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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3. Adolescence is transitional stage of physical and mental human development occuring between childhood and adult life. Social interactions and environmental factors together are important predictors of adolescent cannabis use. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the social determinants and adolescents behavior with cannabis consumption. A cross sectional study as part of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs was conducted among 6. Among 6. The study confirmed the importance of family relationship development. Drug use preventive programmes should include building interpersonal trust in a family lifecycle and school culture. Immediate health problems are psychotic symptoms, depression, suicidal behavior, respiratory disease, difficulties in functions related to learning, concentration and memory, decrease in school performance. Behavior problems following the previous are: interpersonal bullying, traffic accidences and drowning and risky sexual behaviors 1 , 2. At older age, these people may adopt other risk behaviors, such as other illegal drug use, violence, and delinquency 3. Cannabis still holds the position of the most widely-used and available illicit drug in Europe 4. In most European countries, cannabis use increased during the s and early s. Growing popularity of cannabis use has been particularly observed in countries of central and Eastern Europe 6. The biggest cities in Serbia are on this road: Novi Sad the capital city of the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina , Belgrade the capital city of Republic Serbia , Kragujevac the city in the central Serbia and Nis the city in southern Serbia. Serbian transition milieu in the post-war period is very convenient for international crime operations from Asia via Balkan Peninsula to Western Europe. In some parts of Serbia, along the rivers Sava, Dunav, and Morava, cannabis is grown and it can be bought at our markets 8. Studies related to drug abuse among adolescents are actual. During the nineties, illegal drug market was similar in all parts of Serbian, so the cannabis was the most used drug among children of 13 to 15 years of age and that 9. Considering various researches cannabis consumption by the adolescent could be serious public health problem The study Health Behavior of School Children completed in with a sample of 5. During social disturbance in Serbia prior , two studies has pointed out that 2. Cannabis users were more boys than girls 8 , Adolescence is transitional stage of physical and mental human development from childhood to adult life. Its characteristics are rapid physical growth, and psychological, mental and social maturity Even, experimentation with drugs during this period can be considered as a statistically normative phenomenon According to factors of the personal social context, substance-using peer groups and others such as older siblings have been found the strongest predictor of cannabis use in adolescence Environmental factors such as easy availability of cannabis also tend to increase possibility of adolescent substance use Besides, the other environmental factors could have critical role in personal development and social context: culture, race, socioeconomic and demographic factors living in a single — parent family, poor interaction and communication with parents , education poor academic performance or leaving school , social guidance alcohol availability, social drinking norms and history of tobacco smoking and health condition mental conditions, antisocial behaviors 1 , 2 , Social interactions and environmental factors together are important predictors of adolescent cannabis use They create an ambience in which adolescents are exposed to cannabis use or have the opportunity to abuse it. That could be measured by frequency of evenings out with friends. For different target groups in Serbia, there are drug preventive activities, the government also adopted a National Strategy for the Fight against Drugs from to The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the social and demographic determinants and adolescents behavior with cannabis consumption. A cross sectional study was carried out among a stratified one - stage sample of schoolchildren out of , aged 16 years, born in There were 2, The schoolchildren were attending their first year of secondary school in Serbia. The study included secondary schools out of The sampling frame, the list of all secondary schools in Serbia was provided by the Ministry of Education. The number of classes and number of students in classes was estimated based on the number of schools and classes in the previous period. The sample was selected to provide statistical reliability at two levels: the territorial coverage and type of secondary schools. The territorial coverage comprised three regions of Serbia: the autonomous province of Vojvodina represented by capital city Novi Sad, territory of Belgrade represented by capital city of Serbia, Belgrade and Central Serbia represented by the biggest city in South Serbia, Nis. In Vojvodina there were Also, territorial coverage included the big and small cities, and rural areas. There were Type of schools were selected by school branches that existed in urban and rural areas: gymnasium four years of general education , vocational — professional four years of professional education and vocational — handicraft three years of specific education for different types of crafts. Numbers of schoolchildren were: The survey data were obtained through a self-reported questionnaire with previous consent obtained from the Parent Council in selected schools and the Ethical committee of the Institute of Public Health of Serbia. The questionnaire was administrated in classrooms under conditions similar to written test in presence of the research assistants, while teachers were absent. The survey took about 45 minutes, one school class in our study 41 minutes in average. Participation was voluntary and there were no consequences for those who did not wish to participate. On the day of research, 7 schoolchildren 5 boys and 2 girls refused to take part. Children were free to leave some questions unanswered. In order to preserve complete anonymity of the respondent, each filled questionnaire, children placed in a sealed envelope. After analyzing the data quality the sample involved schoolchildren. Total of 18 variables were analyzed as indicators of cannabis consumption. Most of the answers were presented at the six and seven point scale see Table 1. According to cannabis consumption, adolescents were divided as non-users having never tried it and users having consumed it at least once in their life. Univariate analyses were carried out to study differences in socio-demographic characteristics and behavior associated with cannabis use by regions of Serbia and types of schools. Table 1 illustrates the relevant sociodemographic and cannabis consumption characteristics in the study sample. In the sample of adolescents age 16, only 6. Almost half of parents had second school education. Adolescents were, in great percentage, satisfied with their relationships with parents, a little more with mother then with father. Also, two-thirds of adolescents were very satisfied with their relationship with friends. More than one-third of adolescents estimated their school performance as average. Almost two-thirds of adolescents have never missed classes during the last 30 days. The other had skipping classes more than one day due to reasons different than illness or some other reasons for example tests. The most frequently performed everyday activities were: going with friends to a shopping mall, walking in the streets or in the parks Same percentage of adolescents spent their spare time actively practicing sports, athletics or exercises. More than one - third of adolescents were spending time on the computer or playing computer games. As shown in Table 2 and Table 3 , after applying the univariate analysis, 11 variables out of 18 described adolescents and their habits were associated with c annabis consumption by regions, and by type of school in at least one sociodemographic dimension and spare time. Unadjusted odds rations OR for sociodemographic characteristics and adolescent behavior associated with cannabis use by regions: univariate analyses. Unadjusted odds rations OR for sociodemographic factors and adolescent behavior associated with cannabis use by types of schools: univariate analyses. Multiple logistic regression analyses Table 4 indicated that the sex was associated with cannabis consumption in Vojvodina and the Central Serbia, i. In Belgrade and the Central Serbia the adolescents who were satisfied with the relationship with their father less consume cannabis. In Vojvodina the adolescents who were satisfied with the relationship with their mother less consume cannabis. Adolescents whose parents knew where they spent Saturday night consume less cannabis in Belgrade and Central Serbia. Adolescents who skipped classes consumed more cannabis in Belgrade and Central Serbia. In all three regions, spare time activities like evening outs and playing on slot machines were associated with cannabis consumption. Only in Vojvodina, using the internet in spare time was associated with cannabis consumption. Multiple logistic regression analyses Table 5 indicated that the sex was associated with cannabis consumption in gymnasium, and vocational — professional secondary schools. Gymnasium boys were almost two times more consuming cannabis than the girls, while it was less in professional secondary schools. Adolescents whose parents knew where they spent Saturday night consumed less cannabis in gymnasium and vocational — professional school. Adolescents who had better relationship with father abused less cannabis in professional and handcraft school. While, adolescents who had better relationship with mother abused less cannabis in gymnasium. Higher education of mother was associated with lower cannabis consumption of adolescents in vocational — professional schools. Missed classes due to skipping classes was associated with cannabis use in all three types of school, and it was more among adolescents in vocational — handcraft school. In all three schools, more spare time spent on activities like playing on slot machines was associated with more frequent cannabis consumption, and almost three times more among adolescents in gymnasium and vocational — handcraft school. However, more evening outs were associated with cannabis consumption among adolescents in vocational — professional schools. Factors significantly associated with cannabis use by schools: multiple logistic regression analysis. Our findings in this nationally representative sample of adolescents have shown that, 6. According to social determinants of cannabis abuse, adolescents from Central Serbia were more similar to adolescents from Belgrade, and greater similarity has been noted between the adolescents from gymnasium and vocational — professional school. Few years before our study, there were Our study has showed that boys in Vojvodina and Central Serbia consumed cannabis more than girls. Similar data were found in 31 European and North American countries 10 , However, when boys and girls were in the same situation, their behavior was the same in consumption of cannabis 1 , 2 , 22 , In our study, boys who attended gymnasium and professional schools, where genders were proportional opposite to vocational — handcraft schools, consumed cannabis more frequently than girls. It might be the bias, if in those types of school there were more boys than girls. There is evidence that low socio-economic status may lead to increased drug use Researches emphasized the necessity to examine whether adolescents from wealthier family are exposed to greater drug abuse In our study adolescents from wealthier families were more associated with cannabis consumption in Central Serbia and in professional schools. The drug market is available to everyone, but wealthier could buy easier. The period — has recorded a decrease or stable retail price of cannabis in most European countries 6 , Serbia is among the countries with low cannabis price, lower than in surrounding countries 2. In Serbia, it has been recognized that adopting the strategic documents for healthy behavior promotion among youth is needed e. Numerous preventive activities and campaigns to reduce drug abuse are implemented in community, kindergartens and schools by different institutions, bodies, police, etc. Our study showed that it is important that parents have a control above adolescents in gymnasia and professional schools evening outs, spare time activities, and skipping the school. It is known, that school and family environments including community may increase the influence of adolescents risk behavior and drug use, although this matter has not been thoroughly analyzed Relationships with parents, satisfaction with mother or father were predictors of cannabis use among adolescents in Serbia. The literature indicates that structure of family and difficulties in communicating with parents were predictive factors for cannabis abuse 1 , 2 , Our research showed that better satisfaction with mother and her higher education was more protective against cannabis use. Absences from classes due to skips were associated with cannabis use in Belgrade and Central Serbia, and among adolescents in all three types of schools. It is important to offer positive school climate, and school and family together may support the development and implementation of effective prevention and intervention approaches 35 , 36 — Spare time activities offer the opportunities for adolescents to experiment with new roles and participate in risky behavior Our results are consistent with evidence of the previous studies in United States and European countries considering correlation between cannabis use and evening outs 10 , 17 , In Serbia, when the study was conducted, casinos and places with slot machines were located everywhere and even near the schools, which were potential risk for higher accessibility to cannabis. At the beginning of , the action has been initiated to close places where gambling slot machines were available. Also, there has been recommended to prohibit the gambling places that were less than meters from the schools, and prohibit the entry to the persons under age of In Serbia, there is trend for opening internet coffee — spots where adolescents can spend spare time. The internet, as closer form of communication, gives them easier access to information about cannabis consumption and prices. Online retailers of drugs products are growing in UK, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria, and they adapt rapidly to new attempts to control the market In , The main strength of our study is possibility to follow-up data in the future and large sample of the study and coverage on the national level. However, data are not representative for all adolescents in Serbia born in , but only for adolescents who attended the first grade of secondary school and were the same age. The reasons are: the secondary school is not obligatory, and some young people after the primary school did not continue further education or some adolescents went to the secondary school later. Other limitations are self-report biases. In Serbia socio economic factors such as well off families and lower education of mother are significantly associated with adolescent cannabis use. The study confirmed the importance of family relationship development for decreasing adolescent cannabis use, and risky activities during leisure time particularly playing on slot machine and skipping from schools. Better relations and trust building between adolescents and parents should be the focus of preventive programmes. The results of this study are important for policy makers to create partnerships in community, which can contribute to effective drug prevention programs. Our findings also may be important for advanced investigations, because it is known that cannabis use could be associated with acceptance of other risk behaviors at a later stage. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Iran J Public Health. Received Sep 26; Accepted Feb 11; Collection date Cannabis consumption and general characteristics of 16 years old adolescents. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Sex a. Cannabis lifetime b. Father education c. Mother education d. Familly well off e. Parents familliarity on Saturday night f. With father g. With mother h. With friends i. School grades j. Skipped school k. Computer games l. Sports m. Read books n. Evening outs o. Hobbies p. Shopping mall q. Internet r. Slot machines s.

The Importance of Family Relations for Cannabis Users: The Case of Serbian Adolescents

Kragujevac buying hash

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Kragujevac buying hash