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In the history of environmental activism, there is perhaps no other community-driven resistance campaign that will come close to the impact left behind by the historic Chipko Movement. Spearheaded by the villagers of the Alaknanda Valley in the 70s, it made the world take notice because of the non-violent way in which the entire resistance was mobilised. The movement first originated in Mandal village in , where the Uttar Pradesh state government had sanctioned the cutting down of close to trees for commercial purposes. But the incident that would immortalise Chipko movement in the pages of history would happen near the Reni village in For the love of nature. Gaura Devi, a resident of the village, mobilised the women around her to stand up to the loggers, and their combined efforts would go on to save a whopping number of 2, trees from being axed. While the movement today is quite a prominent part of the Indian psyche, only a few of us know about this valiant lady who braved the government, its gun-brandishing functionaries and the axe-wielding loggers to save the forest revered by the community. Born in , Gaura Devi hailed from the tribal Marchha family of the Laata village in Chamoli district. Her family was traditionally engaged in the wool trade, and she moved to a nearby village named Reni after her wedding. Because of her engagement in the community and advocacy of forest protection, the women of Reni began to look up to her. In the wake of the Chipko movement, they decided to approach her to head the Mahila Mangal Dal. The goal of this grassroots organisation was to ensure cleanliness in the village as well as the protection of community forests. Even though Gaura Devi was in her late forties, she readily accepted their offer. Gaura Devi. By then the Chipko Movement had already begun to create widespread awareness and inspired by it, Gaura Devi started numerous campaigns in the nearby villages, to spread the word about the importance of forests. Perhaps that is why in , when the state government authorised the felling of 2, trees in the belt, and roped in contractors for the job, the villagers were quick to retaliate, with Bhatt and his DGSS volunteers joining them to protest against the government. Just like the precursor in Mandal, they held peaceful demonstrations, which included public meetings, rallies and other such acts of defiance in Reni village and the adjoining areas. Because of the earlier success in Mandal, the State government and local contractors hatched a scheme to divert the attention of the DGSS and local men to Chamoli under the false pretence of compensation. With the men gone from Reni, the state thought it would be easier to go ahead with their plans and sent a group of forest officials and loggers on March 25—as fixed earlier. Fortunately, a young girl from the village saw them approaching and rushed to inform Gaura Devi. Knowing that there was no time to waste, she quickly mobilised a group of 27 women and confronted the men. While she initially tried to reason with them, it soon became clear to her that they would not budge from their stance. By then, the officials, who were reportedly drunk, had begun to hurl abuses and brandish guns at them, while ordering the loggers to chop the trees. Participants of the first all-woman Chipko action at Reni village in , reassembled thirty years later. Source: Wikimedia Commons. The officials must have been under the assumption that the guns would scare these women away, but little did they know that they were made of sterner stuff and were willing to go to any extent to save the trees. By bravely hugging the trees and refusing to let go, they put their own lives at stake but challenged the officials and loggers to go ahead. This visibly shook the men, who decided to lie low while the women vigilantly burnt the midnight oil to guard the trees. Meanwhile, the DGSS volunteers and the men of Reni came to know about the proposed felling of trees on their way to Chamoli and rushed to the village. Certain that the trees would have been felled, they were shocked to see every single one of them standing unscathed—all thanks to the fearlessness and fortitude of 27 women. When Bhatt met Gaura Devi the next day, she narrated what had happened, and specifically requested him to not report the forest officials or their obnoxious behaviour. She felt that they were only doing what was ordered from the top and the complaint would cost them their jobs. News of their resistance brought people from near and far, and after a four-day impasse, the contractors left. In the memory of Gaura Devi. At the age of 66, she died an uneventful death in Reni, forgotten and unsung. It was only when the Himalayan Action Research Centre and the Society for Participatory Research in Asia featured her in one of their books, did people slowly begin to appreciate and celebrate her contributions that immortalised the Chipko Movement and launched a wave of environmental activism across the world. On the 45th anniversary of the historic movement led by the women of Reni, we remember this unsung environmental activist, without whose courageous leadership and heroic actions, the Chipko movement, or rather, the forests of Uttarakhand would have taken a very different course. Posted by Lekshmi Priya on Mar 27, permalink. Change Yourself, Change the World. Subscribe to Our Monthly Newsletter. 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WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy. It is considered to be the prototypical entactogen , a diverse group of substances that includes MDA , methylone , mephedrone , and 6-APB. It primarily acts by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters serotonin , dopamine , and norepinephrine in the brain. MDMA was first developed in by the pharmaceutical company Merck. Subjective effects include stimulation , anxiety suppression , disinhibition , enhanced empathy and sociability , relaxation , and euphoria. Tolerance to MDMA builds unusually quickly and many users report that it dramatically loses its effectiveness if used on a frequent basis. It is commonly recommended to wait one to three months between each use to give the brain adequate time to restore serotonin levels and avoid toxicity. Additionally, using excessively high doses and multiple redosing is highly discouraged as these are thought to significantly increase toxicity. Acute adverse effects of MDMA are usually the result of high or multiple doses, although single dose toxicity can occur in susceptible individuals. As a result, it is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. There are no indications of interest in MDMA as an active agent itself. Max Oberlin conducted the first proven pharmalogical tests at Merck while searching for compounds with a similar action spectrum to adrenaline or ephetonine. Despite promising results, research was halted due to rising substance prices. He was impressed with the effects of the substance and thought it could have therapeutic utility. He advertised it to therapists and psychiatrists and it gained some popularity as an adjunct treatment for various psychological disorders. The recreational use of MDMA became popular at around the same time, particularly in nightclubs, eventually catching the attention of the Drug Enforcement Administration. In the United Kingdom, the Misuse of Drugs Act, which had already been altered in to include all ring-substituted amphetamines like MDMA, was further amended in to refer specifically to Ecstasy, placing it in the Class A category. MDMA, or 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine, is a synthetic molecule of the substituted amphetamine class. Critically, the MDMA molecule also contains substitutions at R 3 and R 4 of the phenyl ring with oxygen groups -- these oxygen groups are incorporated into a methylenedioxy ring through a methylene bridge. MDMA acts primarily as a releasing agent of the three principal monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine through its action at trace amine-associated receptor 1 TAAR1 and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 VMAT2. Subsequently, these phosphorylated monoamine transporters either reverse transport direction — i. Additionally, MDMA is a ligand at both sigma receptor subtypes, though its efficacies at these receptors and the role that they play have yet to be elucidated. Disclaimer: The effects listed below are cited from the Subjective Effect Index SEI , which relies on assorted anecdotal reports and the personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be taken with a healthy amount of skepticism. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely on higher doses and may include serious injury or death. MDMA presents an array of visual enhancements which are mild in comparison to traditional psychedelics, but still distinctly present. These generally include:. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as primarily intricate in complexity, abstract in form, organic in style, structured in organization, dimly lit in lighting, mostly monotone in colour with blues and greys, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, small in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in round and angular corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. At higher doses, they are significantly more likely to give rise to states of level 8A visual geometry over level 8B. Many users report that MDMA geometry presents itself with dark and menacing emotional vibes with a synthetic and nerve-racking feel to them. MDMA is capable of producing a unique range of low and high-level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is significantly less consistent and reproducible than that of most other commonly used psychedelics. These effects are far more common during either the very peak or offset of the experience and commonly include:. Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:. In , a pilot study on 20 patients demonstrated promising results in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD. The results sustained at two and twelve months after the treatment. The MDMA and placebo group both received non-drug psychotherapy before and after the sessions. In the study, a dose of mg MDMA plus a A study found that high doses of R-MDMA administered in mice increased prosocial behavior and facilitated fear-extinction learning but did not produce hyperthermia or signs of neurotoxicity. Diuretics such as alcohol may exacerbate these risks further due to causing excessive amounts of dehydration. Users are advised to pay close attention to their water intake, drinking neither too much nor too little, and to take care not to overexert themselves to avoid heat-stroke, which can be fatal. The exact toxic dosage is unknown, but considered to be far greater than its effective dose. The neurotoxicity of MDMA use is the subject of considerable debate. Scientific study has resulted in the general agreement that, although it is physically safe to try in a responsible context, the administration of repeated or high dosages of MDMA is most certainly neurotoxic in some form. Administration of MDMA causes subsequent down-regulation of serotonin reuptake transporters in the brain. The rate at which the brain recovers from serotonergic changes is unclear. One study demonstrated lasting serotonergic changes in some animals exposed to MDMA. It is taken up into serotonin receptors by its transporters and metabolized by MAO-B into a reactive oxygen species which can cause neurological damage. Long-term heavy use of MDMA has been shown to be cardiotoxic and may lead to valvulopathy heart valve damage through its actions on the 5-HT 2B receptor. It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. As with other stimulants , the chronic use of MDMA can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if one suddenly stops their usage. Tolerance to many of the effects of MDMA develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects. Upon a single administration, it takes about 1 month for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 2. MDMA presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic and serotonergic stimulants , meaning that after the consumption of MDMA all stimulants will have a reduced effect. Although many psychoactive substances are reasonably safe to use on their own, they can quickly become dangerous or even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below includes some known dangerous combinations although it cannot be guaranteed to include all of them. Independent research e. Google , DuckDuckGo should always be conducted to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some interactions listed have been sourced from TripSit. Combinations with the following substances can lead to dangerously high serotonin levels. Serotonin syndrome requires immediate medical attention and can be fatal if left untreated. Physical effects. Visual effects. Cognitive effects. Auditory effects. Transpersonal effects. After effects. Part 1. Transform Press. Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence. World Health Organization. The Open Forensic Science Journal. The experience and the drugs. London: Muswell Hill Press. May 22, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 22 August Journal of Neurochemistry , 2 , VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse. January Effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on the release of monoamines from rat brain slices. European Journal of Pharmacology. Short- and long-term effects of MDMA 'ecstasy' on synaptosomal and vesicular uptake of neurotransmitters in vitro and ex vivo. Neurochemistry International. Pharmacologic profile of MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine at various brain recognition sites. Neuroscience Letters. Molecular Pharmacology. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacology. July Eur J Emerg Med. Ecstasy MDMA and its effects on kidneys and their treatment: a review. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. BJU international, 91 1 , Richard Green et al. Retrieved January 18, Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 August Retrieved 29 August Separating the agony from ecstasy: R — -3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine has prosocial and therapeutic-like effects without signs of neurotoxicity in mice. Neuropharmacology, , Anaesthesia , 48 10 , Small changes in ambient temperature cause large changes in 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA -induced serotonin neurotoxicity and core body temperature in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience , 18 13 , PMID: Vasopressin and oxytocin secretion in response to the consumption of ecstasy in a clubbing population. Journal of Psychopharmacology , 20 3 , Synapse , 29 2 , Cortical serotonin transporter density and verbal memory in individuals who stopped using 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA or ecstasy : preliminary findings. Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 10 , The British Journal of Psychiatry , 4 , Parallel functional activity profiling reveals valvulopathogens are potent 5-hydroxytryptamine2B receptor agonists: implications for drug safety assessment. Molecular Pharmacology , 76 4 , Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity. Drug decriminalization in Portugal: lessons for creating fair and successful drug policies. Navigation menu Personal tools Create account Log in. Namespaces Page Discussion. Views Read View source View history. Community Network YouTube Good vibes.

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