Krvavec buy blow

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Krvavec buy blow

Menu All All. Sign In. Advanced search. Search filters Expand all. Title name. Title type. Release date. Enter full date. IMDb ratings. Number of votes. Page topics. Only includes titles with the selected topics. Instant watch options. US certificates. Color info. Search country of origin only. Filter by additional keywords. Search primary language only. IMDb popularity rank. Cast or crew. In minutes. Sound mix. In theaters. Show all titles. In theaters near you. In favorite theaters. In theaters with online ticketing US only. Adult titles. Exclude Include. Infinite Storm. When a climber gets caught in a blizzard, she encounters a stranded stranger and must get them both down the mountain before nightfall. Recently viewed. Please enable browser cookies to use this feature. Learn more.

Advanced search

Krvavec buy blow

Articles Volume 17, issue Article Peer review Metrics Related articles. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Research article. Research article 25 Sep Xiufeng Yin. Jiali Luo. Lang Zhang. Yaoming Ma. Guoshuai Zhang. Show only first author papers Show all papers. Short summary. We studied the impact of aerosol—meteorology feedback on the transboundary transport flux of black carbon BC during this severe pollution event. It was found that the aerosol—meteorology feedback decreases the transboundary transport flux of BC from the central and western Himalayas towards the TP. This study is of great significance for the protection of the ecological environment of the TP. The monthly mean surface ozone concentrations peaked earlier in the south in April and May and later in the north in June and July over the Tibetan Plateau. The migration of monthly surface ozone peaks was coupled with the synchronous movement of tropopause folds and the westerly jet that created conditions conducive to stratospheric ozone intrusion. Stratospheric ozone intrusion significantly contributed to surface ozone across the Tibetan Plateau. The mean concentration of TGM during the entire monitoring period was 1. Variation of TGM at Nam Co was affected by regional surface reemission, vertical mixing and long-range transported atmospheric mercury, which was associated with the Indian monsoon. Wind speed spectra analysis is very important for understanding boundary layer turbulence characteristics, atmospheric numerical model development, and wind energy assessment. However, wind speed spectra studies in mountainous areas are extremely scarce. In this study, using a year time series of wind speed observed by a PBL tower and eddy-covariance tower at a site on the north slope of Mt. Everest, we investigated the characteristics of wind speed and wind speed spectrum. Earth Syst. Current models and satellites struggle to accurately represent the land—atmosphere L—A interactions over the Tibetan Plateau. We present the most extensive compilation of in situ observations to date, comprising 17 years of data on L—A interactions across 12 sites. This quality-assured benchmark dataset provides independent validation to improve models and remote sensing for the region, and it enables new investigations of fine-scale L—A processes and their mechanistic drivers. NO 2 is a gas with implications for air pollution. A campaign conducted in Houston provided an opportunity to compare NO 2 from different instruments and a model. Aircraft and satellite observations agreed well with measurements on the ground; however, the latter estimated lower values. We find that model-simulated NO 2 was lower than observations, especially downtown, suggesting that NO 2 sources associated with the urban core of Houston, such as vehicle emissions, may be underestimated. Long-term variations in upper atmospheric temperature and water vapor in the selected domains of time and space are presented. The temperature during the past two decades showed a cooling trend and water vapor showed an increasing trend and had an inverse relation with temperature in selected domains of space and time. Seasonal temperature variations are distinct, with a summer minimum and a winter maximum. Our results can be an early warning indication for future climate change. A comprehensive aerosol observation project was carried out in the Tibetan Plateau TP and its surroundings in recent years to investigate the properties and sources of atmospheric aerosols as well as their regional differences by performing multiple intensive field observations. The release of this dataset can provide basic and systematic data for related research in the atmospheric, cryospheric, and environmental sciences in this unique region. Accurately monitoring and understanding the spatial—temporal variability of evapotranspiration ET components over the Tibetan Plateau TP remains difficult. Here, 37 years — of monthly ET component data for the TP was produced, and the data are consistent with measurements. The annual average ET for the TP was about 0. The rate of increase of the ET was around 0. The increase in the ET can be explained by warming and wetting of the climate. The influence of topography and different radiative attenuations were comprehensively taken into account. The derived DSR showed good agreement with in situ measurements. The accuracy was better than six other DSR products. The derived DSR also provided more reasonable and detailed spatial patterns. Lhasa is the largest city in the Tibetan Plateau, and its atmospheric mercury concentrations represent the highest level of pollution in this region. Unexpectedly high concentrations of atmospheric mercury species were found. Combined with the trajectory analysis, the high atmospheric mercury concentrations may have originated from external long-range transport. Local sources, especially special mercury-related sources, are important factors influencing the variability of atmospheric mercury. Climate and vegetation factors affected the MRT of stream and supra-permafrost water mainly by changing the thickness of the permafrost active layer. Soil moisture and soil temperature SMST are important state variables for quantifying the heat—water exchange between land and atmosphere. The presented dataset would be valuable for the evaluation and improvement of long-term satellite- and model-based SMST products on the TP, enhancing the understanding of TP hydrometeorological processes and their response to climate change. The Cryosphere Discuss. This study developed a dynamic deposition model of light absorbing particles LAPs , which coupled with a surface energy and mass balance model. Based on the coupled model, we assessed atmospheric deposited BC effect on glacier melting, and quantified global warming and increment of emitted black carbon respective contributions to current accelerated glacier melting. Daniel L. TROPOMI measurements offer a valuable means to validate emissions inventories and ozone formation regimes, with important limitations. Near Texas power plants, the satellite appears to underrepresent NO 2. This work aims to understand concentrations, spatial variability, and potential source regions of light-absorbing impurities black carbon aerosols, dust particles, and organic carbon in the surface snow of central and western Himalayan glaciers and their impact on snow albedo and radiative forcing. Data Discuss. A comprehensive aerosol observation project was carried out in the Tibetan Plateau TP in recent years to investigate the properties and sources of atmospheric aerosols as well as their regional differences by performing multiple short-term intensive field observations. The real-time online high-time-resolution hourly data of aerosol properties in the different TP region are integrated in a new dataset and can provide supporting for related studies in in the TP. Glaciers are an important pool of microorganisms, organic carbon, and nitrogen. This study constructed the first dataset of microbial abundance and total nitrogen in Tibetan Plateau TP glaciers and the first dataset of dissolved organic carbon in ice cores on the TP. These new data could provide valuable information for research on the glacier carbon and nitrogen cycle and help in assessing the potential impacts of glacier retreat due to global warming on downstream ecosystems. Compared with the plain area, the land-atmosphere interaction on the Tibetan Plateau TP is intense and complex, which affects the structure of the boundary layer. The observed height of the convective boundary layer on the TP under the influence of the southern branch of the westerly wind was higher than that during the Asian monsoon season. The height of the boundary layer was positively correlated with the sensible heat flux and negatively correlated with latent heat flux. Our study revealed distinctive seasonality with the maximum and minimum aerosol concentrations during the winter and summer seasons respectively. The highest aerosols are laden over South Asia and East China within 1—2 km, however, aerosol overshooting found up to 10 km due to the deep convection process. Whereas, integrated aerosol transport for OC during spring was found to be 5 times higher than the annual mean. The Tibetan Plateau is known as The Third Pole and is generally considered to be a clean area owing to its high altitude. However, it may receive be impacted by air pollutants transported from the Indian subcontinent. Pollutants generally enter the Tibetan Plateau in several ways. In this study, we identified the influence of the Indian summer monsoon on the origin, transport, and behavior of mercury in this area. However, systematically observed data here are scarce. To perform more integrated and in-depth investigations of the origins and distributions of atmospheric pollutants and their impacts on cryospheric change, systematic data of black carbon and organic carbon from the atmosphere, glaciers, snow cover, precipitation, and lake sediment cores over the plateau based on the Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change program are provided. Sea ice is retreating with rapid warming in the Arctic. It will continue and approach the worst predicted pathway released by the IPCC. The irreversible tipping point might show around when the oldest ice will have completely disappeared. It has a huge impact on human production. Ordinary merchant ships will be able to pass the Northeast Passage and Northwest Passage by the midcentury, and the opening time will advance to the next 10 years for icebreakers with moderate ice strengthening. The source region of the Yellow River has an important role in issues related to water resources, ecological environment, and climate changes in China. Moreover, the turbulence in key locations is characterized. Albedo is a key factor in land surface energy balance, which is difficult to successfully reproduce by models. Here, we select eight snow events on the Tibetan Plateau to evaluate the universal improvements of our improved albedo scheme. This presents a strong potential of our scheme for modeling snow events. Wind-driven snow transport greatly influences spatial-temporal distribution of snow in mountainous areas. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal variability of blowing snow is in its infancy because of inaccuracies in satellite-based blowing snow algorithms and the absence of quantitative assessments. Here, we present the spatiotemporal variability and magnitude of blowing snow events, and explore the potential links with ambient meteorological conditions using near surface blowing snow observations. Model Dev. This paper presents a new international initiative which, for the first time, introduces spring land surface temperature anomalies over high mountains to improve precipitation prediction through remote effects of land—atmosphere interactions. More than 40 institutions worldwide are participating in this effort. The experimental protocol and preliminary results are presented. Actual terrestrial evapotranspiration ET a is a key parameter controlling the land—atmosphere interaction processes and water cycle. Here we estimate the multiyear — monthly ET a and its spatial distribution on the TP by a combination of meteorological data and satellite products. Results have been validated at six eddy-covariance monitoring sites and show high accuracy. Ground information on the occurrence of blowing snow has been sorely lacking because direct observations of blowing snow are sparse in time and space. In this paper, we investigated the potential capability of the decision tree model to detect blowing snow events in the European Alps. Trained with routine meteorological observations, the decision tree model can be used as an efficient tool to detect blowing snow occurrences across different regions requiring limited meteorological variables. We quantified the variability, source, and transport of urban CO over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau HTP by using measurement, model simulation, and the analysis of meteorological fields. The decreasing trends in surface CO since in most cities over the HTP are attributed to the reduction in local and transported CO emissions in recent years. Lake evaporation from Paiku Co on the TP is low in spring and summer and high in autumn and early winter. High evaporation and low inflow cause significant lake-level decrease in autumn and early winter, while low evaporation and high inflow cause considerable lake-level increase in summer. This study implies that evaporation can affect the different amplitudes of lake-level variations on the TP. Sulfate aerosols play an important climatic role and exert adverse effects on the ecological environment and human health. In this study, we present the triple oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate from the Mt. Everest region, southern Tibetan Plateau, and decipher the formation mechanisms of atmospheric sulfate in this pristine environment. In this study, using MODIS satellite data and site atmospheric turbulence observation data in the Nagqu area of the northern Tibetan Plateau, with the Massman-retrieved model and a single height observation to determine aerodynamic surface roughness, temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the surface roughness were analyzed. The result is feasible, and it can be applied to improve the model parameters of the land surface model and the accuracy of model simulation in future work. Spectral nudging is an effective dynamical downscaling method used to improve precipitation simulations of regional climate models RCMs. However, the biases of the driving fields over the Tibetan Plateau TP would possibly introduce extra biases when spectral nudging is applied. The results show that the precipitation simulations were significantly improved when limiting the application of spectral nudging toward the potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio over the TP. The occurrence frequency of different aerosol types and aerosol optical depth over the Arctic, Antarctic and Tibetan Plateau TP show distinctive spatiotemporal differences. The aerosol extinction coefficient in the Arctic and TP has a broad vertical distribution, while that of the Antarctic has obvious seasonal differences. Compared with the Antarctic, the Arctic and TP are vulnerable to surrounding pollutants, and the source of air masses has obvious seasonal variations. We investigate the influence of soil conditions on the planetary boundary layer PBL thermodynamics and convective cloud formations over a typical underlying surface, based on a series of simulations on a sunny day in the Tibetan Plateau, using the Weather Research and Forecasting WRF model. The real-case simulation and sensitivity simulations indicate that the soil moisture could have a strong impact on PBL thermodynamics, which may be favorable for the convective cloud formations. In comparison with other terrestrial regions of the world, meteorological observations are scarce over the Tibetan Plateau. This has limited our understanding of the mechanisms underlying complex interactions between the different earth spheres with heterogeneous land surface conditions. The release of this continuous and long-term dataset with high temporal resolution is expected to facilitate broad multidisciplinary communities in understanding key processes on the Third Pole of the world. We present the first long-term eddy covariance CO 2 and H 2 O flux measurements from the large but underrepresented alpine steppe ecosystem on the central Tibetan Plateau. We applied careful corrections and rigorous quality filtering and analyzed the turbulent flow regime to provide meaningful fluxes. This comprehensive data set allows potential users to put the gas flux dynamics into context with ecosystem properties and potential flux drivers and allows for comparisons with other data sets. High-Asia glaciers have been observed to be retreating the fastest in the southeastern Tibeten Plateau, where vast amounts of glacier and snow feed the streamflow of the Brahmaputra. Here, we provide the first monthly glacier and snow mass balance during — based on satellite gravimetry. The results confirm previous long-term decreases but reveal strong seasonal variations. This work helps resolve previous divergent model estimates and underlines the importance of meltwater. The long-term temporal—spatial variations of the aerosol optical properties over the Tibetan Plateau TP based on the multiple ground-based sun photometer sites and the MODIS product are presented. Besides, the aerosol pollution and aerosol transport processes over the TP are also analyzed by the observations and models. The results in this region could help reduce the assessment uncertainties of aerosol radiative forcing and provide more information on aerosol transportation. Relatively higher mass concentration of PM 1 and dominant sulfate contribution were observed in this site compared to those at other high-elevation sites in the southern or central QTP, indicating the different aerosol sources between them. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Fine-temporal-resolution turbulent heat fluxes at the plateau scale have significant importance for studying diurnal variation characteristics of atmospheric boundary and weather systems in the Tibetan Plateau TP and its surroundings. Time series of land surface heat fluxes with high temporal resolution over the entire TP were derived. The derived surface heat fluxes proved to be in good agreement with in situ measurements and were superior to GLDAS flux products. Panday, Mark G. Lawrence, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Zhiyuan Cong. The sources of primary and secondary aerosols in the Hindu Kush—Himalayan—Tibetan Plateau region are not well known. Organic molecular tracers are useful for aerosol source apportionment. The characterization of molecular tracers were first systemically investigated and the contribution from primary and secondary sources to carbonaceous aerosols was estimated in the Kathmandu Valley. Our results demonstrate that biomass burning contributed a significant fraction to OC in the Kathmandu Valley. Goldberg, Pablo E. Saide, Lok N. We first develop an enhanced satellite product that better observes NO 2 in urban regions. Using this new product, we derive NO x emissions to be twice as large as the emissions reported by the South Korean government. The implication is that the measures taken to reduce NO x emissions in South Korea have not been as effective as regulators have thought. Located in the world's third Pole and a remote region connecting the Indian and Eurasian plates, Qomolangma National Nature Preserve is an ideal region to study the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants. Covering both the pre-Indian summer monsoon and Indian summer monsoon periods, our measurement and modeling results have addressed the need for more specific identification of Hg sources in this area and the importance of international cooperation regarding global mercury controls. Detailed molecular chemical composition of water-soluble organic matter in the Himalayas was characterized by positive electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for the first time. Many products formed from biogenic volatile organic compounds and biomass-burning-emitted compounds were found in the organic compounds, suggesting the important contribution of these two sources in the Himalayas. This study aimed to provide a first and unique record of physicochemical properties and mixing states of LAPs at the glacier and atmosphere interface over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau to determine the individual LAPs' structure aging and mixing state changes through the atmospheric deposition process from atmosphere to glacier—snowpack surface, thereby helping to characterize the LAPs' radiative forcing and climate effects in the cryosphere region. Cryoconites from glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding area were studied for iron oxides. We found that goethite is the predominant iron oxide form. Using the abundance, speciation and optical properties of iron oxides, the total light absorption was quantitatively attributed to goethite, hematite, black carbon and organic matter. Such findings are essential to understand the relative significance of anthropogenic and natural impacts. To understand the impact of transboundary atmospheric black carbon on the Mt. Everest region and depict the transport pathways in different spatiotemporal scales, we first investigated the concentration level, temporal variation, and sources of black carbon based on high-resolution 2-year measurements at Qomolangma Mt. Next, the WRF-Chem simulations were used to reveal the transport mechanisms of black carbon from southern Asia to the Mt. Everest region. Jiali Luo, Laura L. Pan, Shawn B. Honomichl, John W. Bergman, William J. We analyze upper tropospheric CO and O 3 using satellite data from limb-viewing MLS and nadir-viewing IASI and OMI sensors, together with dynamical variables, to examine how the two types of data complement each other in representing the chemical variability associated with the day-to-day dynamical variability in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone. The results provide new observational evidence of eddy shedding in upper tropospheric CO distribution. Cenlin He, Mark G. Snow albedo plays a key role in the Earth and climate system. It can be affected by impurities and snow properties. This study implements new parameterizations into a widely used snow model to account for effects of snow shape and black carbon—snow mixing state on snow albedo reduction in the Tibetan Plateau. This study points toward an imperative need for extensive measurements and improved model characterization of snow grain shape and aerosol—snow mixing state in Tibet and elsewhere. Our analysis reveals the spatial and seasonal variabilities of the urban and background aerosol species and their contributions to the PM 2. The integration of data provided an extensive spatial coverage of fine-particle concentrations and could be used to validate model results and implement effective air pollution control strategies. Deposition of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosol on the surface of glaciers can greatly alter the energy fluxes of glaciers. Two years of continuous observations of carbonaceous aerosols in a glacierized region are analyzed. We mainly studied the light absorption properties of carbonaceous aerosol and have employed a global aerosol—climate model to estimate source attributions of atmospheric black carbon. Rupakheti, S. Kang, Z. Cong, M. Rupakheti, L. Tripathee, A. Panday, and B. Snow and ice samples were collected from six glaciers and multiple mountain valleys from northern Pakistan. Samples were analyzed for black carbon and water-insoluble organic carbon. Relatively high concentrations of black carbon, organic carbon, and dust were reported. Snow albedo and radiative forcing were estimated for the snow samples. Possible source regions of pollutants were identified through various techniques. Biomass burning plumes were frequently observed and the dynamic processes emissions, transport, and chemical processing were characterized. The source and chemical composition of organic aerosol were further elucidated using positive matrix factorization analysis. Local wars in Shanxi Province, documented in the historical literature during the past years, are statistically significantly correlated with changes in temperature. Light-absorbing impurities deposited on snow can reduce surface albedo and contribute to the near-worldwide melting of snowpack and ice. This study focused on the black carbon and mineral dust in snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau. We discussed their concentrations, distributions, possible sources, and albedo reduction and radiative forcing. Findings indicated that the impacts of black carbon and mineral dust need to be properly accounted for in future regional climate projections. This manuscript presents results from a comprehensive field study using an HR-AMS coupled with a suite of other instruments in central Tibetan Plateau. The study discusses the chemical composition, sources, and processes of submicron aerosol during the transition from pre-monsoon to monsoon. Sensitivity of air pollution transport with synoptic process was also evaluated. Biogeosciences Discuss. Hong, Rokjin J. Lawrence, and Brent Holben. We investigated the optical and chemical properties and direct radiative effects of aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley. We concluded that the ratio of light-absorbing to scattering aerosols as well as the concentration of light-absorbing aerosols is much higher at Kathmandu than other comparable regions, and it contributes to a great atmospheric absorption efficiency. This study provides unprecedented insights into aerosol optical properties and their radiative forcings in the Kathmandu Valley. Meanwhile, we found BC deposition of lake cores overestimated the atmospheric deposition of BC in the HTP; BC depositions of glacier region reflected actual values of The above results are critical for studying atmospheric distribution and chemical transport of BC in and around the HTP. For the first time, atmospheric composition was monitored during pre-monsoon season of at Lumbini UNESCO world heritage site as birthplace of the Buddha. Pollution concentration, diurnal characteristics and influence of open burning on air quality in Lumbini were investigated. Potential source regions were also identified. Results show that air pollution at this site is of a great concern, requiring prompt attention for mitigation. The levoglucosan was the predominant tracer and BB significantly contributed to the air quality in Lumbini. Mixed crop residues and hardwood were main burning materials. BB emissions constituted large fraction of OC, especially during the post-monsoon season. The sources of BB aerosols in Lumbini varies seasonally due to the influence of local emissions and long-range transport. The first observation net of background atmospheric aerosols of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau were conducted in —, and the aerosol mass loadings were especially illustrated in this paper. Consequently, these terrestrial aerosol masses were strongly ecosystem-dependent, with various seasonality and diurnal cycles at these sites. These findings implicate that regional characteristics and fine-particle emissions need to be treated sensitively when assessing their climatic effects. This study deployed an AMS field study in Lanzhou, a city in northwestern China, evaluating the chemical composition, sources, and processes of urban aerosols during wintertime. In comparison with the results during summer in Lanzhou, the air pollution during winter was more severe and the sources were more complex. In addition, this paper estimates the contributions of fossil and non-fossil sources of organic carbon to primary and secondary organic carbon using the carbon isotopic method. Radiative forcing of snow pit DOC was calculated to be 0. Therefore, DOC is also a light-absorbing agent in glacierized regions, influencing the albedo of glacier surface and glacier melting. The Tibetan Plateau plays a major role in regional and global climate. The knowledge of latent heat flux can help to better describe the complex interactions between land and atmosphere. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed cross-comparison of existing latent heat flux products over the TP. Experimental warming was manipulated using open top chambers in alpine grassland ecosystem in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results revealed variations of earlier thawing, later freezing and longer freezing-thawing periods in shallow soil. Further, the estimated permafrost table declined under the warming scenarios. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first quantitative dataset of the impacts of light absorbing particles LAPs on glacier ablation estimated directly from the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau TP. High acetaldehyde and biogenic isoprene concentrations detected even in winter in the Kathmandu Valley. Isocyanic acid, formamide, acetamide, naphthalene and nitromethane were detected for the first time in South Asian air. Regulation of emissions from biomass co-fired brick kilns' by cleaner technology would improve air quality of the valley. PAHs were measured at six sites along two south-north transects across the central Himalayas. The annual average PAHs and their dry deposition fluxes decreased noticeably from the south to north sides, however, a similar compostion pattern was found at three remote sites, suggesting the northern slope of the Himalayas may be affected by anthropogenic emissions form Indo-Gangetic Plain. PAHs showed a clear seasonal variation at Nepal and they were mainly form biomass and fossil combustion. Different monthly variation patterns of aerosol optical depth are observed over the southern and northern Tibetan Plateau TP. A dividing line of higher dust occurrence in the northern TP and lower dust occurrence in the southern TP can be observed clearly at an altitude of km. The different seasonal variation patterns between the northern and southern TP are due to many factors, including the emission sources, high-altitude terrain and atmospheric circulation. Gerken, W. Babel, M. Herzog, K. Fuchs, F. Sun, Y. Ma, T. Foken, and H. Surface moisture is an important control for the development of clouds and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau. While dry surface conditions do not provided enough water for the development of precipitation and convection, wet surface conditions lead to increased cloud cover and a decrease in solar irradiation, which also reduces convection development. It was found that intermediate soil moistures are associated with the strongest convection. Song, N. Selin, A. Soerensen, H. Angot, R. Artz, S. Brooks, E. Brunke, G. Conley, A. Dommergue, R. Ebinghaus, T. Holsen, D. Jaffe, S. Kang, P. Kelley, W. Luke, O. Magand, K. Marumoto, K. Pfaffhuber, X. Ren, G. Sheu, F. Slemr, T. Warneke, A. Weigelt, P. Weiss-Penzias, D. Wip, and Q. A better knowledge of mercury Hg emission fluxes into the global atmosphere is important for assessing its human health impacts and evaluating the effectiveness of corresponding policy actions. We for the first time apply a top-down approach at a global scale to quantitatively estimate present-day mercury emission sources as well as key parameters in a chemical transport model, in order to better constrain the global biogeochemical cycle of mercury. Salerno, N. Guyennon, S. Thakuri, G. Viviano, E. Romano, E. Vuillermoz, P. Cristofanelli, P. Stocchi, G. Agrillo, Y. Ma, and G. Climate-trends data in Himalaya are completely absent at high elevation. We explore the south slopes of Mt Everest though time series reconstructed from 7 stations m during The main increase in temp is concentrated outside of the monsoon, minimum temp increased far more than maximum, while we note a precipitation weakening. We contribute to change the perspective on which climatic drivers temperature vs. Kang, F. Wang, U. Morgenstern, Y. Zhang, B. Grigholm, S. Kaspari, M. Schwikowski, J. Ren, T. Yao, D. Qin, and P. Cui, J. Schauer, M. Janssen, J. Turner, and C. Elemental carbon and organic carbon are components of fine particulate matter that are harmful to health. We use computer simulations of wind patterns and pollution dispersion to analyze a year-long time series of hourly measurements made at the St. Louis-Midwest supersite. The inverse method produced improved estimates of emissions of these pollutants by different types of sources such as on-road and off-road emissions and open burning. Babel, T. Biermann, H. Coners, E. Falge, E. Seeber, J. Ingrisch, P. Gerken, J. Leonbacher, T. Leipold, S. Shibistova, L. Becker, S. Hafner, S. Spielvogel, X. Li, X. Xu, Y. Sun, L. Zhang, Y. Yang, Y. Ma, K. Wesche, H. Graf, C. Leuschner, G. Guggenberger, Y. Kuzyakov, G. Miehe, and T. Cui, A. Hodzic, J. Smith, J. Ortega, J. Brioude, H. Matsui, E. Levin, A. Turnipseed, P. Winkler, and B. Ma, A. Panday, Z. Cong, K. Yang, Z. Zhu, J. Wang, P. Amatya, and L. Ma, Z. Zhu, L. Zhong, B. Wang, C. Han, Z. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Lu, P. Amatya, W. Ma, and Z. More articles Pharahilda M. Steur, Hubertus A. Scheeren, Gerbrand Koren, Getachew A. Adnew, Wouter Peters, and Harro A. Significant interannual variability is observed in both records. Our study examined the long-term trends of atmospheric ammonia in urban Beijing from to We found that the trends did not match satellite data or emission estimates, revealing complexities in ammonia sources. While seasonal variations in ammonia were temperature-dependent, daily variations were correlated with water vapor. We also found an increasing contribution of ammonia reduction, emphasizing its importance in mitigating the effects of fine particulate matter in Beijing. Luiz A. Andreae, Alessandro C. Ferreira, Marco A. Franco, Hartwig Harder, Sam P. Haytzmann, Carlos A. Composite analysis of gas concentration before and after rainfall, during the day and night, gives insight into the complex relationship between trace gas variability and precipitation. The analysis helps us to understand the sources and sinks of trace gases within a forest ecosystem. It elucidates processes that are not discernible under undisturbed conditions and contributes to a deeper understanding of the trace gas life cycle and its intricate interactions with cloud dynamics in the Amazon. We assess the uncertainty in continuous fossil fuel carbon dioxide ffCO 2 estimates derived from carbon monoxide CO observations and radiocarbon 14 CO 2 flask measurements from an urban and a rural site. This study provides the basis for using continuous CO-based ffCO 2 observations in atmospheric transport inversion frameworks to derive ffCO 2 emission estimates. Ryan M. Stauffer, Anne M. Thompson, Debra E. Johnson, and Patrick D. SHADOZ balloon-borne ozone measurements over equatorial Southeast Asia from — reveal that ozone increases during the early months of the year are linked to reduced convective storm activity, which typically redistributes and cleans the atmosphere of ozone. These findings challenge models to replicate the trends produced by the SHADOZ and meteorological observations and emphasize the importance of studying monthly or seasonal instead of annual changes for understanding ozone trends. The transport history of tropospheric air masses above the tropical western Pacific is studied by local ozone and relative humidity profile measurements from Palau. A prominent anti-correlation between both tracers separates air masses of different origin and genesis. Back trajectories confirm a local convective origin of the year-round humid ozone-poor background. Anomalously dry ozone-rich air is generated in tropical Asia by pollution and dehydrated during transport via radiative cooling. This study collected ozonesondes from two Chinese megacities Beijing and Hong Kong in — to investigate the climatological vertical heterogeneity of lower-tropospheric ozone distribution with a mixing-layer-height-referenced h -referenced vertical coordinate system. This vertical coordinate system highlighted O 3 stratification features existing at the mixing layer—free troposphere interface and provided a better understanding of O 3 pollution in urban regions. In Heidelberg, Germany, methane and its stable carbon isotope composition have been measured continuously with a cavity ring-down spectroscopy CRDS analyser since April These 6-year time series are analysed with the Keeling plot method for the isotopic composition of the sources, as well as seasonal variations and trends in methane emissions. The source contributions derived from atmospheric measurements were used to evaluate global and regional emission inventories of methane. We hypothesize that the cause of the worsening O 3 trends in the Beijing—Tianjin—Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta from to is attributable to the increased occurrence of meteorological conditions of high solar radiation and a positive temperature anomaly under the influence of West Pacific subtropical high, tropical cyclones, and mid—high-latitude wave activities. Charney, Warren E. Heilman, Kenneth L. Clark, Xindi Bian, Nicholas S. Skowronski, Michael R. Kiefer, Rory Hadden, and Eric Mueller. Atmospheric turbulence affects wildland fire behaviors and heat and smoke transfer. We investigated the impact of societal restriction measures during the COVID pandemic on surface ozone at 41 high-elevation sites worldwide. Negative ozone anomalies were observed for spring and summer for all of the regions considered. In , negative anomalies continued for Europe and partially for the eastern US, while western US sites showed positive anomalies due to wildfires. IASI satellite data and the Carbon Monitor supported emission reductions as a cause of the anomalies. Measurements of ozone in the atmosphere were made in a forest downwind of oil sands mining and production facilities in northern Alberta. These measurements show that the emissions of other pollutants from oil sands production and processing reduce the amount of ozone in the forest. By using an atmospheric model combined with measurements, we find that the rate at which ozone is absorbed by the forest is lower than typical rates from similar measurements in other forests. Downward atmospheric transport from the stratosphere STT is the most important natural source of tropospheric ozone. Since the s, there has been a pronounced ozone rise that has been ascribed to an increase in STT. We determine the stratospheric influence from the observational data alone humidity and 7 Be. Makar, Ralf M. Measurements of the gas sulfur dioxide SO 2 were made in a forest downwind of oil sands mining and production facilities in northern Alberta. These measurements tell us the rate at which SO 2 is absorbed by the forest. The measured rate is much higher than what is currently used by air quality models, which is supported by a previous study in this region. This suggests that SO 2 may have a much shorter lifetime in the atmosphere at this location than currently predicted by models. Large cities emit greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. In this study, we measured the release of one important green house gas, methane, in Hamburg. Multiple sources that contribute to methane emissions were located and quantified. Methane sources were found to be mainly caused by human activity e. Moreover, potential natural sources have been located, such as the Elbe River and lakes. Using an uncrewed aerial vehicle UAV , we performed atmospheric measurements of methane concentrations downwind of five ventilation shafts in this region and determined the emission rates from the individual shafts. We found a strong correlation between quantified shaft-averaged emission rates and hourly inventory data, which also allows us to estimate the methane emissions from the entire region. In October and , extensive fire episodes occurred in Indonesia, releasing an enormous amount of CO emissions. We identified i horizontal transport in the free troposphere and ii vertical transport through the Hadley circulation. We build the first city-scale tower-based atmospheric CH 4 concentration observation network in China. The a priori total annual anthropogenic CH 4 emissions and emissions from waste treatment were overestimated by Global warming will largely enhance the CH 4 emission factor of waste treatment, which will increase by Belan, Mikhail Y. Arshinov, Sergei B. Western Siberia is influenced by strong wetland CH 4 emissions, deep CO 2 gradient from biospheric uptake, and long-range transport from Europe and North America. Eastern flights document less variability. Over the Arctic Ocean, we find a small influence from marine CH 4 emissions compatible with reasonable inventories. Using airborne glyoxal concentration and vertical column density measurements, vertical profiles are inferred for eight global regions in aged biomass burning plumes and the tropical marine boundary layer. A comparison to EMAC simulations shows a general glyoxal underprediction, which points to various missing sources and precursors from anthropogenic activities, biomass burning, and the sea surface. Alkuin M. Our understanding of these processes is still hampered by insufficient observations. Here, we present new data from a mountain observatory in the Southern Hemisphere. We give insights into mercury concentrations in air masses coming from aloft, and we show that tropical mountain vegetation may be a daytime source of mercury to the air. Kim A. Faassen, Linh N. Nguyen, Eadin R. Broekema, Bert A. Pickers, Andrew C. Meijer, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. The exchange ratio ER between atmospheric O 2 and CO 2 provides a useful tracer for separately estimating photosynthesis and respiration processes in the forest carbon balance. This is highly relevant to better understand the expected biosphere sink, which determines future atmospheric CO 2 levels. We therefore measured O 2 , CO 2 , and their ER above a boreal forest in Finland and investigated their diurnal behaviour for a representative day, and we show the most suitable way to determine the ER. We investigate the representation of elevated moist layers EMLs in two satellite retrieval products and ERA5 reanalysis. EMLs occur in the vicinity of tropical convective storms and are thought to have an impact on their evolution through radiative heating. We provide a first dedicated assessment of EMLs in long-term data products in terms of moist layer strength, vertical thickness and altitude by comparing to collocated radiosondes over the western Pacific, a region where EMLs often occur. Relying on observed and simulated data, we determine the spatiotemporal characteristics of nocturnal O 3 increase NOI events in the Pearl River Delta region during — Low-level jets and convective storms are the main meteorological processes causing NOI. Daytime O 3 is another essential influencing factor. More importantly, a more prominent role of meteorological processes in NOI has been demonstrated. Our study highlights the important role of meteorology in nocturnal O 3 pollution. Determination of emissions from coal mines on a local scale requires instantaneous data. We analysed temporal emission data for ventilation shafts and factors influencing their variability. They were saturation of the seams with methane, the permeability of the rock mass, and coal output. The data for the verification should reflect the actual values of emissions from point sources. It is recommended to achieve this by using a standardised emission measurement system for all coal mines. Using artificial neural network modeling and an explainable analysis approach, natural surface emissions NSEs were identified as a main driver of gaseous elemental mercury GEM variations during the COVID lockdown. A sharp drop in GEM concentrations due to a significant reduction in anthropogenic emissions may disrupt the surface—air exchange balance of Hg, leading to increases in NSEs. This implies that NSEs may pose challenges to the future control of Hg pollution. Our study investigates the temporal variations of ozone profiles at Pohang in the Korean Peninsula from multiple ozone products. We discuss the quantitative relationships between daily surface measurements and key meteorological variables, different seasonality of ozone between the troposphere and stratosphere, and interannual changes in the lower tropospheric ozone, linked by the weather pattern driven by the East Asian summer monsoon. CH 4 works as the second-most important greenhouse gas, its reported emission inventories being far less than CO 2. In this study, we developed a self-adjusted model to estimate the CH 4 emission rate from strong point sources by the UAV-based AirCore system. This model would reduce the uncertainty in CH 4 emission rate quantification accrued by errors in measurements of wind and concentration. The observed GEM concentrations showed no distinct inter-annual variation trends. The interpretation rate of transportation and meteorology on GEM variations displayed an increasing trend. In contrast, anthropogenic emissions have shown a decreasing interpretation rate since , indicating the effectiveness of emission mitigation measures in reducing GEM concentrations in the study region. John T. It has several points to note for vertical distribution analysis. Particularly under prevailing local wind meteorological conditions, Pandora-based vertical structures sometimes showed negative correlations between column and surface measurements. Vertical analysis should be done carefully in some local meteorological conditions when employing either surface or columns. A vigorous surface ozone surge event of stratospheric origin occurred in the North China Plain at night. Surface ozone concentrations were 40—50 ppbv higher than the corresponding monthly mean, whereas surface carbon monoxide concentrations declined abruptly, which confirmed the direct stratospheric intrusions to the surface. We further addressed the notion that a combined effect of the dying typhoon and mesoscale convective systems was responsible for this vigorous ozone surge. Coal mining is an extensive source of anthropogenic methane emissions. In order to reduce and mitigate methane emissions, it is important to know how much and where the methane is emitted. We estimated coal mining methane emissions in Poland based on atmospheric methane measurements and particle dispersion modeling. In general, our emission estimates suggest higher emissions than expected by previous annual emission reports. Manning, and Sylvia Englund Michel. Continuous measurements of atmospheric methane concentrations and its carbon isotope have been made in central London since early These measurements were used to evaluate methane emissions reported in global and UK-specific emission inventories for the London area. Compared to atmospheric methane measurements from March to October , both inventories are under-reporting natural gas leakage for the London area. Kooijmans, Arnaud P. Carbonyl sulfide COS provides new insights into carbon cycle research. We present an easy-to-use flux parameterization and the longest existing time series of forest—atmosphere COS exchange measurements, which allow us to study both seasonal and interannual variability. Maria Tzortziou, Charlotte F. Szykman, and Lukas C. The COVID pandemic created an extreme natural experiment in which sudden changes in human behavior significantly impacted urban air quality. Using a combination of model, satellite, and ground-based data, we examine the impact of multiple waves and phases of the pandemic on atmospheric nitrogen pollution in the New York metropolitan area, and address the role of weather as a key driver of high pollution episodes observed even during — and despite — the stringent early lockdowns. Ship emissions play an important role in the deposition of gaseous compounds and nanoparticles N tot , affecting climate, human health especially in coastal areas , and eutrophication. Micrometeorological methods showed that ship emissions were mainly responsible for the deposition of N tot , whereas they only accounted for a minor proportion of CO 2 deposition. An uncertainty analysis applied to the fluxes and fuel sulfur content results demonstrated the reliability of the results. The radon tracer method is applied to atmospheric methane and radon observations from the upper Rhine valley to independently estimate methane emissions from the region. Comparison of our top-down results with bottom-up inventory data requires high-resolution footprint modelling and representative radon flux data. In agreement with inventories, observed emissions decreased, but only until A limitation of this method is that point-source emissions are not captured or not fully captured. Using a large ensemble of typhoons, we investigate the impacts of evolving typhoons on tropospheric ozone and address the linkages between typhoon-affected meteorological conditions and ozone variations. The influences of typhoon-induced stratospheric intrusions on lower-troposphere ozone are also quantified. Thus, the results obtained in this study have important implications for a full understanding of the multifaced roles of typhoons in modulating tropospheric ozone variation. This study introduces the in situ CO 2 measurement system installed in Beijing urban , Xianghe suburban , and Xinglong rural in North China for the first time. The spatial and temporal variations in CO 2 mole fractions at the three sites between June and April are discussed on both seasonal and diurnal scales. Dmitry V. Ionov, Maria V. Makarova, Frank Hase, Stefani C. Foka, Vladimir S. Megacities are a significant source of emissions of various substances in the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide, which is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. In —, the Emission Monitoring Mobile Experiment was carried out in St Petersburg, which is the second-largest industrial city in Russia. The results of this experiment, coupled with numerical modelling, helped to estimate the amount of CO 2 emitted by the city. This value was twice as high as predicted. Griffis, and Xuhui Lee. Seventy percent of global CO 2 emissions were emitted from urban landscapes. Besides anthropogenic factors, natural ecosystems and croplands act as significant CO 2 sinks and sources. We developed a method using aircraft measurements to determine lifetimes with respect to dry deposition for oxidized sulfur and nitrogen compounds over the boreal forest in Alberta, Canada. Atmospheric lifetimes were significantly shorter than derived from chemical transport models with differences related to modelled dry deposition velocities. The shorter lifetimes suggest models need to reassess dry deposition treatment and predictions of sulfur and nitrogen in the atmosphere and ecosystems. Bakker, Vassilis Kitidis, and Thomas G. Eddy covariance EC is the most direct method for measuring air—sea CO 2 flux from ships. However, uncertainty in EC air—sea CO 2 fluxes has not been well quantified. Here we show that with the state-of-the-art gas analysers, instrumental noise no longer contributes significantly to the CO 2 flux uncertainty. In this study, we integrated satellite constraints on atmospheric NH 3 levels and fire intensity, discrete NH 3 concentration measurement, and N isotopic analysis of NH 3 in order to assess the regional-scale contribution of biomass burning to ambient atmospheric NH 3 in the heartland of Southeast Asia. The combined approach provides a valuable cross-validation framework for source apportioning of NH 3 in the lower atmosphere and will thus help to ameliorate predictions of biomass burning emissions. David R. Roberts, Zachary R. Barkley, Kenneth J. Davis, Natasha L. Miles, Vanessa C. Monteiro, Scott J. Richardson, Stephen Conley, Mackenzie L. Smith, Daniel J. Jacob, Lu Shen, Daniel J. Story, Adam R. Brandt, Mary Kang, Eric A. Kort, Anthony J. Marchese, and Steven P. We use tower- and aircraft-based approaches to measure how methane emissions in the Permian Basin changed throughout In early , 3. We find this short-term reduction to be a result of reduced well development, less gas flaring, and fewer abnormal events despite minimal reductions in oil and gas production. O 3 has been increasing in recent years over the Yangtze River Delta region of China and is closely associated with dominant weather systems. Still, the study on the impact of changes in synoptic weather patterns SWPs on O 3 variation is quite limited. This work aims to reveal the unique features of changes in each SWP under O 3 variation and quantifies the effects of meteorological conditions on O 3 variation. Our findings could be helpful in strategy planning for O 3 pollution control. The environmental cycling of atmospheric mercury, a harmful global contaminant, is still not sufficiently constrained, partly due to missing data in remote regions. Here, we address this issue by presenting 20 months of atmospheric mercury measurements, sampled in the Bolivian Andes. We observe a significant seasonal pattern, whose key features we explore. Moreover, we deduce ratios to constrain South American biomass burning mercury emissions and the mercury uptake by the Amazon rainforest. Yuming Jin, Ralph F. Keeling, Eric J. Morgan, Eric Ray, Nicholas C. Parazoo, and Britton B. Ashbaugh, L. Brasseur, G. Brioude, J. Chameides, W. Chen, X. Cong, Z. Cooper, O. Crutzen, P. Decesari, S. Dee, D. Louis—Midwest supersite, Atmos. Derwent, R. Desqueyroux, H. Dimitriou, K. Total Environ. Draxler, R. Gilge, S. Huang, J. Junge, C. Kaiser, A. Krvavec Slovenia , Atmos. Kang, S. Langner, J. Li, C. Lin, M. Lin, W. Liu, Y. Ma, J. Ma, Y. Macdonald, A. Maione, M. Mauzerall, D. Monks, P. Myhre, G. Nagashima, T. Ojha, N. Pochanart, P. Polissar, A. Putero, D. Qiao, Q. Ran, L. Rao, S. Reidmiller, D. North American emissions on surface ozone in the US, Atmos. Roelofs, G. Shen, Z. Sirois, A. Stohl, A. Tang, G. Tang, J. Sinica, 60, —, Tarasova, O. Vingarzan, R. Wang, T. Wild, O. Wu, S. Xia, X. Xu, W. Xu, X. Xue, L. Yao, T. Zhang, F. Zhang, L. Huang, East China, Sci. Zhu, B. We presented 5-year surface ozone measurements at Nam Co in the inland Tibetan Plateau and made a synthesis comparison of diurnal and seasonal patterns on regional and hemispheric scales. Surface ozone at Nam Co is mainly dominated by natural processes and is less influenced by stratospheric intrusions and human activities than on the rim of the Tibetan Plateau. Ozone at Nam Co is representative of background that is valuable for studying ozone-related effects on large scales. We presented 5-year surface ozone measurements at Nam Co in the inland Tibetan Plateau and made Read more. Special issue. Study of ozone, aerosols and radiation over the Tibetan Plateau Final-revised paper.

Krvavec buy blow