closely hugging the ground. Talus slopes are home to small mammals such as pikas and yellow-bellied marmots. Birds such as gray-crowned rosy finches and American pipits , and sensitive amphibian species such as mountain yellow-legged frogs and Yosemite toads , feed on insects near alpine lakes and wetlands. Although most of the park is now designated wilderness, human activities have significantly modified the ecology of the area ever since Native American times. In order to clear areas for hunting game and to encourage the germination of certain plants, Native Americans set controlled burns in areas of overgrown brush and grass. Thousands of new sequoia seedlings germinated. A major source of damage to the park in the late 19th century and early 20th century was summer livestock grazing, particularly sheep, in areas such as Tehipite Valley and the Roaring River valley although sheep never entered Cedar Grove, due to the difficulty of accessing the bottom of Kings Canyon before Highway was constructed. Ranchers drove their herds up into the Sierra Nevada to escape the drought and heat of the San Joaquin Valley. Although the Sierra Forest Reserve , including what would become Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks, was established in , as many as half a million sheep were illegally grazed there. Occasionally hikers may come across gated drift fences in the wilderness designed to control livestock movement. Visitors must close all gates behind them to prevent livestock from wandering into protected areas. The decline of natural predators in the early s led to a huge spike in the deer population, which further rose due to park visitors feeding them. Ultimately, this led to overgrazing and the vegetation understory was nearly eliminated in large areas of the park. When the park was expanded in , the Park Service began shooting deer in an effort to reduce the size of the herd. Although the culling reduced deer numbers to a more ecologically stable level, the program was criticized for its reliance on brute force rather than more 'hands-off' methods, such as re-introducing predators. The park continues to host a healthy population of black bears, which are typically not aggressive towards humans, but have a tendency to steal human food. The Park Service has placed bear lockers in campgrounds, required the use of bear canisters and attempted to relocate bears away from heavily visited areas. This has been successful in the backcountry, where bears have largely ceased to associate backpackers with food, but remains an issue near developed campgrounds. Visitors are encouraged to store all food and scented items in lockers, and dispose of trash in bearproof garbage cans. People have inhabited what is now Kings Canyon National Park for about 6,—7, years. The Paiute mainly used acorns, found in lower elevations of the park, for food, as well as deer and other small animals. This group became known as the Monaches, or Western Mono. They were followed by prospectors during the California Gold Rush , which began in However, not much gold, nor other minerals, were discovered in this area. During the s, a road was built to Grant Grove and many of the sequoias there were logged. Thomas, a sawmill operator, in During the s a government survey 'disclosed the remarkable quality of General Grant Grove, and Israel Gamlin was persuaded to give up his claim so the area could be preserved. The first non-native people to venture into what is today considered the Kings Canyon backcountry or high country were likely John C. However, a snowstorm impeded their progress and they were forced to retreat to the Central Valley. Johnson party successfully crossed the Sierra via the route Fremont had intended to find, via Kearsarge Pass at the far eastern end of Kings Canyon. The first scientific expedition to the area was the Whitney Survey, conducted by the Geological Survey of California led by William Brewer. Such a landscape! A hundred peaks in sight over thirteen thousand feet—many very sharp—deep canyons, cliffs in every direction almost rival Yosemite, sharp ridges inaccessible to man, on which human foot has never trod—all combined to produce a view of sublimity of which is rarely equaled, one which few are privileged to behold. Aside from such occasional uses, most of the high country remained little visited and mostly unexplored. It was not until John Muir first visited in that Kings Canyon began receiving public attention. In March a bill H. Subsequently, some 'political intrigue' \\\\\\\\\\\\\[69\\\\\\\\\\\\\] led to its substitution with H. The origins of this bill remain largely a mystery, although local politicians with an interest in preserving the park were likely involved. Daniel K. Zumwalt, an agent for the Southern Pacific Railroad — which owned many lumber interests in California — may have seen the park as a way to force their competitors in the Sequoia-Kings Canyon area out of business. For many years the primary way for tourists to reach General Grant National Park was the Stephens Grade, a rough wagon road over which a stagecoach operated from Visalia beginning in the early s. Initially, the U. Army had to station troops to protect the park from illegal grazing and hunting. Although these eventually ceased to be a problem, the rising number of visitors created its own sanitation and waste issues. In the summer of about 1, people visited the park. In State Route from Grant Grove to Kings Canyon was finally completed after ten years of construction, finally allowing large numbers of tourists to visit Cedar Grove for the first time. The road was built in part using state prison labor. Well-graded hiking trails were also extended into the backcountry to replace the rough pack trails used by sheepherders — including the John Muir Trail , completed in through what is now the eastern edge of Kings Canyon National Park. Starting in , large campgrounds were developed in Kings Canyon by the U. Forest Service , but construction of more permanent facilities was foregone since the area would lie at the bottom of one of the proposed reservoirs. United States Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes was a major proponent for the expansion of the park, and worked to unite local interests, who had widely different views on how much development should be allowed. Ickes also hired Ansel Adams to photograph and document the area, generating publicity for the preservation movement. On March 4, , President Franklin D. The new Kings Canyon administration initially struggled to manage the huge park, which was more than times the size of the original unit at Grant Grove. In the early years staff and expertise were often loaned from Sequoia National Park. After the war, the arrangement was preserved; today, the two parks are still managed as one. The extension of the road through the valley was controversial, due to potential ecological damage. By the Park Service had drafted a general plan including tourist lodges, concessions and a pack station. Then in , Los Angeles unexpectedly re-filed its application to construct dams in Kings Canyon. KRCD had no intention of constructing dams but hoped to block the possible threat to its water supply. However, those sites were now inside the park boundary as designated in These annexations with the exception of a tiny section in , south of Grant Grove \\\\\\\\\\\\\[83\\\\\\\\\\\\\] brought Kings Canyon National Park to its present size. Starting in the s, in response to growing traffic and crowding at national parks, the Park Service implemented Mission 66 which proposed large new visitor developments for Kings Canyon and other parks. This included new visitor centers at Grant Grove and Cedar Grove, electrification and sewage facilities at Cedar Grove, and substantial new accommodations, trails, and parking areas. The rising number of visitors to the backcountry — from 8, in to over 44, in — created its own problems in the form of litter, illegal campfires and contact with dangerous wildlife such as bears. In and the Park Service proposed, controversially, to designate most of the park as wilderness , which would place much greater restrictions on its use. There is no vehicular access from Highway on the eastern side of the park. Due to its limited road access, Kings Canyon receives much fewer visitors than its neighboring national parks, Sequoia and Yosemite. The overall decline in national park visitation in the late s hit Kings Canyon considerably harder than the other parks; from to it averaged almost a million visitors per year, but in the 21st century, it has averaged just , With the exception of Sunset, they operate on a first-come, first-served basis. All campgrounds have flush toilets and showers, although water use may be restricted depending on the season. There are a number of day hikes in the parts of Kings Canyon National Park accessible by road. In the Grant Grove area a one-mile 1. A number of historical sites in the park are easily accessible via short walks, including Gamlin Cabin, built circa by the Gamlin brothers who had a timber claim at Grant Grove before it became a national park. As of , the cave was closed due to damage from the Rough Fire. Since most of Kings Canyon is wilderness and roads extend only a small distance into the park, backpacking and less commonly, horsepacking are the only way to see the majority of the park. Unlike day hikers, overnight backpackers must obtain a wilderness permit from a ranger station or visitor center. The Rae Lakes Loop, From the top of the pass, hikers can see views of Rae Lakes and the surrounding basin. There are also trailheads at Grant Grove which lead to more moderate hikes in the lower western Sierra Nevada, many in the Jennie Lakes Wilderness just outside the national park. Many parts of the park, such as the Middle Fork of the Kings River, are more difficult to access, requiring multi-day hikes over difficult terrain. The closest and most heavily used eastern approach is via Onion Valley Road, which terminates about a mile 1. During the spring and early summer, river crossings can be hazardous; in response the Park Service has installed bridges along some of the major trails. By late August or September of most years, rivers will have dropped to relatively safe levels. The high country is typically snow free between May and November, although in particularly wet years, large areas of snow may persist into July. In winter, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing are common activities. The Park Service provides ranger-led snowshoe walks and maintains some groomed trails in the Grant Grove area. Longer trips into the backcountry are also possible, although due to the rough terrain, typically deep snows and lack of ranger patrols during the winter, this is recommended only for skilled winter travelers. As with backpacking, wilderness permits are required for any overnight trips in winter. The large, exposed granite cliffs and domes in Kings Canyon provide opportunities for rock climbing. However, many such features require long or circuitous hikes to reach their bases, which deters many climbers. It is striking from a distance and has routes that will challenge climbers of all abilities and preferences. Canyoneering, bouldering, bushwhacking and rappelling are often necessary to explore parts of the backcountry without developed trails. A notably challenging route is down Enchanted Gorge in the Middle Fork backcountry, where Disappearing Creek vanishes under huge talus piles only to re-emerge several miles downstream, hence the name. Nearby Goddard Canyon is an easier — albeit still rugged — route, and is known for its scenic meadows and many waterfalls. Although the river was once stocked with trout, the Park Service has not stocked the river since the s, in favor of letting the fishery return to natural conditions. In order to preserve the natural fishery, only catch and release is allowed for rainbows. A California state fishing license is required for visitors 16 years or older. In order to protect riparian habitat, the gently flowing South Fork is closed to boating in Cedar Grove between Bubbs Creek and the western boundary of the park. However, swimming is allowed in certain sections of the river, with Muir Rock and the Red Bridge being popular swimming holes. Nearby Hume Lake , formed by a historic mill-pond dam, is located in the Sequoia National Forest between the two sections of the park and is used for boating, swimming and fishing. The Kings River above Pine Flat Reservoir is a commercial whitewater run with its put-in near the western boundary of the park, but most of the run itself is on national forest. Most rivers in the park itself are inaccessible by road. Canoe Kayak magazine describes the Middle Fork run, which passes through some of the most isolated parts of the Sierra, as 'the very definition of epic with paddlers traveling around the world just to make a once-in-a-lifetime descent'. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the national park in the United States. See also: List of plants of the Sierra Nevada U. Further information: Indigenous peoples of California. Kings River Canyon, California ca. General Grant Grove. Retrieved National Park Service. Wilderness Connect. Cartography by U. National Park Service, U. Geological Survey. The Sphinx, California quad'. Geology of U. Cartography by James G. Moore and Gregory S. Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks: Your Complete Hiking Guide. Wilderness Press. Mount Whitney: The Complete Trailhead to Summit Guide. The Mountaineers Books. The Century. Nov Walks and Strolls Near Lodgings. Lonely Planet Publications. The Case for River Conservation. Tehipite Dome, California quad'. Out West. Field Guide to California Rivers. University of California Press. Retrieved 23 May S National Park Service. The Giants of Sequoia and Kings Canyon. Hiking Northern California: The Gymnosperm Database. Wild and Scenic Rivers of America. Island Press. The Leopold Report'. Challenge of the Big Trees. Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement'. Forest Service. Aug Kings Canyon National Park'. National Parks Traveler. National Park Service Environmental Impact Statement. Department of the Interior. Kings River Conservation District. Sep The Historical Marker Database. Exploration of the Sierra Nevada. Yosemite Online. Sierra Nevada Place Names: From Abbot to Zumwalt. Great West Books. California Alpine Club. John Muir: Lion Books. Kings Canyon National Park. Arcadia Publishing. The Threat of Roads'. The National Parks: The One Big Failure of Mission 66'. The Sierra High Route: Traversing Timberline Country. Mission 66'. Giant Forest'. The Wilderness Backcountry'. Applicable Wilderness Law s '. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Countryman Press. Journal of Leisure Research. Were they too much of a good thing? Los Angeles Times. Fresno Bee. National Geographic. Retrieved 5 March Sierra Hikes. The total distance through the park is Piute Pass at the northern border is at mile The High Sierra: Peaks, Passes, Trails. The Ecological Angler. Sequoia National Park'. Canoe Kayak. Kings Canyon National Park category. Lee Tree Shorty Lovelace Hist. Wilsonia Hist. John Muir Stephen T. Protected areas of California. National Park System. Cabrillo Castle Mountains Cesar E. Point Reyes. Port Chicago Naval Magazine. State Parks. Ide Adobe Woodland Opera House. Meyer Memorial Robert W. Hatfield Harry A. Burleigh H. National Forests and Grasslands. State Forests. National Wildlife Refuges. State Wildlife Areas. Badham Robert W. California Desert King Range. National Marine Sanctuaries. National Estuarine Research Reserves. University of California Natural Reserve System. Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks. Tulare Basin hydrography. National parks of the United States. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion. List of national parks of the United States by elevation. Retrieved from ' https: Protected areas established in establishments in California History of the Sierra Nevada U. Sierra Nevada U. Hidden categories: Coordinates on Wikidata. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 8 March , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. View of Kings Canyon, looking south from Paradise Valley. Fresno and Tulare counties, California. Official website. Year of record visitation. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kings Canyon National Park.
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