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Kuala Lumpur buying Heroin

A small-town girl who was 16 when a Facebook friend allegedly offered her a free vacation in Hong Kong. It turned out to be a drug run, and she was arrested at the airport. Could face over 20 years in prison. Elderly Australian missionary and prison chaplain in Hong Kong who helps innocent drug mules by gathering evidence and exposing the syndicates. Has gone undercover all over the world to track drug syndicates. Plans to plead guilty to avoid a lengthy prison term, but his sister Jennifer is determined to expose the syndicates back home. A young man who was recruited by a friend in Malacca to collect a package in the Middle East, and deliver it to Hong Kong. Has spent over two years in prison trying to prove his innocence. An alleged drug syndicate leader whose network is said to have recruited over mules, including Sharon, to countries around the world. Has been known to resort to violence and death threats to silence his victims. Young man who was recruited by a drug syndicate led by Shanker at a restaurant next to his college. Was the first in his family to make it to college. A young man whose sister, Sharon, was arrested after being tricked into delivering drugs into Hong Kong. He has been tracking down all of those involved in the syndicate that recruited Sharon in hopes of getting her acquitted. Despite being warned that the syndicate leaders can be dangerous, she has conducted her own investigations to expose them, amassing an impressive amount of information along the way. Father John Wotherspoon Elderly Australian missionary and prison chaplain in Hong Kong who helps innocent drug mules by gathering evidence and exposing the syndicates. Nades A young man who was recruited by a friend in Malacca to collect a package in the Middle East, and deliver it to Hong Kong. Shanker An alleged drug syndicate leader whose network is said to have recruited over mules, including Sharon, to countries around the world. Dinesh Young man who was recruited by a drug syndicate led by Shanker at a restaurant next to his college. Thinesh A young man whose sister, Sharon, was arrested after being tricked into delivering drugs into Hong Kong.

Commonly Used Drugs in Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur buying Heroin

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence should be addressed to Archana Krishnan, Ph. Drug use in Malaysia remains a significant public health and social problem despite implementation of harsh punitive drug policies such as forcibly placing suspected drug users into compulsory drug detention centers CDDCs. Survey results showed Evidence points to the need for integration of social support-oriented practices and behavioral interventions into the rehabilitation of drug users in this region. Keywords: Substance abuse treatment, harm reduction, compulsory drug detention centers, drug policy, amphetamine, Malaysia. As per the Dangerous Drugs Act and Drug Dependence Treatment and Rehabilitation Act, people who test positive for drugs are detained in CDDCs for a mandatory two-year period without legal due process and forcibly detained in these facilities against their will. The increasing number of PWUD in Malaysia and the insufficient scalability of harm reduction programs like needle and syringe exchange programs NSEPs and opioid agonist therapies OAT like buprenorphine and methadone, which were introduced in and respectively, have thwarted HIV prevention efforts. Drug use in Malaysia, however, is not uniform throughout the country and there is emerging evidence of a growing amphetamine-type substance ATS epidemic in other parts of Malaysia, 18 including in the Kelantan region. The implementation of semi-structured interviews in addition to a quantitative survey was deemed to be the most appropriate methodology because of the lack of any systematic research on drug use in this region of Southeast Asia. The eventual purpose of this two-pronged approach is to help guide treatment strategies based on both empirical and particularized drug use characteristics, behaviors and experiences. Additionally, patients can participate in optional group physical activities that include games, hiking, artistic activities, musical therapy, and vocational training. Data were collected over six weeks from June to July , using a mixed methods approach - quantitative surveys and qualitative in-depth interviews. The survey was conducted first; a convenience sample of individuals who participated in the survey was then approached to partake in the in-depth interview. Institutional review boards at both the University of Malaya and Yale University approved the study. Those individuals expressing interest were then referred to trained research assistants affiliated with SAHABAT, a local non-governmental organization that operates harm reduction programs in Kota Bharu. Inclusion criteria included being 18 years or older and having been an inpatient or outpatient at the facility for at least one month. The median duration of treatment for this study sample was days, i. Eligible clients underwent informed consent procedures by research staff for the survey portion of the study and a medical chart review. Among the 96 patients 47 inpatients and 49 outpatients participating in the survey, 77 agreed to participate in the qualitative interview. Trained research assistants conducted the surveys and the interviews in a confidential, on-site private room and all communication was in Bahasa Malaysia, the local language. Additionally, questions on experiences with methadone and HIV treatment were asked to patients who had received methadone or were HIV-infected, respectively. The survey was constructed in English, translated into Bahasa Malaysia and then back-translated to ensure face validity of all study measures. This research assistant introduced himself and the study, and completed informed consent procedures before proceeding with the interview. The interviews ranged from minutes. They were audio-recorded and later transcribed and translated into English. Additionally, tests of significance t-test and chi-square test were conducted to assess differences in drug use characteristics between inpatients and outpatients. Qualitative interviews were analyzed through a conventional content analysis approach 30 wherein participant responses were first used to develop codes and the relationships between the codes were then analyzed using Atlas. While half the patients were employed, employment was represented only among the outpatient clients. Medical and psychiatric comorbidities were not highly prevalent in this sample — Psychiatric comorbidities were also relatively low, with Overall, half had been previously detained There were no significant differences in the socio-demographic characteristics of the qualitative interviewees and the overall sample from where this subset was enrolled. Results from the quantitative survey showed that ATS Stratifying by patient status, there were no significant differences in drug of choice or lifetime drug use except for ketum; more inpatients reported having used ketum at least once in their lifetime compared to outpatients. Cough syrup, presumably with codeine opioids , was not assessed in the survey; however, multiple quotes from the in-depth interviews explicitly mentioned cough syrup as a drug used for relieving withdrawal symptoms:. At that time, cough syrup was very popular among addicts and it was cheaper than heroin. After taking the cough syrup, I took it again with the methamphetamine and it felt good so I took more. After that I took cough syrup. When I was 16, I went to Kuala Lumpur to work. At that time, I only took drugs for fun. Overall, Of these, a fifth acknowledged using a syringe or needle that had been used by someone else. Again, there were no significant differences in injecting behaviors between inpatients and outpatients. Some participants described progressing to injecting drugs as an economic strategy to make their purchase last longer:. Injecting one pill would last till the afternoon if I took it in the morning. In the interviews, participants described previous failed attempts to stop using drugs, including when detained, and explained why they relapsed. After I left, I met my friends and immediately started staking drugs again. Participants described the powerful influence of their friends over their drug use and attempted to avoid substance-using friends by isolating themselves futilely at home. I locked myself in my room for a week, I withstood the withdrawals and I managed to get over it. But once I got out of the house, there were too many challenges, especially from my friends who would always ask me to take drugs with them. They knew that I stopped but they kept pestering me. Some even offered to buy the drugs for me. After a while, I gave in to my friends and I started taking drugs again. Some activities like watching TV, playing games can make me not think about the thing. But if we think about it, we will want it. Better to be locked at home. A third participant directly attributed his periodic drug use to his friends and avoided interactions with them since he considered them as a the trigger to his drug relapse. I have a friend living in Kuala Lumpur. Even if just my friends walk past my house the aura will trigger. So now I avoid my friends. Table 3 shows the various structured responses from the quantitative survey. The top three reasons were: wanting to quit drugs because it was hurting relationships with family and friends In fact, when participants discussed relapse, their major concerns were not physical withdrawal symptoms that might facilitate relapse, but the pressure from friends to start using drugs again. Let me be healthy till I am old. I hope to stop. I hope to not see my old friends. I worry that I might fall into becoming an addict again. I hope my intentions come true. Outside I have so many problems, like problems with friends. We are going to fall get involved again with drugs. Living here there is no problem. My hope, I want to live happily with my family, have a normal life like other people… If I have any problem, I will come here, sometime with my wife. My friends outside, I will give advice. I need friends who can support me and I also need support from my family. I need counseling here to help me with this. I am ready to face the temptations outside. I always have to be careful and remember. And always fill my time with sports and things. Demographic characteristics of this sample is similar to those of participants from another study in the region that examined attitudes towards OAT among HIV-infected prisoners, 32 suggesting that these new voluntary centers serve a similarly vulnerable population, but with higher ATS use. Importantly, the high prevalence of ATS use among this group may reflect that those individuals with primarily opioid use disorders may have enrolled in OAT elsewhere. From a contextual perspective, this analysis provides important insights into the transformation of CDDCs for Malaysia and elsewhere. This is especially important since many OAT programs do not provide these additional services. From a broader perspective, both in Malaysia and elsewhere in the region, it may be important to integrate OAT with additional treatment services where both opioid and amphetamine use disorders need simultaneous treatment. Unlike the HIV prisoners previously surveyed, the proportion in this study with HIV and other medical and psychiatric comorbidities was relatively low. For those who were CJS-involved, relapse rates were high, regardless of the type of incarceration. Results indicate high ATS use in this region, likely due to their availability in close proximity to the Thai border, but could also reflect that this treatment facility served an important addiction treatment need for those without opioid use disorders who may have sought treatment elsewhere. This suggests that cough syrup might be an important proxy for drug use and for easing withdrawal pain. This needs further investigation especially since cough syrup use has not been empirically observed in any other drug behavior studies in Malaysia and may not be perceived as a treatable condition since cough syrup is traditionally seen as medicinal. The surveys and in-depth interviews both indicate a high degree of polysubstance use. They recognized that peer networks were strong influencers not only for drug initiation, but also as relapse triggers. It was apparent that many chose to become inpatients in order to remove themselves from community-based peer networks, and for those who received non-inpatient care, they had to remain involved in day-long activities to reduce contact with the community. Participants attributed their initiation into drug use and subsequent failed attempts to stop their drug use behaviors to peer pressure. The pressure to remain drug-free was mainly influenced by family support. Overall, the findings from this study show that drug use behaviors vary even within the regions of Malaysia. However, in order to address the multitude of polysubstance abuse and to utilize family support, intervention strategies ought to be augmented so as to positively influence recovery. The participants in this study were recruited from a convenience sample. In order to examine the long-term effect of these innovative harm reduction programs on treatment outcomes, future studies should attempt to incorporate a longitudinal design. Important here is that it serves an important unmet need for ATS users who otherwise may not have access to treatment. In the absence of such treatment programs, these individuals may not have had any access to treatment for amphetamine use disorders, which until medications are documented to be effective, is often treated using psychosocial and therapeutic community strategies. It is in the best interests of drug users, policy makers and society to adopt evidence-based intervention strategies to combat drug addiction. Insights from this study may have far-reaching policy implications regarding drug rehabilitation that are provided in voluntary rather than compulsory detention settings. This study was funded through multiple grants. Data analysis and interpretation, and manuscript preparation were facilitated through salary support provided by the following - National Institute on Drug Abuse R01 AA , a diversity supplement R01 DA and a career development grant K24 DA None of the above funding organizations played a role in manuscript preparation, review, or approval nor were they influential in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. AK conducted the quantitative analysis, interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript. SB analyzed and interpreted the qualitative findings and assisted in writing the results section. FK and MG collected the data and assisted in content analysis. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Subst Abus. Published in final edited form as: Subst Abus. Find articles by Archana Krishnan. Find articles by Shan-Estelle Brown. Find articles by Mansur Ghani. Find articles by Farrah Khan. Find articles by Adeeba Kamarulzaman. Find articles by Frederick L Altice. Issue date Oct-Dec. PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's version of this article is available at Subst Abus. Open in a new tab. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Having unprotected sex in the previous 30 days. Self-Reported Medical Comorbidities. Opioids heroin, opium, codeine, pethadine, morphine. Injection Behaviors c. Used syringe or needle that participant knew had been used by someone else last 30 days. Injected by pulling drugs into the syringe from a container other people were using last 30 days. I wanted to quit drug use because it was hurting my relationships with family and friends. I wanted to quit drug use because it was hurting my health. I wanted to quit drug use because it was hurting my job or occupation. I was able to stop my drug use, and I came here to prevent relapse. My family, friends or employers told or brought me to get treatment here. The workers from the community service shelter or NGO I lived in before suggested me to come here. I needed medical care because I was sick from my drug use. I needed methadone treatment, and could not get it anywhere else.

Kuala Lumpur buying Heroin