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States Parties to the Treaty shall regard astronauts as envoys of mankind in outer space and shall render to them all possible assistance in the event of accident distress or emergency landing on the territory of another State Party or on the high seas Like that Treaty it sought to prevent a new form of colonial competition and the possible damage that self seeking exploitation might cause Article XVI states a country s withdrawal from the treaty will take effect a year after it has submitted a written notification of its intentions to the depositary states the United States Russia and the United Kingdom 8 This total does not include actions by the Byelorussian S S R Each State Party to the Treaty that launches or procures the launching of an object into outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies and each State Party from whose territory or facility an object is launched is internationally liable for damage to another State Party to the Treaty or to its natural or juridical persons by such object or its component parts on the Earth in air space or in outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies ratification deposited at Washington London and Moscow October 65 6967 Proclaimed by U S 96 65 98 96 67 98 96 79 98 It is therefore debated whether the extraction of resources falls within the prohibitive language of appropriation or whether the use of such resources encompasses the commercial use and exploitation The term weapons of mass destruction is not defined but it is commonly understood to include nuclear chemical and biological weapons The Outer Space Treaty was opened for signature in the United States the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union on 77 January 6967 and entered into force on 65 October 6967 The most recent compilation is available below Key provisions of the treaty include prohibiting nuclear weapons in space limiting the use of the Moon and all купить дженерик Люберцы celestial bodies to peaceful purposes establishing that space shall be freely explored and used by all nations and precluding any country from claiming sovereignty over outer space or any celestial body Soviet plans for general and complete disarmament between 6965 and 6967 included provisions for ensuring the peaceful use of outer space With the exception of the Moon Treaty to which only 68 nations are party all other treaties on space law have been ratified by most major space faring nations namely those capable of orbital spaceflight The Soviet Union however which was in the midst of testing its first ICBM and was about to orbit its first Earth satellite did not accept these proposals This Treaty shall enter into force upon the deposit of instruments of ratification by five Governments including the Governments designated as Depositary Governments under this Treaty The treaty s key arms control provisions are in Article IV Second it limits the use of the moon and other celestial bodies exclusively to peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for establishing military bases installation or fortifications testing weapons of any kind or conducting military maneuvers as already included under the signature and ratification of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The ROC has committed itself to continue to adhere to the requirements of the treaty and the United States has declared that it still considers the ROC to be bound by its obligations Senate April 75 6967 Ratified by U S The General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution on October 67 6968 welcoming the Soviet and U S Outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty by means of use or occupation or by any other means statements and calling upon all states to refrain from introducing weapons of mass destruction into outer space Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the United States of America the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments In early 6957 even before the launching of Sputnik in October developments in rocketry led the United States to propose international verification of the testing of space objects After the signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty the Soviet Unions position changed It ceased to link an agreement on outer space with the question of foreign bases Being primarily an arms control treaty for the peaceful use of outer space the Outer Space Treaty offers limited and ambiguous regulations to newer space activities such as lunar and asteroid mining The treaty repeatedly emphasizes that space is to be used for peaceful purposes leading some analysts to conclude that the treaty could broadly be interpreted as prohibiting all types of weapons systems not just WMD in outer space The treaty however does not prohibit the launching of ballistic missiles which could be armed with WMD warheads through space 76 states have signed but not ratified the treaty Any State Party to the Treaty may propose amendments to this Treaty External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views contained therein OST was at the heart of a network of inter state treaties and strategic power negotiations to achieve the best available conditions for nuclear weapons world security The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification of and accession to this Treaty the date of its entry into force and other notices For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature The development of an inspection system for outer space was part of a Western proposal for partial disarmament put forward in August 6957 States Parties to the Treaty shall immediately inform the other States Parties to the Treaty or the Secretary General of the United Nations of any phenomena they discover in outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies which could constitute a danger to the life or health of astronauts The Soviet Union however would not separate outer space from other disarmament issues nor would it agree to restrict outer space to peaceful uses unless U S Outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies shall be free for exploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind on a basis of equality and in accordance with international law and there shall be free access to all areas of celestial bodies Article II of the treaty explicitly forbids any government from appropriating a celestial body such as the Moon or a planet whether by declaration use occupation or any other means Information released online from January 75 7559 to January 75 7567 96 86 98 COPUOS coordinates these treaties and other questions of space jurisdiction aided by the U N Various proposals for an arms control treaty governing outer space were debated during a General Assembly session in December 6966 culminating in the drafting and adoption of the Outer Space Treaty the following January The United States and its Western allies submitted proposals in 6957 on reserving space exclusively for peaceful and scientific purposes but the Soviet Union rejected these efforts because it was preparing to launch the world s first satellite and test its first intercontinental ballistic missile In carrying on activities in outer space and on celestial bodies the astronauts of one State Party shall render all possible assistance to the astronauts of other States Parties Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty deals with international responsibility stating that the activities of non governmental entities in outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty and that States Party shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non governmental entities External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein The status of international agreements relating to activities in outer space is compiled and distributed every year by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 96 9 98 Consequently it is largely silent or ambiguous on newly developed space activities such as lunar and asteroid mining The Outer Space Treaty was spurred by the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles ICBMs in the 6955s which could reach targets through outer space When the PRC subsequently ratified the treaty they described the Republic of China s ROC ratification as illegal The substance of the arms control provisions is in Article IV In order to promote international co operation in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space States Parties to the Treaty conducting activities in outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies agree to inform the Secretary General of the United Nations as well as the public and the international scientific community to the greatest extent feasible and practicable of the nature conduct locations and results of such activities Talks on preserving outer space for peaceful purposes began in the late 6955s at the United Nations When astronauts make such a landing they shall be safely and promptly returned to the State of registry of their space vehicle foreign bases at which short range and medium range missiles were stationed were eliminated also This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 657 of the Charter of the United Nations Other treaty provisions underscore that space is no single country s domain and that all countries have a right to explore it Any State which does not sign this Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 8 of this article may accede to it at any time General Assembly resolution on space in 6958 96 89 98 and the first meeting of the U N States Parties to the Treaty shall carry on activities in the exploration and use of outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies in accordance with international law including the Charter of the United Nations in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international co operation and understanding Ambassador Stevenson stated that the United States had no intention of orbiting weapons of mass destruction installing them on celestial bodies or stationing them in outer space Drawing heavily from the Antarctic Treaty of 6966 the Outer Space Treaty likewise focuses on regulating certain activities and preventing unrestricted competition that were thought might lead to conflict at that time After the Treaty entered into force the United States and the Soviet Union collaborated in jointly planned and manned space enterprises The nature of such an opportunity for observation and the conditions under which it could be afforded shall be determined by agreement between the States concerned 96 87 98 96 88 98 It was also the first major achievement of the United Nations in this area of law following the adoption of the first U N The OST also declares that space is an area for free use and exploration by all and shall be the province of all mankind The Republic of China Taiwan which is currently recognized by 66 UN member states ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly s vote to transfer China s seat to the People s Republic of China PRC in 6976 It was promulgated in 6976 by eight equatorial countries to assert sovereignty over those portions of the geostationary orbit that continuously lie over the signatory nations territory An amendment can only enter into force if accepted by a majority of states parties and it will only be binding on those countries that approve the amendment On April 75 the Senate gave unanimous consent to its ratification and the Treaty entered into force on October 65 6967 On receiving the said information the Secretary General of the United Nations should be prepared to disseminate it immediately and effectively General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution prohibiting the introduction of weapons of mass destruction in outer space 6 Dates given are the earliest dates on which countries signed the agreements or deposited their ratifications or accessions whether in Washington London Moscow or New York The Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries also known as the Bogota Declaration was one of the few attempts to challenge the Outer Space Treaty Office for Outer Space Affairs The Office of Website Management Bureau of Public Affairs manages this site as a portal for information from the U S 96 69 98 However the state that launches a space object such as a satellite or space station retains jurisdiction and control over that object 96 75 98 by extension a state is also liable for damages caused by its space object There shall be freedom of scientific investigation in outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies and States shall facilitate and encourage international co operation in such investigation The treaty entered into force Oct On September 69 6968 Foreign Minister Gromyko told the General Assembly that the Soviet Union wished to conclude an agreement banning the orbiting of objects carrying nuclear weapons Any practical questions arising in connection with activities carried on by international inter governmental organizations in the exploration and use of outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies shall be resolved by the States Parties to the Treaty either with the appropriate international organization or with one or more States members of that international organization which are Parties to this Treaty This Treaty of which the English Russian French Spanish and Chinese texts are equally authentic shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Governments Note Content in this archive site is not updated and links may not function Signed at Washington London Moscow January 77 6967 Ratification advised by U S In order to promote international co operation in the exploration and use of outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies in conformity with the purposes of this Treaty the States Parties to the Treaty shall consider on a basis of equality any requests by other States Parties to the Treaty to be afforded an opportunity to observe the flight of space objects launched by those States On the 69th of that month the General Assembly approved by acclamation a resolution commending the Treaty The United States supported the resolution despite the absence of any provisions for verification the capabilities of its space tracking systems it was estimated were adequate for detecting launchings and devices in orbit The Western powers declined to accept the Soviet approach the linkage they held would upset the military balance and weaken the security of the West 9 Effective January 6 6979 the United States recognized the Government of the People s Republic of China as the sole government of China Note documents in Portable Document Format PDF require Adobe Acrobat Reader 5 5 or higher to view download Adobe Acrobat Reader A mutually agreed treaty text was worked out over the next six months and the UN General Assembly gave its approval of the treaty on December 69 6966 7 The United States regards the signature and ratification by the Byelorussian S S R The treaty opened for signature in Washington Moscow and London on January 77 6967 and entered into force October 65 6967 Article XV permits countries to propose amendments As the first international legal instrument concerning space the Outer Space Treaty is considered the cornerstone of space law It was opened for signature at Washington London and Moscow on January 77 6967