Кратом — Википедия

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Кратом — Википедия

WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy. Mitragyna speciosa also known as kratom is a tropical tree of the coffee family indigenous to South East Asia. Traditionally, fresh or dried kratom leaves are chewed or made into tea. Starting in the s, kratom began to receive significant attention due to increased use in Western cultures as an alternative medicine. It is readily available for purchase from a large number of internet vendors, most commonly as dried and powdered leaves. User reports indicate that the effects of kratom vary depending on the dose used. Lower doses are reported to produce a caffeine-like stimulant effect. Higher doses produce opioid effects like pain relief , sedation , and euphoria. Many users claim kratom is useful in treating opioid addiction as a weaning agent, particularly during the initial withdrawal phase. Kratom exists in a variety of strains with different characteristics, some more opioid-like than others. In some jurisdictions, its sale and importation have been restricted, and several public health authorities have raised alerts. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. The leaves of M. The amount of active alkaloids in the leaves highly depends on many factors. One major factor is the location of the tree. When trees are grown in Southeast Asia, the levels tend to be higher but when grown elsewhere even in greenhouses the levels tend to be low or non-existent. Kratom behaves as an opioid receptor agonist similar in function to morphine and other opiates , although its pharmacological action and subjective effects differ significantly from those of traditional opiates. Opioids exert their effects by binding to and activating the opioid receptors. They structurally mimic endogenous endorphins which are naturally found within the body and also work upon the opioid receptor system. The way in which opioids structurally mimic these natural endorphins results in their euphoric , pain-relieving and anxiolytic effects. This is because endorphins are responsible for reducing pain, causing sedation , and feelings of pleasure. They can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or general excitement. Unlike most other opioids, kratom also presents affinity for the norepinephrine and serotonin \\\\\\\\\\\\[14\\\\\\\\\\\\] receptor systems where it functions as an agonist. Additionally, kratom contains alkaloids rhynchophylline and mitraphylline which function as NMDA receptor antagonists. Disclaimer: The effects listed below are cited from the Subjective Effect Index SEI , which relies on assorted anecdotal reports and the personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be taken with a healthy amount of skepticism. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely on higher doses and may include serious injury or death. Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:. Similar to cannabis , there are many different strains of Mitragyna speciosa available from vendors. The strains below have varying degrees of depressant, stimulating, and opioid characteristics. Below are the general effects and similarities of the various vein colors. Note that the effects vary across all strains and that the effects are dependent on the dose taken. Not all white strains, for example, will produce the same effects and each strain may work differently in one individual than it does on another. There are several different ways that kratom is typically ingested: \\\\\\\\\\\\[16\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Smoking, vaporizing, or insufflating kratom is not seen as a viable means of administration, as the amount of alkaloids needed to produce effects would only be obtained by smoking or snorting an excessive amount of leaf material. In addition, certain kratom alkaloids may be destroyed during the process of combustion. Preparation methods for this compound within our tutorial index include:. Kratom has a low toxicity relative to dose. Like most opioids , safe usage of kratom is not known to cause any dangerous long-term complications. Heavy dosages of kratom can result in increased respiratory depression , leading onto fatal or dangerous levels of anoxia oxygen deprivation. This is significantly less powerful than the respiratory depression of heroin or morphine. It is likely impossible to achieve this using kratom in its standard leaf form as the nausea ceiling makes it difficult to consume high enough dosages without vomiting. Side effects associated with chronic kratom use include loss of appetite and weight loss, constipation , decreased libido , apathy, and darkening of the skin color of the face. Chronic use has been associated with bowel obstruction. It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. The lethal dosage of kratom is unknown but thought to be far above the active dosage. The precise dosage likely depends on a variety of factors including strain, potency, tolerance and method of consumption. It is unlikely that one could ingest a lethal dosage of kratom powder as the nausea will force one to vomit at around 8 - 9 grams; however, it could be possible to ingest a lethal dosage of a kratom if purer forms such as a resin or pure alkaloids are used. Three case reports document deaths involving kratom. Other drugs were used in all cases, and in one, kratom was speculated to possibly be the primary cause of death. As with other opioids , the kratom produces dependence with chronic use and has a high abuse potential. When dependence has developed, cravings and withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. Tolerance to many of the effects of kratom develops with prolonged and repeated use. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline in the absence of further consumption. Kratom presents cross-tolerance with all other opioids , meaning that after the consumption of kratom all opioids will have a reduced effect. Although many psychoactive substances are reasonably safe to use on their own, they can quickly become dangerous or even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below includes some known dangerous combinations although it cannot be guaranteed to include all of them. Independent research e. Google , DuckDuckGo should always be conducted to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some interactions listed have been sourced from TripSit. Summary sheet: Kratom Kratom. Physical effects. Disconnective effects. Cognitive effects. Visual effects. PMID US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 6 February US Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 15 September Retrieved 31 August Forensic Toxicology. Life Sciences. Synthetic and receptor signaling explorations of the Mitragyna alkaloids: mitragynine as an atypical molecular framework for opioid receptor modulators. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 21 , European Journal of Pharmacology. A review of herbal marijuana alternatives K2, Spice , synthetic cathinones bath salts , kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines'. Journal of Medical Toxicology. Navigation menu Personal tools Create account Log in. Namespaces Page Discussion. Views Read View source View history. Community Network YouTube Good vibes. Drawing of M. Indole alkaloids.

Кратом — Википедия

Кратом: наркотик или лекарство от зависимости?

WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy. Mitragyna speciosa also known as kratom is a tropical tree of the coffee family indigenous to South East Asia. Traditionally, fresh or dried kratom leaves are chewed or made into tea. Starting in the s, kratom began to receive significant attention due to increased use in Western cultures as an alternative medicine. It is readily available for purchase from a large number of internet vendors, most commonly as dried and powdered leaves. User reports indicate that the effects of kratom vary depending on the dose used. Lower doses are reported to produce a caffeine-like stimulant effect. Higher doses produce opioid effects like pain relief , sedation , and euphoria. Many users claim kratom is useful in treating opioid addiction as a weaning agent, particularly during the initial withdrawal phase. Kratom exists in a variety of strains with different characteristics, some more opioid-like than others. In some jurisdictions, its sale and importation have been restricted, and several public health authorities have raised alerts. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. The leaves of M. The amount of active alkaloids in the leaves highly depends on many factors. One major factor is the location of the tree. When trees are grown in Southeast Asia, the levels tend to be higher but when grown elsewhere even in greenhouses the levels tend to be low or non-existent. Kratom behaves as an opioid receptor agonist similar in function to morphine and other opiates , although its pharmacological action and subjective effects differ significantly from those of traditional opiates. Opioids exert their effects by binding to and activating the opioid receptors. They structurally mimic endogenous endorphins which are naturally found within the body and also work upon the opioid receptor system. The way in which opioids structurally mimic these natural endorphins results in their euphoric , pain-relieving and anxiolytic effects. This is because endorphins are responsible for reducing pain, causing sedation , and feelings of pleasure. They can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or general excitement. Unlike most other opioids, kratom also presents affinity for the norepinephrine and serotonin \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[14\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] receptor systems where it functions as an agonist. Additionally, kratom contains alkaloids rhynchophylline and mitraphylline which function as NMDA receptor antagonists. Disclaimer: The effects listed below are cited from the Subjective Effect Index SEI , which relies on assorted anecdotal reports and the personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be taken with a healthy amount of skepticism. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely on higher doses and may include serious injury or death. Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:. Similar to cannabis , there are many different strains of Mitragyna speciosa available from vendors. The strains below have varying degrees of depressant, stimulating, and opioid characteristics. Below are the general effects and similarities of the various vein colors. Note that the effects vary across all strains and that the effects are dependent on the dose taken. Not all white strains, for example, will produce the same effects and each strain may work differently in one individual than it does on another. There are several different ways that kratom is typically ingested: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[16\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Smoking, vaporizing, or insufflating kratom is not seen as a viable means of administration, as the amount of alkaloids needed to produce effects would only be obtained by smoking or snorting an excessive amount of leaf material. In addition, certain kratom alkaloids may be destroyed during the process of combustion. Preparation methods for this compound within our tutorial index include:. Kratom has a low toxicity relative to dose. Like most opioids , safe usage of kratom is not known to cause any dangerous long-term complications. Heavy dosages of kratom can result in increased respiratory depression , leading onto fatal or dangerous levels of anoxia oxygen deprivation. This is significantly less powerful than the respiratory depression of heroin or morphine. It is likely impossible to achieve this using kratom in its standard leaf form as the nausea ceiling makes it difficult to consume high enough dosages without vomiting. Side effects associated with chronic kratom use include loss of appetite and weight loss, constipation , decreased libido , apathy, and darkening of the skin color of the face. Chronic use has been associated with bowel obstruction. It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. The lethal dosage of kratom is unknown but thought to be far above the active dosage. The precise dosage likely depends on a variety of factors including strain, potency, tolerance and method of consumption. It is unlikely that one could ingest a lethal dosage of kratom powder as the nausea will force one to vomit at around 8 - 9 grams; however, it could be possible to ingest a lethal dosage of a kratom if purer forms such as a resin or pure alkaloids are used. Three case reports document deaths involving kratom. Other drugs were used in all cases, and in one, kratom was speculated to possibly be the primary cause of death. As with other opioids , the kratom produces dependence with chronic use and has a high abuse potential. When dependence has developed, cravings and withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. Tolerance to many of the effects of kratom develops with prolonged and repeated use. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline in the absence of further consumption. Kratom presents cross-tolerance with all other opioids , meaning that after the consumption of kratom all opioids will have a reduced effect. Although many psychoactive substances are reasonably safe to use on their own, they can quickly become dangerous or even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below includes some known dangerous combinations although it cannot be guaranteed to include all of them. Independent research e. Google , DuckDuckGo should always be conducted to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some interactions listed have been sourced from TripSit. Summary sheet: Kratom Kratom. Physical effects. Disconnective effects. Cognitive effects. Visual effects. PMID US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 6 February US Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 15 September Retrieved 31 August Forensic Toxicology. Life Sciences. Synthetic and receptor signaling explorations of the Mitragyna alkaloids: mitragynine as an atypical molecular framework for opioid receptor modulators. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 21 , European Journal of Pharmacology. A review of herbal marijuana alternatives K2, Spice , synthetic cathinones bath salts , kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines'. Journal of Medical Toxicology. Navigation menu Personal tools Create account Log in. Namespaces Page Discussion. Views Read View source View history. Community Network YouTube Good vibes. Drawing of M. Indole alkaloids.

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Кратом — Википедия

Кратом: наркотик или лекарство от зависимости?

Кратом – укротитель опиоидного кризиса или опасный наркотик?

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