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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Alongside the more well-known substances available on illicit drugs markets, a number of other substances with hallucinogenic, anaesthetic, dissociative or depressant properties are used in Europe: these include LSD, hallucinogenic mushrooms, ketamine, GHB and nitrous oxide. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the situation regarding these substances in Europe, including seizures, prevalence and patterns of use, treatment entry, harms and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. New psychoactive substances. Other drugs. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. Alongside the more well-known substances available on illicit drugs markets, a number of other substances with hallucinogenic, anaesthetic, dissociative or depressant properties are used in Europe: these include LSD lysergic acid diethylamide , hallucinogenic mushrooms, ketamine, GHB gamma-hydroxybutyrate and nitrous oxide. The data available suggest that, overall, the prevalence of use of hallucinogenic and dissociative drugs remains generally low in Europe. However, an important caveat here is that these substances are not well monitored by existing surveillance systems, meaning that it is hard to comment with confidence on either the prevalence of use or on recent trends. The information available does suggest, however, that in some countries, subgroups, or settings, the use of these sorts of substances has become more common. The quantity of ketamine seized and reported to the EU Early Warning System on new psychoactive substances has varied over time, but has remained at relatively high levels in recent years, suggesting that this drug is likely to be consistently available in some national drug markets and may have become an established drug of choice in some settings. Ketamine is commonly snorted, but can also be injected, and has been linked to various dose-dependent acute and chronic harms, including neurological and cardiovascular toxicity, mental health problems, such as depression, and urological complications, such as bladder damage from intensive use or the presence of adulterants. Ketamine may also be added to other drug mixtures, including MDMA powders and tablets, although data from drug checking services show that these are generally less adulterated than other illicit drugs. As noted elsewhere in the European Drug Report , people using mixtures of drugs may be unaware of the substances they are consuming, and drug interaction effects can expose them to elevated health risks. While the numbers of clients entering treatment for problems related to ketamine use remain low overall, some EU Member States have seen increases and there is a strong case for improving the monitoring of both the use of this drug and the extent to which it is associated with negative health outcomes. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, has been linked to various health problems, including poisonings, burns and lung injuries and, in some cases of prolonged exposure, neurotoxicity from vitamin B12 deficiency. There is, however, a debate on the extent to which this substance is associated with negative health risks, especially in episodic users, although given its apparent growing popularity among young people this is clearly an important area for further research and monitoring. In some European cities, discarded nitrous oxide gas canisters have become a relatively common sight, and the disposal of the smaller stainless steel canisters has been identified as a drug-litter issue in some countries. This drug appears to have become more accessible and cheaper, with the increased availability of larger gas canisters aimed at recreational use. However, high-volume cylinders may also increase the risk of lung damage, due to the higher pressure of their contents and, in general, inhaling directly from gas bottles is reported to be associated with a greater risk of harm. Nitrous oxide has various commercial users, for example, it is used by the catering industry. Regulatory approaches to the sale and use of this substance vary between countries, with the gas legally available for sale in some countries. Seizure of over 59 nitrous oxide canisters worth over EUR 1. Non-controlled and new benzodiazepines also continued to be available in some European countries but, again, current monitoring approaches make it difficult to comment on the scale of their use, although signals exist that these substances may have important consequences for health, especially when consumed in combination with other drugs. They are often very cheap and may be used by young people in combination with alcohol, sometimes resulting in potentially serious health reactions or aberrant behaviour. These substances have also been linked to overdose deaths among people who use opioids, and reports in show that the proportion of overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines increased in several countries. However, a lack of toxicological information currently means the role that benzodiazepines play in opioid-related deaths is not sufficiently understood. In , the Estonian police reported seizing mixtures containing the new synthetic opioid metonitazene and bromazolam, a new benzodiazepine, and mixtures containing the new opioids protonitazene and metonitazene and the animal sedative and analgesic xylazine. Both clinical and public interest has been growing in the therapeutic use of some novel substances, particularly psychedelic substances, but also dissociative drugs such as ketamine. A growing number of clinical studies are exploring the potential of a range of psychedelic substances to treat different mental health conditions. Generalising in this area is difficult, and much of the research remains in its infancy, but some research in this area appears promising. These developments have also received considerable media attention. An associated concern here is that this may encourage greater experimental use of these substances without medical support, potentially putting some vulnerable individuals at risk of suffering adverse consequences. At the same time, there are signs of unregulated programmes being operated in the European Union and elsewhere, in which the use of psychedelic substances is included as part of a wellness, therapeutic or spiritually oriented intervention. Together, these developments have placed a renewed emphasis on the need to obtain a better understanding of the availability of both non-controlled and less common substances, as well as their impact on public health, in Europe. In particular, there are concerns about chronic harms from some of these substances, such as ketamine, and risks associated with more intensive patterns of use in certain niche settings and contexts, including the use of GHB in the chemsex scene. The presence of combinations of new synthetic opioids and new benzodiazepines further complicates overdose prevention efforts, potentially raising the need for reviewing the delivery methods of overdose-fatality prevention measures such as naloxone. There is an urgent need to improve our monitoring of the use and harms associated with these substances and to develop forensic and toxicological information sources in this area. Drug checking services will also continue to be an important sentinel data source. This information is needed to support the development and evaluation of effective harm reduction and other interventions appropriate to the settings and contexts in which these drugs are being consumed and the risks they may pose. Mean daily amounts of ketamine in milligrams per population. Sampling was carried out over a week in March and April Show source tables. Back to list of tables. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. A more recent version of this page exists: Other drugs — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Click to enlarge the image. List of tables Table 1a Seizures of ketamine powder in the European Union: total number, — Table 1b Seizures of ketamine powder in the European Union: total quantity, — Table 2 Ketamine residues in wastewater in selected European cities, Table 1a. Seizures of ketamine powder in the European Union: total number, — Year Number of seizures 14 Back to list of tables. Table 1b. Figure Seizures of ketamine powder in the European Union: total quantity, — Year Quantity ketamine powders kg 0. Table 2. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page. Forensic Toxicology Labs.

Representations of Psychoactive Drugs’ Use in Mass Culture and Their Impact on Audiences

Krakow buying MDMA pills

October 22nd, A A A A. EN Search keywords, tags Tue 22 October Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 14 15 17 14 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 17 16 17 15 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 16 16 16 14 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 16 16 17 17 Visegrad Declarations. Presidency Programs. Annual Reports. Visegrad Parlour : State and Church. Ideal Tax System? Drugs and Law. Other articles. Students' Section. Today we have chosen a very current topic, which must be interesting to a wide public. These days, we are faced with this problem very often. So, we are going to talk about drugs. We will not discuss the effects of drugs on the human body, but instead of a health approach, we'll focus on the relationship between drugs and laws, legislative changes in the recent past, attempts to solve the drug problem as well as the Visegrad states' opinion on drug problems through liberalism or repressiveness. Allow me to introduce the discussants. Ivan Douda represents 'Drop In', the Czech centre for prevention and treatment of drug dependence. I will describe the situation in Slovakia. The first person in the discussion is from the Czech Republic. During the past few decades, in the Czech Republic there have been many discussions about drugs. In the beginning the discussion was mostly about being either liberal or rather more repressive. The core of the discussion was the question of whether it is necessary to change the law concerning drugs. Until , the law in the Czech Republic allowed the possession of drugs for personal consumption, but not for selling and distribution. Under the pressure of the Christian Democrats, the law was changed in Possessing drugs for personal consumption was forbidden, and the penalty was also increased. A special Drug Squad was established. It has relatively strong authority and influence on drug policy. Even before the transition, we started to carry out the first programmes focused on drug users. It was a programme of hypodermic needles. Later, we applied the first programme of substitution, thus the controlled feeding of alternative legal drugs instead of illegal ones. However, the drug policy works on the basis of political decisions all over the world. Therefore, the solution of the drug problem is more or less based on a personal point of view and not on rational and professional arguments. Experts protested against the law which determined that keeping drugs for personal consumption is a criminal act. But the police argued that this situation would be a cradle for dealers who claim they keep drugs just for their own consumption. In the case of more liberal laws, the dealers could not be prosecuted, either. Recently, because of the acceptance of the new law on drugs, the European Union enabled a two-year programme for the Czech Republic. This programme should verify the effectiveness of the new law in terms of acquisitions and deficits. The out put of the research demonstrated that this amendment cost a few ten million crowns more concerning the proximate system but in fact, it did not have any impact on the drug scene at all. However, I have to say that the police and state authorities all the while behaved relatively fairly and the atmosphere is relatively liberal. Many school campaigns focused on drug prevention have been organised during the past twelve years with approximately 1 million, mostly young participants. After ten years of work it seems that the situation has stabilised. The population of drug users is getting older and most of them is on file in one of the contact centres. The chain of these centres works thanks to people such as, for example, the mayor of the capital city, Mr. Today's approach to drugs is very rational and we get support also from the current government. The chain of contact centres was built gradually. At first, professional coordinators started to work at district authorities. Later, where the territorial units of districts were cancelled, the regional anti-drug coordinators took over their tasks. In big cities, there are also town municipal coordinators. These experts look over their region and make sure that the chain does not have too many holes in it. Regarding the use of different types of drugs, the position of amphetamines black beauty is getting weaker because of other trendy influences. Lately, the price of cocaine has decreased, so the Drug Squad is afraid of a new wave of this drug. The drug strategy of the Czech Republic relies upon prevention as well as repression. The most part of governmental expenses for anti-drug policy is still paid for criminal investigation. Besides governmental aid, the non-profit sector also plays an important role in the anti-drug strategy. However, we are still waiting for those reforms which were accomplished in Slovakia. The programmes of syringes and substitution have already been running for a long time, the level as well as the number of physicians is continually increasing. Physicians provide private substitution and use different preparations. There were heated discussions about taking drugs under medical control but this debate was rather on a political basis. However, it is interesting that at first, doctors, politicians and the police were very critical concerning controlled drug taking. But finally the results were convincing and the atmosphere is now more tolerant, the police do not focus on 'small fry' and let young people smoke marijuana. According to statistics, the Czech Republic ranks at the very top of the list in the number of people who have ever tried some kind of drug, namely marijuana. The positive thing in it is that the number of cases is not increasing and young people experiment with illegal but less risky drugs. The law on drugs, similar to that which was refused 18 months before the election, is being discussed again. Then the Minister of Health asked for the full legalisation of drugs in his election campaign for the liberal party. He was the first health minister in history who wanted to win over young people in this way, since he knew that this exact issue was very important for them. At that time there were failed attempts to legalise marijuana even for medical purposes, but only one vote was missing to accept the proposal. The new draft bill, compared to the unsuccessful one, will be slightly modified. It will consist of sections on marijuana, drug use and sanctions. It will be submitted to the parliament this autumn. As a lawyer and a leader of a legal aid service, I gained both theoretical and practical experience on the legislation of drug problems in Hungary. This legislation has changed many times during the past fifteen years. At first, the criminal statute was amended in It was necessary because the number of drug users increased. Until then, drugs were used mostly by groups belonging to the art sphere, or socially disadvantaged groups. From the beginning of the 90s, drugs spread also among other groups of society. Young people at first started to use a decoction made from poppies. Later they discovered classic drugs like heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and marijuana. However, I would like to emphasise that we can call only those who are drug dependent, 'druggies'. The most frequently used drugs are heroin and cocaine. However, most drug users are not addicted to drugs. Younger generations typically smoke marijuana. In most cases, it does not cause any health problems if young people occasionally smoke marijuana when partying. Also amphetamines belong in this group because most of the young people can control their use. These users do not get in touch with health care service, since the drug does not cause problems for them. There is only one sphere where they can have contact with the state because of their drug use and it is the sphere of criminal law. In Hungary, practice concerning drugs is steady: it is a criminal act to keep drugs even for personal consumption purposes. If a policeman finds a drug while checking somebody's identity, a criminal procedure immediately starts. I would like to give some information about the development of legislation during the last fifteen years in Hungary. In , the most important amendment was introduced, that is the term of diversion. In the case of the user, the criminal procedure starts but it also can be cancelled if the person concerned confirms that he participated in a 6-month treatment or public work. In the case of addiction, it is mandatory to take part in rehabilitation. In the case of occasional users who do not have health problems, it is useful to participate in preventive and community activity. This deflection is in function these days as well. However, one change has occurred. After the elections in , the first task of the right wing government was to tighten the rules regarding drugs in the criminal legislation. The diversion was allowed only for addicted users. Their number is much smaller than the number of occasional users. Occasional users had to face legal proceedings. In most cases they were not sentenced to prison, but the proceeding itself took years and they had to reimburse legal charges. After the next elections in , the left wing government came into power. The criminal statute was amended again and the diversion for occasional users was given back. As you see, the drug issue in Hungary is a very popular topic among politicians, especially at the time of elections. Right wing politicians struggle to enforce repressive measures, while left wing politicians are more liberal. Regarding drugs, Mr. This saying determined the attitude toward drugs in the Criminal Statute for a fouryear period starting in In the very strict penalties were liberalised. In the case of drug dealers, the very strict punishment still holds, that is, the possibility of imprisonment for life. Generally, no judge applies this punishment, as it is not possible to compare selling drugs with brutally committed robbery or murder. The judicial practice accurately resolves the criminal act of drug trade, but the senate dares not touch this part of the legislation, because of the political sensitivity of this issue. Recently, keeping drugs even in small quantities is a felony and the diversion is possible for everyone. In , there were 6, proceedings regarding drug abuse, which is a slight decrease compared to the year , when the number of proceedings was 7, In the number of opened legal proceedings is even fewer. It is worth mentioning the number of proceedings started against those who kept drugs for personal consumption. In , from 6, proceedings 5, were against those who kept drugs for their own consumption and only the rest were against drug dealers. To solve the issue of drug dealing is not so simple, because we have to differentiate between the real drug trade and the so-called 'distribution just among friends'. Within drug distribution there also exists a so-called 'distribution among friends' which is not a real distribution. The number of legal proceedings which are directed towards wholesale trade in quantities of kilograms, is only about a hundred cases annually. The activity of police is mostly directed towards the group that can be caught in the easiest way, that is the users. The police are often under the illusion that capturing users has a preventive effect. In the attitude of police has changed a little. It means that there are a few more proceedings against dealers compared to the past few years. That is probably because there are more young people among the leaders of the police who have already conducted an investigation of drug issues. I would like to say something about the diversion. The diversion is for young people who sometimes try or occasionally use drugs but do not have any health problems. According to my opinion, these diversions appear to be folly. If young people have problems due to drug use, they can visit other medical institutions. The diversion is not even a school prevention. The diversion actually ensures a back door for users not to be punished. It is basically a farcical attitude of lawmakers to the drug issue: we do not want to punish users but we do not have the courage to modify the legislation and say openly that drug taking is not a criminal act. In many states, drug taking is considered to be a violation and not a criminal act, and only in cases where drug consumption is in a public place and in a group. Nobody should care about the things we do in our house or flat, it is a completely private thing. In my opinion it would be the first step to the optimisation of the situation in Hungary. Also from an economic aspect it would be more effective budget-wise to send those who need it to rehabilitation, and start criminal procedures against those who commit a dangerous crime. Due to recent legislation, the source distribution is very unequal. I think that the given amount of money could be used in a more effective way. Thank you very much for the interesting presentation about the situation in Hungary. Now, I ask our next guest, Dr. Marek Zygadlo to describe the situation in Poland. We have almost all kinds of drugs in our country. It think it is an important information that Poland, Belarus and the Ukraine are the biggest producers of the highest quality amphetamine in the world. It is a dangerous drug, more dangerous than heroin. We have many institutions in Poland which are responsible for solving the drug problems. We are very proud that we can cover the treatment of the non-insured drug users. We have also had a national programme of health since which talks about drug demand reduction and limitation of accessibility to drugs. We started to think on the level of ministry and government about the approach to the drug problem, and we have a national bureau for drug prevention established in as a response to the worrying trends in the Polish drug scene. The aim of this organisation is to reduce the use of narcotics, drugs, psychotropic substances, and implement a co-ordinated national strategy against drug addiction. We have a national board of health, this institution covers the costs of treatment of patients. In July a new law was adopted to counter drug addiction. In my opinion this document is unacceptable because for any dose of drugs people can get into prison. So instead of helping them we put drug users into jails. But this act of law also has a useful part, which is introducing obligation to adapt provincial acts to avoid drug addiction. So not only the government is responsible for solving the problem but also the regional governments in the cities and villages. We have had many 'shamans' in Poland-so-called experts-who tried to help the users but many of them did not have any experience and practice. We hope that this system will bring quality into this activity. The national programme for counteracting drug addiction from to focuses on five fields, which are prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, supply reduction and international co-operation. We also have public health services like special inpatient and outpatient clinics, we offer counselling, individual and group therapy, detoxification and care. And now a few words about what kind of role the non-government organisations play in solving the problems connected to drug users and drugs. The non-government organisations in Poland can set up non-public services for drug users. Most of them offer very good health programmes for their clients, like drug education, needle-exchange, harm reduction, psychotherapy or substitution treatment. Community prevention is also implemented through community clubs, education and training as well as through social campaigns. In MONAR we run low-threshold assistance programmes for active drug addicts which are aimed at improving their health and social conditions. Drug related harm is also addressed and through this work we aim to counteract the spread of HIV and other infectious diseases and reduce crime connected with drug use. Drug education is a very important part of harm reduction, because many people are using drugs without knowing anything about them, or believing several myths which are not true. Our needle-exchange programme in Krakow was the first professional of its kind in Poland. We started it in , and now we have several exchange-centres all over the country. As far as the substitution treatment is concerned, two years ago it became possible to provide substitution by non-government organisations, and nonpublic health services could establish such projects. Now we have about ten substitution programmes in Poland, last year we introduced two new projects made by NGOs. So at the moment we have about a thousand clients attending these programmes. Nobody knows how many heroin addicts we have in Poland, it is not easy to count users in any country. According to the national health programme there was about 25 heroin users who needed some kind of treatment in the health system. The NGO services provide consulting for outpatients and detoxication and rehabilitation for inpatients. They also provide postrehabilitation programmes, housing programmes, hostels for clients who finished treatment and try to find their way back to society. I would like to end with two questions which are very important for this discussion. The first one is: What results can we expect from prohibition? The second one is: Why do we create narcofobia? Narcofobia in my opinion is the main problem of the last few years, and it exists because of ignorance and laziness. There is a great fear of drugs and drug addicts. People simply do not want to hear about these problems, while for example alcoholfobia does not really exists among them. Marek Zygadlo, thank you for the interesting presentation. I would like to make a brief description of the situation in Slovakia. Regarding the drug issue, in Central Europe we have a lot of features in common and we also have dissimilarities. After the transition in , when the iron curtain fell down, access to drugs became much easier. Contrary to in Poland, heroin became popular only after , especially in Bratislava. In Poland it was earlier, in Hungary and in the Czech Republic approximately at the same time. Contrary to the Czech Republic, in Slovakia heroin was dominating compared to pervitin, which was available in small quantities even before the transition and it was practically pushed back to the periphery by the police and dealers. So during the 90s we had a huge epidemic of heroin, especially in Bratislava and later in the whole of Slovakia. Ninety percent of treated persons had a problem with heroin. At the turn of the millennium, the situation had gradually changed and the use of pervitin gained ground, which is less addictive than heroin. Nonetheless, since we have noted a sudden increase in demand for pervitin, i. The situation has become stable during the last three years, the number of treated people has not increased. Obviously we always have new patients. At the same time, the request for cannabis addiction therapy has also increased. Regarding cannabis, there are lot of discussions. This substance is not as addictive as some other drugs. Only a smaller percent of occasional marijuana users--or people who use other forms of cannabis-become addicted. Although, besides the growth in demands for pervitin addiction therapy, between we noted an increased number of demands for cannabis addiction treatment. Taking into consideration the number of users, of course, it is just a small part but in terms of therapy it is a significant growth. In Slovakia, approximately 2, people seek medical help because of drugs every year. Out of that, approximately people use heroin, which has the highest addictive power. Moreover, it is usually used intravenously, so it poses the highest risk to public health. Concerning criminality, heroin is one of the most serious drugs. We started early with prevention and harmreduction. In we had less than a hundred intravenous users in Bratislava who requested medical help, and already at that time we started to change the spikes and needles. Recently sterile needles and syringes are available in drug-stores. Of course, not every drug-store is willing to help the users, it mostly depends on the pharmacist. In most cases users can buy syringes for a low price and there is no legal ground to forbid their sale to users, so the harm-reduction is ensured mainly through drug-stores. Syringe exchange programmes operate in the biggest drug centres. Regarding the political solution of the drug problem, there are two strategies to approaching drugs. The first is a repressive force-police, customs officers0-which is aimed at supply reduction, while the second is a non-repressive way, that is, prevention and demand reduction. We who work in the non-repressive sphere divide users according to if they have health problems or not. The health problem category, besides drug addiction, consists of drug overdose and infections. The repressive approach takes a different view of it. They take into consideration the relationship between users and the law. Print article. Send link.

Krakow buying MDMA pills