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They are among the most profitable and widespread types of organized crime, which the largest number of identified organized crime groups deal with. The social danger of this type of crime is extremely high, primarily in the social, medical and economic contexts. Moreover, it is conducive to the great financial power of participants in organized drug-related crimes, their corruptive influence, as well as the infiltration of illegal proceeds into legal financial flows. It is connected with other types of organized crime, and also results in violent crimes, which are committed within fight for prevalence on the criminal market and territory. According to their age, social situation and education, drug users are a heterogenous population that commits different property crimes in order to get money for drugs. On the other hand, the number of those suffering from drug use disorders jumped to During the COVID pandemic, as a result of the total suspension of air traffic and closure of state borders to passenger traffic, the only way to smuggle drugs was to transport them in freight vehicles together with the legitimate cargo. According to the same report, the sale of drugs on dark web jumped from USD 80 million, recorded between and mid, to million in the period from mid and The war in Ukraine did not affect the drug smuggling quantities and routes in Serbia, and official data on seizures related to citizens of the Russian Federation and Ukraine showed that they accounted for a negligible percentage of the total number of perpetrators. Serbia is mostly an area of transit to the Western European and Eastern criminal markets, and the final destination only to a lesser extent. Manufacture of drugs is less prevalent, since it refers only to certain types of psychoactive controlled substances marijuana and synthetic drugs and mostly for the local market needs. Marijuana, cocaine, heroin and synthetic drugs including precursors are the most common types of drugs which OCGs deal with. Marijuana is still the most widely represented drug on the illegal market, and in recent years this has also happened with cocaine and synthetic drugs. Recently, there has also been an increase in smuggling, that is, diversion of pharmaceuticals and their use for non-medical purposes. In the past four-year period, i. More than thirty tons of narcotics were seized — mostly marijuana Record seizures were registered in — a total of 8. Cocaine is distinguished by increased demand, which is also accompanied by greater production. The main producer is South America, from which cocaine is smuggled to Europe in shipping containers via different routes, mostly seaports. The world cocaine supply has increased significantly, which will result in the emergence of new markets. The American continent, as well as the Western and Central Europe, are still the main markets, but the use of cocaine is also increasing significantly in Africa, Asia and Southeast Europe. The presence of cocaine in the EU has risen significantly, and the increase in its purity has been unprecedented. They form associations according to their geographic origin, shared criminal past and absence of a language barrier. These groups organize its purchase, transfer, receipt, further transport and sale in Western European countries. Certain quantities of cocaine are smuggled to Bulgaria and Turkey, where they are exchanged for heroin. Smaller quantities remain in the Balkans, including Serbia. The drug market in Serbia follows the global trend of increased presence of cocaine, which can be seen from the fact that the seized quantities of this type of drug in Serbia in were more than three times higher than in The smuggling of cocaine into Serbia is mostly organized by the aforementioned Balkan OCGs, which include those from Serbia. They hold all important positions in the international cocaine smuggling and trafficking chain, both in the countries of origin in South America and in European ports and cities. Their cooperation is synchronized and well organized, but frequent seizures of large quantities of cocaine, cutting of smuggling chains and, in some cases, mutual competition frequently cause conflicts that result in murders in European countries and the region. Like before, money obtained through the sale of cocaine is distributed in such a way that a third is invested in the purchase of new quantities, while two thirds are placed in legal flows. Money is still most frequently transferred to bank accounts of offshore companies and then invested in companies that operate in the region, especially in the fields of construction engineering, tourist industry, hospitality services and games of chance. All seized cocaine in Serbia is in the form of the hydrochloride salt. There have been no seizures of so-called crack cocaine in our country. Judging by the samples, the mass fraction of cocaine is high in large seizures, which means that they are extremely potent, very pure and usually not cut with other substances. In , the number of uncut cocaine samples was higher than in the previous period. Since a high-level threat from smuggling and trafficking of cocaine primarily exists on the international level, only to be transferred later to individual countries, the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia has participated in numerous joint operations with international organizations and police forces of other countries. One of these operations was aimed at breaking the chain of criminal structures from Serbia and neighboring countries. The group was linked to the seizure of a total of seven tons of cocaine in , out of which about five tons were seized in the Netherlands Antilles, 1. On the basis of information provided by the Serbian police, kilograms of cocaine were seized In Hong Kong in April , while in May that year, kilograms of cocaine were seized within a parallel investigation conducted in Serbia, Croatia, Czechia and Switzerland. In March , in cooperation with the police forces of Croatia, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Austria and Germany, nine kilograms of cocaine and other drugs were seized. It resulted in the seizure of 2. In early , based on data provided by the Serbian police, the UK National Crime Agency NCA stopped a truck with Serbian license plates in the country, driven by a Serbian citizen, and found twenty kilograms of cocaine. In Serbia, an outstanding seizure of eight kilograms of cocaine was made in Belgrade in November The cocaine was smuggled from the Netherlands. Marijuana is traditionally the most widely present drug on the international and European illegal drug markets. According to the World Drug Report for , the global demand was spurred by the legalization of cannabis in certain countries, which resulted in an increase in its daily use, primarily among the young population. Since it is also produced in our country, marijuana is far more accessible and cheaper than other drugs, which makes it one of the constantly demanded drugs. In recent years, the production of marijuana in both natural and artificial conditions has increased. The number of discovered farms and laboratories for its cultivation is one of the indicators of increased production under natural conditions and increasing expansion of production under controlled conditions in labs. In , outdoor farms and 53 indoor laboratories of marijuana were detected, and in , this number increased to outdoor farms and 62 indoor labs. The soil in Serbia is suitable for marijuana growing, and the use of modern technical tools has facilitated not only the organization of this process, but also the production process itself and greater yields, and, consequently, also the increase of profit. As for the production of marijuana under artificial conditions, greater production is accompanied by greater investments, from the lab equipment and improvement of conditions in the labs to the purchase of high-quality equipment that is also used in legal agricultural production. Laboratories are situated in rented houses in the suburbs and sparsely populated areas or in facilities that are adapted for this purpose. The transportation of thus produced marijuana is less risky than that from other areas, and so the price on the drug market is lower. The genetically modified marijuana, or so-called skunk, is an exception, because its price is usually higher than the price of non-GMO marijuana. Marijuana produced in these laboratories is partly distributed in the country, and partly transported to Western European countries through illegal channels. In addition, marijuana is smuggled from Albania, as the largest producer in the region, toward North Macedonia, Greece and Montenegro. Part of the smuggled marijuana remains on the illegal market in central Serbia, and another part is smuggled into EU member states. Moreover, it is also smuggled through the central Balkan route in the opposite direction — it is transferred in larger quantities to Turkey for the purpose of sale and exchange for heroin. In the period between and , about 7. All marijuana samples in large seizures were very potent because they contained psychoactive THC in a mass fraction significantly higher than 0. Most of the seized smaller mass samples, which belonged to the category of small seizures, also contained more than 0. In the recent period, cannabis with less than 0. The largest marijuana farm was detected in the municipality of Stara Pazova in late , when 37, marijuana plants weighing a total of about 1, kg were seized. In central Serbia, two farms with kg and kg of cannabis, respectively, were detected in , while in May , an improvised marijuana laboratory with cannabis plants was found. A total of 2. In mid, a joint operation with the Spanish police resulted in the arrest of OCG members involved in the production of marijuana in Spain and its sales in EU member states. In Spain, 31 people were arrested, 15 clandestine laboratories were discovered and kg and 14, stems of marijuana were seized. In Serbia, four persons were arrested and a large amount of illegally acquired money and other things were seized. In late , in cooperation with the Spanish police, members of an OCG involved in the production of marijuana under artificial conditions in Serbia and Spain were arrested. In Spain, 19 people were arrested and six clandestine laboratories were found, while in Belgrade, a large amount of laundered money was found. High earnings are the main reason, in view of the fact that cannabis grown indoors can have three to four yields in a year. An increase in foodstuffs with THC is also possible. The heroin route begins in Afghanistan, goes through Iran and Turkey, and then its largest part goes through the Balkans, that is, the so-called Balkan route, which is still the main smuggling route to the countries of Western and Central Europe. Heroin is smuggled to Serbia from Montenegro. According to UNODC estimates, about tons of heroin are smuggled every year from Turkey through Southeast European countries, that is, through Bulgaria and to a lesser extent through Greece. Heroin which arrives in Serbia mostly originates from Afghanistan and is most frequently purchased in Montenegro, Albania and Bulgaria. Although smaller quantities remain in Serbia, its largest part is intended for the European drug market. Heroin is smuggled into Serbia by land, mostly through border crossings, hidden in specially made secret compartments in buses and passenger and cargo vehicles. Larger quantities are smuggled in trucks which transport legal goods. OCGs which dominantly deal with heroin smuggling are known for their strict internal discipline, preparedness to use violence, but also for their family ties. The fact that the already mentioned heroin smuggling route — better known as the Balkan route — which leads to Western European countries, passes through Serbia has contributed to the development of Albanian OCGs in our region. Current developments indicate that there has been a decrease in the smuggling and trafficking of heroin, which can be seen from the quantities of seized heroin in the last four years — in , they were almost three times smaller than in This is because OCGs which control this criminal activity on a transnational level more and more frequently decide to smuggle heroin using maritime routes, mainly from Turkish ports, directly to ports and entry points in EU member states, bypassing Serbia. All of the seized heroin was alkaline. Seizures of heroin in the form of the hydrochloride salt are very rare. Heroin samples in large seizures are extremely potent, of high purity, but frequently cut with substances such as caffeine and paracetamol. Seized samples of smaller masses have lower purity and are cut with large quantities of the same substances as in large seizures. In , 77 kg of very pure heroin, which had been bought in Turkey, was seized in the Belgrade settlement of Mladenovac. In cooperation with the police forces of North Macedonia and Austria, about 17 kg of heroin and 5 kg of cocaine were seized in , and this marked the end of the OCG which had long dealt with the smuggling of large quantities of these drugs through the Balkan route. In February , Germany seized 12 kg of heroin on the basis of information provided by the Serbian police. In early , within a parallel investigation with Bulgaria and in cooperation with the DEA, a total of 22 kg of heroin were seized 20 kg in Bulgaria and 2 kg in Serbia. Also, since the quantity of heroin smuggled through Serbia has decreased in the past few years, one can expect that this trend will continue in the coming period. This trend has already been observed in Northeastern Europe. The recognition of such potential dangers should result in the prediction of risks from substances and greater precautionary measures in the treatment of psychoactive substances in the field and in forensic laboratories. The illicit synthetic drug market is characterized by constant innovations in the production methods and substances, as well as greater financial investments in their production. These drugs are mostly manufactured in EU member states and the distributed globally. According to data from the Report on Drugs of the European Center for Monitoring Drugs and Drug Addiction, the production of the most common synthetic drugs amphetamine and methamphetamine has been stable in the European Union, with an upward trend in the past few years. Amphetamine is very accessible, also with an upward trend, while methamphetamine is also showing signs of growth on the illicit drug market. Laboratories for the production of synthetic drugs are becoming more modern in terms of technology, as well as more functional and with larger capacities, which means that production growth can also be expected in the coming period. The Western Balkans, where amphetamine, methamphetamine and ecstasy are the most common synthetic drugs, is becoming the place where synthetic drugs are being produced more and more frequently. This is because their production is simple, cheap and quick, which has otherwise radically transformed many drug markets. In the recent years, the presence of synthetic drugs, especially amphetamine, has increased in Serbia. The number of users of these drugs is constantly growing, primarily due to their accessibility and low price. Users are young, but their age limit is dropping even further. Synthetic drugs are entering the illegal market mainly from Western Europe, especially from the Netherlands and Germany, but part of them are also arriving from Bulgaria. Multiple types of synthetic drugs are present, and they appear everywhere and among all social strata. In addition to their being widespread, a problem in the fight against synthetic drugs is also their chemical diversity, because a small change in the chemical structure results in a new psychoactive substance. Such substances have so far appeared sporadically in Serbia, in quantities that do not cause much concern five or six substances weighing several hundred grams in total. The emergence of new or modified psychoactive substances requires continuous education, improvement and specialization of work methods of competent authorities, since their detection is frequently impeded by conventional work methods. The crystallization of amphetamine in makeshift laboratories at home has resulted in a decrease in purchase price. At the same time, seizures of amphetamine oil have increased, which indicates that the last stage of amphetamine production is being performed in Serbia. In and , a total of , ml of amphetamine oil were seized. The new method of production led to a decrease in the number of synthetic drug laboratories, because illegal proceeds are now easier to earn through a process that does not require a chemist, purchase of precursors and laboratory equipment, frequent changes of locations, physical security, etc. The largest quantity of seized amphetamine belonged to the medium mass category mass of the individual sample is more than ten grams and less than one kilogram. The purity of amphetamine samples varied, and there was no regularity. Crystal MDMA samples were pure, while different diluents and binding agents were added to tablets most frequently microcrystalline cellulose or lactose. At the Gradina border crossing, 75, MDMA tablets, , amphetamine tablets and nearly five kilos of cocaine were seized in Low price and simplicity of production will continue to play an important role in their accessibility. Organized Crime Groups from Serbia are involved in the acquisition and distribution of precursors, and between and , the largest quantities of pseudoephedrine, benzyl chloride and sulfuric acid were seized. In addition to precursors, OCGs also produce and smuggle pre-precursors — chemical substances from which precursors are obtained through simple chemical reactions — which are then used in the production of psychoactive controlled substances. When a precursor becomes controlled, seized amounts of the substance drop drastically, while the amount of seized alternative precursors or pre-precursors increase significantly. There has recently been a sharp increase in the diversion of pharmaceutical drugs for non-medical purposes, mostly of sedatives, sleeping pills, painkillers, etc. Individuals and criminal groups in Serbia purchase drugs which are on the List of Controlled Psychotropic Substances and smuggle them in vehicles through Hungary and Croatia to EU member states, where their price is many times higher and issuance control is stricter. Most of the smuggled drugs are produced by the domestic pharmaceutical companies Galenika and Hemofarm, although some pharmaceuticals are also produced by foreign pharmaceutical companies that have representative offices in Serbia. Drugs Illegal production, trafficking and smuggling of drugs in Serbia represent a very high-level security threat. Most registered OCGs deal with this very dynamic type of transnational crime, but are also involved in the international purchase and distribution of drugs. Global and Regional Nature of the Issue Cocaine is distinguished by increased demand, which is also accompanied by greater production. Situation in Serbia The drug market in Serbia follows the global trend of increased presence of cocaine, which can be seen from the fact that the seized quantities of this type of drug in Serbia in were more than three times higher than in Quantity of seized cocaine per year in kg. Expected Future developments. Global and Regional Nature of the Issue Marijuana is traditionally the most widely present drug on the international and European illegal drug markets. Quantity of seized marijuana per years in tons. Global and Regional Nature of the Issue The heroin route begins in Afghanistan, goes through Iran and Turkey, and then its largest part goes through the Balkans, that is, the so-called Balkan route, which is still the main smuggling route to the countries of Western and Central Europe. Situation in Serbia Heroin which arrives in Serbia mostly originates from Afghanistan and is most frequently purchased in Montenegro, Albania and Bulgaria. Quantity of seized heroin per years in kg. Synthetic and New Psychoactive Drugs. Global and Regional Nature of the Issue The illicit synthetic drug market is characterized by constant innovations in the production methods and substances, as well as greater financial investments in their production. Situation in Serbia In the recent years, the presence of synthetic drugs, especially amphetamine, has increased in Serbia. Seized quantities of MDMA and amphetamine per year. Precursors and Pre-Precursors. Diversion of Pharmaceutical Drugs.

The Importance of Family Relations for Cannabis Users: The Case of Serbian Adolescents

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3. Adolescence is transitional stage of physical and mental human development occuring between childhood and adult life. Social interactions and environmental factors together are important predictors of adolescent cannabis use. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the social determinants and adolescents behavior with cannabis consumption. A cross sectional study as part of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs was conducted among 6. Among 6. The study confirmed the importance of family relationship development. Drug use preventive programmes should include building interpersonal trust in a family lifecycle and school culture. Immediate health problems are psychotic symptoms, depression, suicidal behavior, respiratory disease, difficulties in functions related to learning, concentration and memory, decrease in school performance. Behavior problems following the previous are: interpersonal bullying, traffic accidences and drowning and risky sexual behaviors 1 , 2. At older age, these people may adopt other risk behaviors, such as other illegal drug use, violence, and delinquency 3. Cannabis still holds the position of the most widely-used and available illicit drug in Europe 4. In most European countries, cannabis use increased during the s and early s. Growing popularity of cannabis use has been particularly observed in countries of central and Eastern Europe 6. The biggest cities in Serbia are on this road: Novi Sad the capital city of the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina , Belgrade the capital city of Republic Serbia , Kragujevac the city in the central Serbia and Nis the city in southern Serbia. Serbian transition milieu in the post-war period is very convenient for international crime operations from Asia via Balkan Peninsula to Western Europe. In some parts of Serbia, along the rivers Sava, Dunav, and Morava, cannabis is grown and it can be bought at our markets 8. Studies related to drug abuse among adolescents are actual. During the nineties, illegal drug market was similar in all parts of Serbian, so the cannabis was the most used drug among children of 13 to 15 years of age and that 9. Considering various researches cannabis consumption by the adolescent could be serious public health problem The study Health Behavior of School Children completed in with a sample of 5. During social disturbance in Serbia prior , two studies has pointed out that 2. Cannabis users were more boys than girls 8 , Adolescence is transitional stage of physical and mental human development from childhood to adult life. Its characteristics are rapid physical growth, and psychological, mental and social maturity Even, experimentation with drugs during this period can be considered as a statistically normative phenomenon According to factors of the personal social context, substance-using peer groups and others such as older siblings have been found the strongest predictor of cannabis use in adolescence Environmental factors such as easy availability of cannabis also tend to increase possibility of adolescent substance use Besides, the other environmental factors could have critical role in personal development and social context: culture, race, socioeconomic and demographic factors living in a single — parent family, poor interaction and communication with parents , education poor academic performance or leaving school , social guidance alcohol availability, social drinking norms and history of tobacco smoking and health condition mental conditions, antisocial behaviors 1 , 2 , Social interactions and environmental factors together are important predictors of adolescent cannabis use They create an ambience in which adolescents are exposed to cannabis use or have the opportunity to abuse it. That could be measured by frequency of evenings out with friends. For different target groups in Serbia, there are drug preventive activities, the government also adopted a National Strategy for the Fight against Drugs from to The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the social and demographic determinants and adolescents behavior with cannabis consumption. A cross sectional study was carried out among a stratified one - stage sample of schoolchildren out of , aged 16 years, born in There were 2, The schoolchildren were attending their first year of secondary school in Serbia. The study included secondary schools out of The sampling frame, the list of all secondary schools in Serbia was provided by the Ministry of Education. The number of classes and number of students in classes was estimated based on the number of schools and classes in the previous period. The sample was selected to provide statistical reliability at two levels: the territorial coverage and type of secondary schools. The territorial coverage comprised three regions of Serbia: the autonomous province of Vojvodina represented by capital city Novi Sad, territory of Belgrade represented by capital city of Serbia, Belgrade and Central Serbia represented by the biggest city in South Serbia, Nis. In Vojvodina there were Also, territorial coverage included the big and small cities, and rural areas. There were Type of schools were selected by school branches that existed in urban and rural areas: gymnasium four years of general education , vocational — professional four years of professional education and vocational — handicraft three years of specific education for different types of crafts. Numbers of schoolchildren were: The survey data were obtained through a self-reported questionnaire with previous consent obtained from the Parent Council in selected schools and the Ethical committee of the Institute of Public Health of Serbia. The questionnaire was administrated in classrooms under conditions similar to written test in presence of the research assistants, while teachers were absent. The survey took about 45 minutes, one school class in our study 41 minutes in average. Participation was voluntary and there were no consequences for those who did not wish to participate. On the day of research, 7 schoolchildren 5 boys and 2 girls refused to take part. Children were free to leave some questions unanswered. In order to preserve complete anonymity of the respondent, each filled questionnaire, children placed in a sealed envelope. After analyzing the data quality the sample involved schoolchildren. Total of 18 variables were analyzed as indicators of cannabis consumption. Most of the answers were presented at the six and seven point scale see Table 1. According to cannabis consumption, adolescents were divided as non-users having never tried it and users having consumed it at least once in their life. Univariate analyses were carried out to study differences in socio-demographic characteristics and behavior associated with cannabis use by regions of Serbia and types of schools. Table 1 illustrates the relevant sociodemographic and cannabis consumption characteristics in the study sample. In the sample of adolescents age 16, only 6. Almost half of parents had second school education. Adolescents were, in great percentage, satisfied with their relationships with parents, a little more with mother then with father. Also, two-thirds of adolescents were very satisfied with their relationship with friends. More than one-third of adolescents estimated their school performance as average. Almost two-thirds of adolescents have never missed classes during the last 30 days. The other had skipping classes more than one day due to reasons different than illness or some other reasons for example tests. The most frequently performed everyday activities were: going with friends to a shopping mall, walking in the streets or in the parks Same percentage of adolescents spent their spare time actively practicing sports, athletics or exercises. More than one - third of adolescents were spending time on the computer or playing computer games. As shown in Table 2 and Table 3 , after applying the univariate analysis, 11 variables out of 18 described adolescents and their habits were associated with c annabis consumption by regions, and by type of school in at least one sociodemographic dimension and spare time. Unadjusted odds rations OR for sociodemographic characteristics and adolescent behavior associated with cannabis use by regions: univariate analyses. Unadjusted odds rations OR for sociodemographic factors and adolescent behavior associated with cannabis use by types of schools: univariate analyses. Multiple logistic regression analyses Table 4 indicated that the sex was associated with cannabis consumption in Vojvodina and the Central Serbia, i. In Belgrade and the Central Serbia the adolescents who were satisfied with the relationship with their father less consume cannabis. In Vojvodina the adolescents who were satisfied with the relationship with their mother less consume cannabis. Adolescents whose parents knew where they spent Saturday night consume less cannabis in Belgrade and Central Serbia. Adolescents who skipped classes consumed more cannabis in Belgrade and Central Serbia. In all three regions, spare time activities like evening outs and playing on slot machines were associated with cannabis consumption. Only in Vojvodina, using the internet in spare time was associated with cannabis consumption. Multiple logistic regression analyses Table 5 indicated that the sex was associated with cannabis consumption in gymnasium, and vocational — professional secondary schools. Gymnasium boys were almost two times more consuming cannabis than the girls, while it was less in professional secondary schools. Adolescents whose parents knew where they spent Saturday night consumed less cannabis in gymnasium and vocational — professional school. Adolescents who had better relationship with father abused less cannabis in professional and handcraft school. While, adolescents who had better relationship with mother abused less cannabis in gymnasium. Higher education of mother was associated with lower cannabis consumption of adolescents in vocational — professional schools. Missed classes due to skipping classes was associated with cannabis use in all three types of school, and it was more among adolescents in vocational — handcraft school. In all three schools, more spare time spent on activities like playing on slot machines was associated with more frequent cannabis consumption, and almost three times more among adolescents in gymnasium and vocational — handcraft school. However, more evening outs were associated with cannabis consumption among adolescents in vocational — professional schools. Factors significantly associated with cannabis use by schools: multiple logistic regression analysis. Our findings in this nationally representative sample of adolescents have shown that, 6. According to social determinants of cannabis abuse, adolescents from Central Serbia were more similar to adolescents from Belgrade, and greater similarity has been noted between the adolescents from gymnasium and vocational — professional school. Few years before our study, there were Our study has showed that boys in Vojvodina and Central Serbia consumed cannabis more than girls. Similar data were found in 31 European and North American countries 10 , However, when boys and girls were in the same situation, their behavior was the same in consumption of cannabis 1 , 2 , 22 , In our study, boys who attended gymnasium and professional schools, where genders were proportional opposite to vocational — handcraft schools, consumed cannabis more frequently than girls. It might be the bias, if in those types of school there were more boys than girls. There is evidence that low socio-economic status may lead to increased drug use Researches emphasized the necessity to examine whether adolescents from wealthier family are exposed to greater drug abuse In our study adolescents from wealthier families were more associated with cannabis consumption in Central Serbia and in professional schools. The drug market is available to everyone, but wealthier could buy easier. The period — has recorded a decrease or stable retail price of cannabis in most European countries 6 , Serbia is among the countries with low cannabis price, lower than in surrounding countries 2. In Serbia, it has been recognized that adopting the strategic documents for healthy behavior promotion among youth is needed e. Numerous preventive activities and campaigns to reduce drug abuse are implemented in community, kindergartens and schools by different institutions, bodies, police, etc. Our study showed that it is important that parents have a control above adolescents in gymnasia and professional schools evening outs, spare time activities, and skipping the school. It is known, that school and family environments including community may increase the influence of adolescents risk behavior and drug use, although this matter has not been thoroughly analyzed Relationships with parents, satisfaction with mother or father were predictors of cannabis use among adolescents in Serbia. The literature indicates that structure of family and difficulties in communicating with parents were predictive factors for cannabis abuse 1 , 2 , Our research showed that better satisfaction with mother and her higher education was more protective against cannabis use. Absences from classes due to skips were associated with cannabis use in Belgrade and Central Serbia, and among adolescents in all three types of schools. It is important to offer positive school climate, and school and family together may support the development and implementation of effective prevention and intervention approaches 35 , 36 — Spare time activities offer the opportunities for adolescents to experiment with new roles and participate in risky behavior Our results are consistent with evidence of the previous studies in United States and European countries considering correlation between cannabis use and evening outs 10 , 17 , In Serbia, when the study was conducted, casinos and places with slot machines were located everywhere and even near the schools, which were potential risk for higher accessibility to cannabis. At the beginning of , the action has been initiated to close places where gambling slot machines were available. Also, there has been recommended to prohibit the gambling places that were less than meters from the schools, and prohibit the entry to the persons under age of In Serbia, there is trend for opening internet coffee — spots where adolescents can spend spare time. The internet, as closer form of communication, gives them easier access to information about cannabis consumption and prices. Online retailers of drugs products are growing in UK, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria, and they adapt rapidly to new attempts to control the market In , The main strength of our study is possibility to follow-up data in the future and large sample of the study and coverage on the national level. However, data are not representative for all adolescents in Serbia born in , but only for adolescents who attended the first grade of secondary school and were the same age. The reasons are: the secondary school is not obligatory, and some young people after the primary school did not continue further education or some adolescents went to the secondary school later. Other limitations are self-report biases. In Serbia socio economic factors such as well off families and lower education of mother are significantly associated with adolescent cannabis use. The study confirmed the importance of family relationship development for decreasing adolescent cannabis use, and risky activities during leisure time particularly playing on slot machine and skipping from schools. Better relations and trust building between adolescents and parents should be the focus of preventive programmes. The results of this study are important for policy makers to create partnerships in community, which can contribute to effective drug prevention programs. Our findings also may be important for advanced investigations, because it is known that cannabis use could be associated with acceptance of other risk behaviors at a later stage. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Iran J Public Health. Received Sep 26; Accepted Feb 11; Collection date Cannabis consumption and general characteristics of 16 years old adolescents. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Sex a. Cannabis lifetime b. Father education c. Mother education d. Familly well off e. Parents familliarity on Saturday night f. With father g. With mother h. With friends i. School grades j. Skipped school k. Computer games l. Sports m. Read books n. Evening outs o. Hobbies p. Shopping mall q. Internet r. Slot machines s.

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